U3)0. noy^e. [COMMITTEE PRINT] SCIENCE POLICY STUDY BACKGROUND REPORT NO. 4 WORLD INVENTORY OF "BIG SCIENCE" RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS AND FACILITIES REPORT PREPARED BY THE CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS TRANSMITTED TO THE TASK FORCE ON SCIENCE POLICY COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES NINETY-NINTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION Serial DD »l,J't!C y DECEMBER 1986 Printed for the use of the Committee on Science and Technology Gift of Robertson Dinsmore March, 1987 Woods He- O-j^^. ,-. K- ^^f^ 01 1987 [COMMITTEE PRINT] SCIENCE POLICY STUDY BACKGROUND REPORT NO. 4 WORLD INVENTORY OF "BIG SCIENCE" RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS AND FACILITIES REPORT PREPARED BY THE CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS TRANSMITTED TO THE TASK FORCE ON SCIENCE POLICY COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY I U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES j NINETY-NINTH CONGRESS ^ ^ SECOND SESSION; DU'seiial i>D , r^ x-=\ I CO ' ^ a □ m a 5^0 u,..d. Hole Ocea.osra.- \Nood DECEMBER 1986 Printed for the use of the Committee on Science and Technology U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 68-022 WASHINGTON : 1987 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DON FUQUA, ROBERT A. ROE, New Jersey GEORGE E. BROWN, Jr., California JAMES H. SCHEUER, New York MARILYN LLOYD, Tennessee TIMOTHY E. WIRTH, Ckjlorado DOUG WALGREN, Pennsylvania DAN GLICKMAN, Kansas ROBERT A. YOUNG, Missouri HAROLD L. VOLKMER, Missouri BILL NELSON, Florida STAN LUNDINE, New York RALPH M. HALL, Texas DAVE McCURDY, Oklahoma NORMAN Y. MINETA, California BUDDY MacKAY,*' Florida TIM VALENTINE, North Carolina HARRY M. REID, Nevada ROBERT G. TORRICELLI, New Jersey RICK BOUCHER, Virginia TERRY BRUCE, Illinois RICHARD H. STALLINGS, Idaho BART GORDON, Tennessee JAMES A. TRAFICANT, Jr., Ohio JIM CHAPMAN, Texas Florida, Chairman MANUEL LUJAN, Jr.,* New Mexico ROBERT S. WALKER, Pennsylvania F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, Jr., Wisconsin CLAUDINE SCHNEIDER, Rhode Island SHERWOOD L. BOEHLERT, New York TOM LEWIS, Florida DON RITTER, Pennsylvania SID W. MORRISON, Washington RON PACKARD, California JAN MEYERS, Kansas ROBERT C. SMITH, New Hampshire PAUL B. HENRY, Michigan HARRIS W. FA WELL, Illinois WILLIAM W. COBEY, Jr., North Carolina JOE BARTON, Texas D. FRENCH SLAUGHTER, Jr., Virginia DAVID S. MONSON, Utah Harold P. Hanson, Executive Director Robert C. Ketcham, General Counsel Regina a. Davis, Chief Clerk R. Thomas Weimer, Republican Staff Director Science Poucy Task Force DON FUQUA, Florida, Chairman ROBERT A. ROE, New Jersey GEORGE E. BROWN, Jr., California TIMOTHY E. WIRTH, Colorado DOUG WALGREN, Pennsylvania HAROLD L. VOLKMER, Missouri STAN LUNDINE, New York NORMAN Y. MINETA, California HARRY M. REID, Nevada RICK BOUCHER, Virginia MANUEL LUJAN, Jr., New Mexico ROBERT S. WALKER, Pennsylvania TOM LEWIS, Florida DON RITTER, Pennsylvania SID W. MORRISON, Washington RON PACKARD, California JAN MEYERS, Kansas HARRIS W. FA WELL, Illinois D. FRENCH SLAUGHTER, Jr., Virginia RICHARD H. STALLINGS, Idaho John D. Holmfeld, Study Director Harlan L. Watson, Republican Staff Member •Ranking Republican Member. **Serving on Committee on the Budget for 99th Congress. • r i-> • »■ Location or Country of j- PPf"' Name or Brief Description Ownershin ''"' ^'^^e '^ Number Radio Sternwarte Effelsberg (Effelsberg Tele- F.R. Germany 177 scope). Australia Telescope Australia 178 Anglo-Australian Telescope Austral ia-U.K 178 MM-Wave Five-Element Synthesis Telescope Japan 179 45-Meter Radio Telescope Japan 180 Six-Meter Optical Telescope U.S.S.R 181 ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC FACILTIES National Center for Atmospheric Research U.S 184 (NCAR). Deep Submergence Research Vehicle (DSRV) U.S 185 "Alvin". Federal Oceanographic Fleet (64 vessels) U.S 186 SPACE FACILITIES Physics and Astronomy Orbiting Geophysical Observatories (OGO) U.S 190 Orbiting Solar Observatories (OSO) U.S 191 Orbiting Astronomical Observatories (OAO) U.S 192 Astrophysics Explorers U.S.-Int'l 193 High-Energy Astronomy Observatories (HEAO)... U.S 194 Solar Maximum Mission U.S 195 The Hubble Large Space Telescope (LST) U.S 196 Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) U.S 197 Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) U.S 197 Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) U.S 198 COS-B E.S.A.-Int'l 198 International Ultraviolet Explorer (lUE) E.S.A.-Int'l 199 Exosat E.S.A 199 Hipparcos E.S.A 200 Ariel 1-6 U.K 200 Japanese Satellites Japan 201 Astron U.S.S.R 202 Lunar and Planetary Probes Ranger U.S 203 Surveyor U.S 204 Lunar Orbiter U.S 205 Pioneer 10 and 11 U.S 206 Viking 1 and 2 (Orbiters 1 and 2) U.S 207 Voyager I and II U.S 208 Pioneer/Venus (Orbiter and Probe) U.S 209 Galileo (Jupiter Orbiter/Probe) U.S.-F.R. Ger 210 Venus Radar Mapper (VRM) U.S 211 Mars Geoscience Climatology Observer (MGCO- U.S 211 Mars Observer). Mariner I-X U.S 212 GEOS-1 and GEOS-2 E.S.A 213 Giotto E.S.A 213 International Solar-Polar Mission (ISPM) E.S.A 214 Vega 1 and 2 U.S.S.R 215 Mars 1-7 U.S.S.R 216 Lunar 1-24 U.S.S.R 217 Venera 1-16 U.S.S.R 219 Earth Science Solar-Terrestrial Explorers U.S.-Int'l 221 Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) U.S 223 Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS).... U.S 224 Solar and Terrestrial Physics Interkosmos 1-22 U.S.S.R 226 XIV Name or Brief Description ^''^"?JL°' S""*'^ °'" dtfpage uwnersnip Number Prognoz 1-9 U.S.S.R 229 AERONAUTICAL FACILITIES Wind Tunnels National Transonic Facility U.S 232 Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel (Langely) U.S 232 16-foot Transonic Wind Tunnel U.S 233 Transonic Dynamics Tunnel U.S 233 Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Complex U.S 234 Eight-Foot High-Temperature Hypersonic Wind U.S 234 Tunnel. Eight-Foot Transonic Pressure Wind Tunnel U.S 235 20-Inch Mach 6 Wind Tunnel U.S 235 Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Complex U.S 236 Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Complex U.S 236 Unitary Plan Tunnel Complex (Ames) U.S 237 14-Foot Transonic Wind Tunnel U.S 237 6x6 Supersonic Wind Tunnel U.S 238 3.5-Foot Hypersonic Wind Tunnel U.S 238 8x6 Tran/Supersonic Wind Tunnel U.S 239 10x10 Unitary Supersonic Propulsion Wind U.S 239 Tunnel. 6x9-Foot Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) U.S 240 Aerodjmamic Research Facility U.S 240 16-Foot Supersonic Propulsion Wind Tunnel U.S 241 16-Foot Transonic Propulsion Wind Tunnel U.S 241 Von Karman Supersonic Wind Tunnels U.S 242 DTNSRDC Transonic Wind Tunnel U.S 242 Hypervelocity Wind Tunnel No. 9 U.S 243 V/STOL Wind Tunnel U.S 243 Trans/Supersonic Wind Tunnel U.S 244 Two-Meter Transconic Wind Tunnel Japan 244 Structures R&D/Flight Testing Structures Research and Development Facility.... U.S 245 Compressor Research Facility U.S 245 Aeronautical Test Range U.S 246 Flight Simulators Flight Control Development Laboratory U.S 246 Differential Maneuvering Simulator U.S 247 Six-Degree-of-Freedom Motion Simulator U.S 247 Flight Simulator for Advanced Aircraft U.S 248 Vertical Motion Simulator U.S 248 Propulsion Systems Laboratory U.S 249 Advanced Simulation Center U.S 250 SUPERCOMPUTERS NCAR Scientific Computing Facility U.S 252 National Magnetic Fusion Energy Computing U.S 253 Center (LLNL). LANL Computing and Communications Divi- U.S 254 sion. NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory.. U.S 255 NASA Numerical Aerodynamic Simulator U.S 256 (NAS). National Advanced Scientific Computing U.S 257 Center. Princeton University U.S 257 Cornell University U.S 259 University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign U.S 260 University of California, San Diego U.S 261 XV Name or Br.ef Description ^^"owner*^hiD """ °^ dtx'page uwnersnip Number FSU Supercomputer Computational Research U.S 262 Institute. LLNL Computer Center U.S 263 ENGINEERING FACILITIES Ship Hydrodynamics Engineering DTNSRDC Towing Basin, High Speed U.S 266 DTNSRDC Towing Basin, Deep Water U.S 267 DTNSRDC Towing Basin, Shallow Water U.S 268 Earthquake Engineering Todotsu Engineering Laboratory (Earthquake Japan 269 Shake Table). Nuclear Power Reactor Engineering Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) U.S 269 Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) U.S 270 Loss-of-Fluid Test Facility (LOFT) U.S 271 Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) U.S 272 Zero Power Plutonium Reactor (ZPPR) U.S 272 JOYO (Fast Flux Test Facility) Japan 273 BOR-60 (Fast Flux Test Reactor) U.S.S.R 273 Isotope Production Calutron Electromagnetic Isotope Separation U.S 274 Facility. Weapons Engineering "Shiva" (High-Energy Physics Simulation) U.S 275 Directed Energy Effects Range (DEER) U.S 275 Trestle (Electromagnetic Pulse Research) U.S 276 Advanced Radiation Technology Facility U.S 276 (ARTE). Aurora Radiation Test Facility U.S 277 Advanced Test Accelerator (ATA) U.S 277 I. INTRODUCTION A^D SUMMARY A. INTRODUCTION This report is an attempt to inventory "big science" instruments and facilities worldwide and to discuss briefly the extent of inter- national cooperation in their construction, operation, and utiliza- tion. The charge given to the Congressional Research Service by the House Committee on Science and Technology was to: . . . include facilities constructed since 1920 at a cost of approximately $25 million or more in 1984 Dol- lars or its equivalent. It should include, as well, the cost, the date of construction, and, if applicable, the date of decommissioning. The analysis should cover the extent to which these Big Science facili- ties have been funded, operated, and used for research on an international basis. We are also interested in the potential for obtaining international cooperation with respect to the support of present and future Big Science research instruments and facilities and the modes that have been successful and unsuccessful in funding, operating and conducting research on an international basis of such facilities. In response to this assignment, the Congressional Research Ser- vice has identified and collected information on U.S. and foreign big science facilities or groups of facilities 1/ meeting the $25 million (1984 dollars) criterion established by the committee for this project. The term "big science" is somewhat indefinite. Historically, it probably has been understood by most people to include what Harvey Brooks, for example, defined it to mean in 1968: 2/ . . . the past fifteen years [since about 1953] have seen even pure science carried out on an 1 / Satellites and oceanographic research vessels are arranged in groups in the inventory appendices. For example, all ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER satellites and all Federal Oceanographic Fleet vessels are listed together on one page for convenience. Satellites and vessels are written in capital letters for ease of identification. 2/ Brooks, Harvey. The Government of Science. Cambridge, The M.I.T. Press, 1968. p. 35. (1) entirely new scale. We have the new phenomenon loosely known as "big science," that is, pure science carried on with complex and expensive equipment, and with a large supporting tech- nological effort. In order of cost, the most important examples of such big science are space sciences, high-energy physics, oceanography, radio astronomy, and optical astronomy. This study has extended that definition in two ways. First, it has been extended to include other areas of science that involve large instruments and facilities that fall within the $25 million criterion noted above. Thus, to the above list are added here nuclear physics, fusion, materials science and engineering, atmospheric science, aero- nautics, and superconducters used for scientific research. Second, this study also includes in its inventory "big engineering science" facilities, which fall outside of the "pure science" definition of big science noted above. Also, brief discussions are included of antarctic research, because of its relationship to big science in some respects, and biotechnology, because of its potential to develop large facilities in the future. Thus, Che following chapters will deal with, respectively, high- energy and nuclear physics, fusion, materials science and engineer- ing, astronomy, atmospheric and oceanographic science, space, aero- nautics, supercomputers, engineering science, antarctic research, and biotechnology. Following the body of the report are appendices that briefly described each U.S. and foreign big science facility which has been identified in this study. In some instances, it has not been possible to obtain all the data requested by the committee for some of the facilities in time to meet the publication date. This is particularly true of information about construction dates and costs of foreign high-energy and nuclear physics facilities. All data in this report are from unclassified sources. Omissions may exist because of U.S. and foreign national security considerations. Modes of international cooperation are discussed individually for each big science facility where the information is available from the survey carried out by the Congressional Research Service. In addition, the following chapters briefly discuss international cooperation in each area of big science. The extent of international cooperation in big science depends on the balancing of "opportunities and benefits" versus "difficulties and costs." This varies, of course, from area to area of big science and from facility to faci- lity within each specific area of big science. These major factors have been defined as follows: 3/ 3/ Rycroft, Robert W. International Cooperation in Science Policy: The U.S. Role in Macropro j ec ts . Technology in Society, v. 5, 1983. p. 51-68. (Also published as International Cooperation in "Major opportunities and benefits " \ — Making greater resources available, in terms of infor- mation, knowledge, and know-how necessary for any scientific activity; — Making possible a wider range of topics and a broader range of approaches; — Reducing the financial burden on all participants; — Speeding up the entire innovation processes, from ba- sic research to application; — Reducing wasteful redundancy; and — Enhancing good will and communication among the parti- cipants . "Most significant difficulties and costs" — Inherent difficulties in meshing disparate national bureaucracies ; — Delays in reaching decisions among differing political and legal systems; — Complications of varying decision processes, priori- ties, and competencies; — Costs of international bureaucracy; Science: The U.S. Role in Megaprojects. In Emerging Issues in Sci- ence and Technology, 1982. Washington, National Science Foundation, 1983. p. 1-13.) Also see, Mitchell B. Wallerstein (ed.). Scienti- fic and Technological Cooperation Among Industrialized Countries: The Role of the United States. (See especially. Appendix E: Anno- tated Bibliography, p. 252-259.) Washington, National Academy Press, 1984. 259 p. A study of large international facilities was under- taken by the National Academy of Sciences in May 1985. A recent issue of Physics Today magazine has discussed several aspects of big science. See for example. Havens, William W. , Jr. Major Facilities for Physics Research. Physics Today, v. 38, Mar. 1985. p. 23-24; and Hebel, L. Charles. Opportunities in Physics and Major Research Facilities. Physics Today, v. 38, Mar. 1985. p. 25-26. Other articles in this issue of Physics Today are referenced as appropriate in the following sections. The danger that political inertia, which makes pro- jects hard to start, but even harder to stop, will dominate; — The possibility of drains on national research budgets because of international commitments; — The tendency to undertake, internationally, only low- priority projects; and — The apparent conflict between cooperation and impro- ving a nation's competitive position. These types of opportunities and difficulties may well be the focus, for example, for discussions that have begun in the Congress, the Administration, and the international scientific community over the construction of the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), a big science high-energy physics facility that may have construction costs that will fall in the range of $3 to $7 billion, an amount that dwarfs the costs of most big science facilities listed in this report . 4/ The 1982 Versailles Summit meeting of the heads of state or government of the United States, Canada, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the President of the Commission of the European Communities, as reaffirmed in their London Summit meeting, emphasized the importance of international science and technology to the nations involved. As a result of this initiative, a number of international working groups were established to deal with several areas of science. Those working groups which most closely relate to the areas of big science discussed in this report are solar system exploration (U.S. lead), remote sensing from space (U.S. lead), high-energy physics (U.S. lead), controlled ther- monuclear fusion (U.S. -European Community co-lead), fast breeder reactor design (U.S. -France co-lead), and advanced materials and standards (U.S. -U.K. co-lead). These initiatives are summarized briefly in the most recent Title V Report of the President to the Congress. 5/ The summaries are included in this report as appendix 1. The Title V Report also discusses the current state of U.S. international cooperation in science in some detail. 4/ SSC: Progress on Magnets, Uncertainty on Foreign Collabor- ation" Physics Today, v. 38, Mar. 1985. p. 63-66. 5/ Science, Technology, and American Diplomacy, 1985: Sixth AnnuaT~Report Submitted to the Congress by the President Pursuant to Section 503(b) of Title V of Public Law 95-426. Mar. 20, 1985. p. 15-17. There are a number of bilateral and multilateral agreements between the United States and foreign nations in the area of science and technology that provide the means for the international coopera- tion in big science discussed in the following chapters. Perhaps the most recent inventory of bilateral technical agreements, listed by lead agency, partner country, and as government-to-government agreements was included in the 1980 Title V Report, Science, Techno- logy, and American Diplomacy 1980 . 6/ The following chapters list the facilities identified and brief- ly discuss international cooperation in each area of big science discussed in the report. B. SUMMARY OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Chapters II through XII and appendices 2 through 11 describe the big science facilities inventoried in this report and discuss the international cooperation involved in each area of big science and for each facility for which the information was obtained. Coopera- tion in big science varies both by broad area of science — there is more international cooperation, for example, in high-energy physics than in optical astronomy — and by individual facility within a spe- cific area of big science. The following paragraphs of this section briefly summarize the major trends in international cooperation ac- cording to the specific areas of big science mentioned above. These general impressions, of course, may not apply to a specific facility at any given time. Reference, thus should be made to the individual sumnaries of each facility set forth in the appendices. 7/ For each of the facilities included in the inventory and briefly described in the appendices, an attempt was made to determine the nationality or nationalities of the ownership, the operational fund- ing, and the management staff of, and the researchers using, the facility. A review of this information indicated that the facili- ties, with the few exceptions noted below, are not jointly-owned, jointly-funded, or jointly-managed, even where there is significant 6 / U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs and Committee on Science and Technology. Science, Technology and Ameri- can Diplomacy, 1980. Joint Committee Print, 96th Cong., 2d sess. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1980. p. 159-190. 7/ In addition to the references in the preceding footnotes, also see the following for discussions of political and bureaucratic factors which affect international cooperation in big science: Nau, Henry R. National Politics and International Technology: Nuclear Reactor Development in Western Europe. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974. 287 p.; and Teich, Albert H. Politics and International Laboratories: A Study of Scientists' Attitudes In Albert H. Teich (ed.). Scientists and Public Affairs. Cambridge, The MIT Press, 1974. p. 173-235. use of the facilities by non-national researchers. Thus, in general, international cooperation, unless otherwise noted in the following discussion, refers only to cooperative use of the facilities by foreign researchers. For further discussions of such scientific collaboration in each area of big science, see the individual discus- sions in chapters II through XII. High-Energy and Nuclear Physics These areas of big science in the United States have long his- tories of international cooperation and such cooperation is expected to continue. However, the dominant use of the high-energy and nuclear physics facilities in the United States is by U.S. scientists and not by foreign scientists. Moreover, all the U.S. big science facilities in high-energy and nuclear physics are owned, operationally funded, •and managed by U.S. organizations and personnel. Recent discussions in the international scientific community and in the Federal legisla- tive and executive branches about who should build and own the pro- posed Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) suggest that the Europeans may be looking to the United States to build and own it alone also because they, through the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), are seriously considering their own alternative to the SSC. 8/ In Europe, there is greater international participation in the ownership of high-energy physics facilities than in the United States. The big science facilities of CERN, located in Switzerland, are owned, operationally funded, managed, and staffed multinationally . Moreover, the HERA storage rings of DESY in the Federal Republic of Germany, although currently not operating, are owned jointly by the Federal Republic of Germany, Canada, France, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. The information collected in this report on foreign big science facilities in nuclear physics is not complete and does not indicate construction costs or the nationalities of ownership, operational funding, and management of those facilities. Fusion In the area of magnetic-confinement fusion, international colla- boration has been an important part of the program since its incep- tion. Most of this collaboration, however, has involved only the exchange of information. As in the case of high-energy and nuclear physics, most U.S. facilities are owned, operationally funded, and managed by U.S. organizations and personnel. The two exceptions are (1) the Doublet III-D facility, owned and operated by GA Tech- nologies, Inc., in California, which is operationally funded jointly with the Japanese, who also have provided about $55 million in hard- ware; and (2) the International Fusion Superconducting Magnetic Test 8 / Waldrop, M. Mitchell. The Supercollider, One Year Later. Science", v. 225, Aug. 3, 1984. p. 490-491. Facility (IFSMTF) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In the latter case, the United States owns and operates the basic facility, but three coils are foreign-owned and an International Executive Committee is involved in the management of the Large Coil Test at the facility. In Europe, the Joint European Torus is owned, operated, managed, and staffed with researchers from the European Community. The rather extensive international collaboration of researchers in the various magnetic-confinement fusion facilities is discussed in more detail in chapter III. The inertial-conf inement fusion facilities of the U.S. Govern- ment are restricted to U.S. researchers because of considerations of national defense. There may be significant opportunities for inter- national cooperation, however, at the National Laser Users Facility ("OMEGA") of the University of Rochester, the GEKKO XII glass laser system at Osaka University in- Japan, and the Central Laser Facility ("VULCAN") of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United King- dom. Materials Science and Engineering The majority of research in this area of big science is small- scale research carried out by individual scientists located at a large number of universities and national and industrial laborato- ries, both in the United States and in foreign nations. Inter- national cooperation generally takes the form of informal information exchanges and research collaboration on an individual basis. In Europe, materials science and engineering are conducted at a number of facilities, but only the High Flux Reactor at the Institut Laue-Langevin in France is jointly owned and operationally funded by several countries, in this case by France, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the United Kingdom. The planned European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in France will be a joint effort of France and the Federal Republic of Germany and probably other European nations. Astronomy Much radio astronomy involves very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) facilities used cooperatively by several nations. Moreover, two U.S. radio astronomical facilities, the Very Large Array (VLA) and the Arecibo 1,000-foot radio/radar telescope, are unique in the world and are used by foreign researchers who otherwise would not have access to such facilities. Of the radio astronomical big sci- ence facilities identified here, however, only the IRAM Interfero- meter in France is internationally owned and operated, in that case by France and the Federal Republic of Germany. It is managed by an International staff. Optical telescopes tend to be owned and used exclusively by Individual countries. The Anglo-Australian Telescope, located in 8 Australia, and the 140-Inch telescope of the European Southern Obser- vatory, located in Chile, are exceptions, being jointly ovmed, oper- ationally funded, and managed by Australia and the United Kingdom in the first case and by the International European Consortium in the second case. A number of astronomical big science facilities are located in space and are discussed in that chapter. These include such facili- ties as ORBITING GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATORIES (OGO), ORBITING SOLAR OBSERVATORIES (OSO), ORBITING ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES (OAO), HIGH- ENERGY ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORIES (HEAO), the HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELE- SCOPE (LST), the GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY (GRO), and the INTERNATIONAL ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER (lUE). The last one is about the only example of a satellite used for physics and astronomy that is owned, opera- tionally funded, and managed jointly by the United States and another entity, in this case with the European Space Agency (ESA). The HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE will be managed by the United States, ESA, and the Federal Republic of Germany and some of the ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER satellites involve international cooperation in various forms (see appendix 6 for details). Atmospheric and Oceanographic Science The major U.S. facilities identified in this area of big science are the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), the Deep Submergence Research Vehicle "ALVIN," and about 110 oceanographic research vessels, particularly those of the Federal Oceanographic Fleet. No foreign facility similar to NCAR was identified, although there are several hundred, particularly Soviet, research vessels. Apparently, most nations which conduct oceanographic research own and operate their own research vessels. Space The facilities specifically identified in this report as space big science facilities are satellites for conducting physics and astronomical research, lunar and planetary exploration, and Earth science. See the discussion in chapter VII concerning the land-based "infrastructure" which supports these big science facilities, but which are not themselves big science facilities. Most U.S. satellites are owned, operationally funded, and man- aged by the United States. The few exceptions include a few of the ASTROPHYSICS and SOLAR TERRESTRIAL EXPLORERS (see appendix 8 for details); the HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE which will be jointly man- aged by the United States, ESA, and the Federal Republic of Germany; the GALILEO Jupiter orbiter/probe, which is jointly owned by the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany; and the INTERNA- TIONAL ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER (lUE), which is jointly owned, opera- tionally funded, managed, and staffed by the United States and the European Space Agency. In Europe, there are several example of satellites which are jointly owned, operationally funded, managed, and staffed by the European Space Agency: GEOS-1 and GEOS-2; EXOSAT; GIOTTO; INTERNA- TIONAL SOLAR-POLAR MISSION (ISPM); and HIPPARCOS. In addition, the COS-B astronomical observatory involves ESA, France, Italy, and the Federal Republic of Germany. Some of the Soviet science satellites involve international cooperation in some forms. INTERKOSMOS, for example, involves some Eastern Bloc nations; VEGA involves a number of other nations, In- cluding the United States; and ASTRON Involves France. It is likely that U.S. international cooperation in space big science programs will continue to grow in the coming years. Aeronautics All of the aeronautical big science facilities Identified for this report are U.S. owned, operationally funded, and managed, with the exception of a Japanese wind tunnel. No other foreign facilities meeting the $25 million criterion have been identified. These facil- ities include principally wind tunnels, other flight simulators, and facilities for structural research and development and flight testing. There apparently is relatively little international cooperation in the use of these facilities, probably mainly because they are used to varying degrees for proprietary and military purposes. Supercomputers The supercomputers identified in this report are used primarily for scientific research and all are owned, operated, and managed by U.S. laboratories. Four National Science Foundation supported Ad- vanced Scientific Computing Centers are planned at four U.S. univer- sitites and a Department of Energy supported Supercomputer Computa- tional Research Institute has been created at another. The levels of international cooperation at the existing facilities currently seems to be minimal. No foreign supercomputer facilities primarily for scientific research meeting the $25 million criterion have been identified. Engineering Science Eighteen "big engineering science" facilities, both U.S. and foreign, have been identified for this report, although they do not fall within the classical definition of big science; see the discus- sion in chapter X. The facilities include those involved in ship hydrodynamics engineering, earthquake engineering, nuclear power re- actor engineering, radio isotope production, and weapons engineering. There is no international ownership, operational funding (with the following three exceptions), or management of the identified facili- ties, and there appears to be no adequate generalization about inter- national cooperation in the use of these facilities. See appendix 11 for details. The three noted exceptions are small amounts of Japanese operational funding involved in the Fast Flux Test Facility 10 at the Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory and at the Experi- mental Breeder Reactor II at Argonne National Laboratory and inter- national operational funding of the Loss-of-Fluid Test Facility (LOFT) at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Antarctic Research and Biotechnology Although not big science in the classical sense, these two areas are addressed in this report in chapters XI and XII, respectively, for the reasons discussed there. Although no big science facili- ties meeting the $25 million criterion have been identified in either area, research support in Antarctica is broadly multidisciplinary, reflects the involvement of a wide variety of institutions and Fe- deral agencies, and includes substantial international cooperation. Biotechnology is included for discussion because of its potential for developing big science facilities in the near-term future. Because of the commercial nature of much biotechnology, however, perhaps much of the potential international cooperation in that area would be carried out by multinational corporations. II. HIGH-ENERGY AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS 9/ High-energy and nuclear physics in the United States have long histories of international cooperation. Experimental and theoretical collaboration with Western Europe generally are carried out without formal international agreements. Europeans have participated in ex- perimental efforts on the major U.S. accelerators and Americans have used unique European facilities. This productive collaboration is expected to continue. Selected interactions with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, and Japan take place under the auspices of formal international agreements and also are expected to continue where they have proven to be mutually beneficial. The formal agree- ment with the Japanese is part of an overall accord for cooperation in energy matters. However, cooperation with the Japanese also has been carried out for many years on an informal basis as it has with the Western Europeans. Because high-energy and nuclear physics research is an inter- national activity, with knowledge freely shared among its practition- ers, researchers at U.S. high-energy and nuclear physics facilities have extensive interactions with their foreign counterparts. The high level of interaction is reflected in the diversity of foreign scientists using the U.S. facilities as listed in tables 1 and 2 and briefly described in appendices 2 and 3. 10/ The heavy emphasis on international cooperation at certain facilities that is discussed in the appendices, however, does not present a balanced picture of the use of U.S. high-energy and nuclear physics facilities. Although international cooperation is an impor- tant element of both programs, the dominant use of U.S. high-energy and nuclear physics facilities is by U.S. scientists. Furthermore, all the U.S. facilities listed in tables 1 and 2 and discussed in appendices 2 and 3 are owned, operated, and managed by U.S. organiza- tions and personnel, even though there is the extensive collaboration with foreign researchers as discussed above. 9/ The discussion in this chapter is based largely on informa- tion supplied by the Department of Energy, Apr. 22, 1985. 10 / Also see: Glashow, Sheldon L. and Leon M. Lederman. The SSC: A Machine for the Nineties. Physics Today, v. 38, Mar. 1985. p. 28-37; and Bayn, Gordon. Major Facilities for Nuclear Physics, Physics Today, v. 38, Mar. 1985. p. 40-48. (11) 12 TABLE 1. High-Energy Physics Facilities Name or Brief Description Location or Country of Ownership CORNELL ELECTRON STORAGE RING (CESR) FERMILAB PROTON SYNCHROTRON ENERGY SAVER- SUPERCONDUCTING PROTON SYNCHRONTRON TEVATRON I- ANTIPROTON/ PROTON COLLIDING BEAM FACILITY TEVATRON 11-1,000 GeV FIXED TARGET RESEARCH FACILITIES COLLIDER DETECTOR AT FERMILAB (CDF) D-ZERO DETECTOR AT FERMILAB SLAC LINEAR ACCELERATOR POSITRON ELECTRON PROJECT (PEP) STAMFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR (SLC) STANFORD LINEAR DETECTOR (SLD) ALTERNATING GRADIENT SYNCHROTRON (AGS) COSMOTRON ZERO GRADIENT SYNCHROTRON (ZGS) BEVATRON CAMBRIDGE ELECTRON ACCELERATOR (CEA) PRINCETON-PENNSYLVANIA ACCELERATOR (PPA) PROTON SYNCHROTRON (PS) (CERN) INTERSECTING STORAGE RINGS (ISR) (CERN) SUPER PROTON SYNCHROTRON (SPS) (CERN) LARGE ELECTRON-POSITRON COLLIDER (LEP) (CERN) LEP DETECTOR- ALEPH (CERN) LEP DETECTOR-DELPHI (CERN) LEP DETECT0R-L3 (CERN) LEP DETECTOR-OPAL (CERN) PROTON- ANTIPROTON COLLIDER (CERN) DORIS-II PETRA-II HERA SYNCHROTRON TRISTAN (Storage Ring) EPS (Synchrotron) BEPC (Storage Ring) PROTON SYNCHROTRON UNK PROTON SYNCHROTRON VEPP-IV (Storase Ring) VAPP-IV (Storage Ring) U-IO (Synchrotron) U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. Swltz.-Int'l Switz.-Int'l Swltz.-Int'l Switz.-Int'l Swltz.-Int'l Switz.-Int'l Switz.-Int'l Switz.-Int'l Swltz.-Int'l F.R. Germany F.R. Germany F.R. Germany-Int'l Japan Japan P.R.C. P.R.C. U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. 13 TABLE 2. Nuclear Physics Facilities Name or Brief Description Location or Country of Ownership COUPLED SUPERCONDUCTING CYCLOTRONS (Michigan State) INDIANA UNIVERSITY CYCLOTRON FACILITY ( lUCF) TANDEM/ AGS HEAVY ION FACILITY ARGONNE TANDEM/LINAC ACCELERATOR SYSTEM (ATLAS) BEVALAC 88-INCH CYCLOTRON (LBL) 184- INCH CYCLOTRON (LBL) LOS ALAMOS MESON PHYSICS FACILITY (LAMPF) HOLIFIELD HEAVY ION RESEARCH FACILITY BATES LINEAR ACCELERATOR CENTER A.W. WRIGHT NUCLEAR STRUCTURE LABORATORY CYCLOTRON INSTITUTE CONTINUOUS ELECTRON BEAM ACCELERATOR FACILITY (CEBAF) SYNCHRO-CYCLOTRON (CERN) LOW ENERGY ANTIPROTON RING (LEAR) (CERN) SIN (Cyclotron) LINEAR ACCELERATOR SUPERCONDUCTING CYCLOTRON TRIUMF ELECTROSTATIC MACHINE ELECTROSTATIC MACHINE SARA (Cyclotron) ALS (Linear Accelerator) SATURNE-II (Synchrotron) GANIL (Twin Cyclotrons) CYCLOTRON LINEAR ACCELERATOR MP-TANDEM (Electrostatic Machine) UNILAC (Linear Accelerator) VICKSI (Cyclotron) SIS-18 (Synchrotron) NIKHEF (Linear Accelerator) CYCLOTRON CYCLOTRON SUPERCONDUCTING CYCLOTRON XTU TANDEM CYCLOTRON CYCLOTRON ELECTROSTATIC MACHINE RIKEN (Cyclotron) NUMATRON (Synchrotron) CYCLOTRON CYCLOTRON (Gatchina) U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. Switz.-Int'l Switz.-Int'l Switz. Canada Canada Canada Argentina U.K. France France France France F.R. Ger. F.R. Ger. F.R. Ger. F.R. Ger. F.R. Ger. F.R. Ger. Netherlands Netherlands Sweden Italy Italy South Africa Japan Japan Japan Japan P.R.C. U.S.S.R. 14 TABLE 2. Nuclear Physics Facilities (continued) Name or Brief Description Location or Country of Ovmership SYNCHROPHASATRON CYCLOTRON (Dubna) LINEAR ACCELERATOR U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. III. FUSION A. MAGNETIC-CONFINEMENT FUSION n_/ International collaboration has been a valuable part of the U.S. magnetic-confinement fusion program since its inception. Most of the collaboration has involved only the exchange of information, that is, ideas, data, and results. There also have been many joint tasks at various facilities, which average about one man-year per year. Two notable exceptions, where substantial Joint funding has taken place, are the Japanese collaboration on the Doublet-Ill facility with GA Technologies, Inc., and the collaboration between the United States, Switzerland, Japan, and the Europeans on the superconducting magnet technology at the International Fusion Superconducting Magnet Test Facility (IFSMTF) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Each year typically, for these facilities, there are six person- nel exchanges between the United States and the Soviet Union in each direction, involving a total of 25 to 30 persons. Over 100 exchanges are executed each year, involving more than 200 persons, as part of the U.S. -Japan agreement. The Doublet-Ill and other portions of the U.S. -Japan agreement involve the transfer of funds and joint work in U.S. facilities. Informal exchanges have taken place with European Community (EC) laboratories since 1958. Exchanges with the European Community now are arranged between the U.S. and EC laboratories and are somewhat greater than those with Japan. The United States and the European Community now are negotiating a formal agreement. As a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the International Energy Agency (lEA), the United States parti- cipates in multilateral activities which support fusion energy deve- lopment in specific areas. The Large Coil Test at the IFSMTF at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory involves four countries and is an exam- ple of a collaboration under lEA auspices. As a consequence of the Economic Summit process, mentioned in chapter I, a Fusion Working Group was formed to foster early joint planning. This group recently has chartered subpanels to identify major future facilities, enhance near-term collaboration in physics, technology and concept improve- ment, and administrative impediments. The development of an inter- national consensus on the nature of the next generation fusion device is an important objective of the Summit process. 11/ The discussion in this section is based largely on infor- mation supplied by the Department of Energy, Apr. 16, 1985. (15) 16 In regard to the future, there are a number of opportunities to enhance international collaboration consistent with a strong and effective U.S. magnetic-confinement fusion program. One area is the possibility for collaboration on a large-scale, next-step fusion de- vice. In addition, the U.S. program is pursuing a variety of oppor- tunities that will strengthen specific elements of its program. Joint work with the European Community in the impurity control area on ASDEX-Upgrade (the Federal Republic of Germany), through the Ad- vanced Limiter project (ALT-III) on TEXTOR (the Federal Republic of Germany), and potentially on the new long pulse device. Tore Supra (France) provides examples of international activities that strength- en the U.S. program. This is also true in regard to the Doublet-Ill facility and in supporting concept approaches such as the tandem mir- ror and stellarator facilities. See table 3 for a list of magnetic-confinement fusion facili- ties and appendix 4 for brief descriptions of each of these facili- ties. Vll B. INERTIAL-CONFINEMENT FUSION In the area of Inertial-conf inement fusion, eight (six U.S. and two foreign) facilities have been identified, also see table 3 and appendix 4. There may be significant opportunities for interna- tional cooperation at the National Laser Users Facility ("OMEGA") of the University of Rochester, the GEKKO XII glass laser system at Osaka University in Japan, and the Central Laser Facility ("VULCAN") of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United Kingdom. The other U.S. facilities are Government facilities involved in research associated with national defense. 12/ Also see Furth, Harold P. Reaching Ignition in the Tokamak. Physics" Today, v. 38, Mar. 1985. p. 52-61. 17 TABLE 3. Fusion Facilities Name or Brief Description Location or Country of Ownership Magnetic-confinement Fusion PRINCETON LARGE TORUS PRINCETON BETA EXPERIMENT (PBX) TOKAMAK FUSION TEST REACTOR (TFTR) DOUBLET III-D ALCATOR C IMPURITY STUDIES EXPERIMENT-B (ISX-B) TANDEM MIRROR EXPERIMENT UPGRADE (TMX-U) MIRROR FUSION TEST FACILITY (MFTF-B) ADVANCED TOROIDAL FACILITY (ATF) SCYLLAC C-STELLARATOR INTERNATIONAL FUSION SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC TEST FACILITY (IFSMTF) JOINT EUROPEAN TORUS TORE SUPRA TEXTOR ASDEX ASDEX-UPGRADE WENDELSTEIN VII AS JT-60 JFT-2M GAMMA 10 HELIOTRON-E T-IO T-15 Inertlal-conf Inement Fusion U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. -Japan U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S.-Int'l E.G. France F.R. Germany F.R. Germany F.R. Germany F.R. Germany Japan Japan Japan Japan U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. HIGH-ENERGY LASER FACILITY ("NOVA") PARTICLE BEAM FUSION ACCELERATOR II (PBFA II) ELECTRON BEAM FUSION ACCELERATOR NATIONAL LASER USERS FACILITY ("OMEGA") HIGH-ENERGY LASER FACILITY ("ANTARES") HIGH-ENERGY LASER FACILITY ("SHIVA") GEKKO XII GLASS LASER SYSTEM CENTRAL LASER FACILITY ("VULCAN") U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. Japan U.K. 68-022 0-87-2 IV. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 13/ The majority of research supported in this area is small-scale research carried out by individual scientists located at a large num- ber of universities, national laboratories, and industrial laborato- ries. Only a small part of this activity involves the use of large and expensive facilities. These same characteristics apply to similar research carried out by foreign nations. Because of the nature of materials science and engineering, international cooperation generally takes the form of informal information exchanges and research collaboration on an individual basis. In addition, the broad nature of the research and the large number of individual researchers from many countries make it difficult to estimate accurately the future potential for coopera- tion on a facility-by-facility basis, other than the overall assess- ment that it is expected to remain about the same. In general, international cooperation in materials science and engineering research has remained constant over many years. In part, this reflects the satisfaction of the diverse scientific community with the current level of cooperation among all of the major coun- tries involved. This level of international cooperation is expected to continue. Significant changes probably will not occur with the present generation of facilities, but may increase in the future if Larger and more expensive facilities are constructed. See table 4 for a list of materials and engineering facili- ties and appendix 5 for brief descriptions of each of these facili- ties. 14/ 13/ The discussion in this chapter is based largely on infor- mation supplied by the Deparement of Energy, Apr. 16, 1985. 14/ Also see Blume, Martin and David E. Moncton. Large Facili- ties for Condensed-Matter Science. Physics Today, v. 38, Mar. 1985. p. 68-76. (19) 20 TABLE 4. Materials Science and Engineering Facilities Name or Brief Description Location or Country of Ownership NBS RESEARCH REACTOR (NBSR) FRANCIS BITTER NATIONAL MAGNET LABORATORY (NML) TANTALUS, ALLADIN HIGH FLUX BEAM REACTOR (HFBR) NATIONAL SYNCHROTRON LIGHT SOURCE (NSLS) STANFORD SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LABORATORY SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE HIGH FLUX ISOTOPE REACTOR (HFIR) OAK RIDGE RESEARCH REACTOR (ORR) CORNELL HIGH ENERGY SYNCHROTRON SOURCE (CHESS) INTENSE PULSED NEUTRON SOURCE CP-5 AMES RESEARCH REACTOR UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI RESEARCH REACTOR (MURR) MIT RESEARCH REACTOR NRU REACTOR SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCE (SRS) DIDO AND PLUTO REACTORS SPALLATION NEUTRON RESEARCH SNS LURE HIGH FLUX REACTOR (HFR) EUROPEAN SYNCHROTRON RADIATION FACILITY (ESRF) SITOE REACTOR MELUSINE REACTOR ORPHEE REACTOR HAMBURGER SYNCHROTRON STRAHLINGSLABOR (HASYLAB) BESSY FRM REACTOR FRJ-2 REACTOR BER-II RESEARCH REACTOR HIGH FLUX REACTOR (HFR) DR3 RESEARCH REACTOR HIGH FLUX REACTOR MAX ADONE AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH REACTOR HIFAR UVSOR KYOTO UNIVERSITY REACTOR JAPANESE RESEARCH REACTOR NO. 2 JAPANESE RESEARCH REACTOR NO. 3 INSOR THE PHOTON FACTORY KEN-1 N-lOO VEPP-2M, VEPP-3 BEPP-4 KURCHATOV I U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. Canada U.K. U.K. U.K. France Fr.-F.R. Ger.-U.K, Fr.-F.R. Ger. France France France F.R. Germany F.R. Germany F.R. Germany F.R. Germany F.R. Germany Netherlands Denmark Sweden Sweden Italy Australia Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. ASTRONOMY Much radio astronomy today is, by nature, an international undertaking in that it involves very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) facilities in cooperation with other nations. Moreover, two U.S. radio astronomical facilities — the Very Large Array (VLA) and the Areclbo 1,000-foot radio/radar telescope — are unique facilities which, consequently, are used by foreign scientists who otherwise would not have access to such facilities. U.S. optical telescopes, on the other hand, tend to be used ex- clusively by U.S. scientists because other nations tend to have their own. In addition, an international European consortium owns, oper- ates, manages, and staffs the 140-inch optical telescope of the European Southern Observatory which is located in Chile. All the U.S. astronomical facilities listed in table 5 and briefly described in appendix 6, whether heavily involved in inter- national cooperation or not, are owned, operated, and managed by U.S. organizations and personnel. A number of astronomical big science facilities located in space are discussed in chapter VII (see table 9) and appendix 8. Such fa- cilities include ORBITING GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATORIES (OGO), ORBITING SOLAR OBSERVATORIES (OSO), ORBITING ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES (OAO) , HIGH-ENERGY ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORIES (HEAO), the HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE (LST), the GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY (GRO), and the INTERNA- TIONAL ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER (lUE). The latter is about the only ex- ample of a satellite used for physics and astronomy that is owned, operationally funded, and managed jointly by the United States and another entity, in this case the European Space Agency (ESA). The HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE is managed by the United States, ESA and the Federal Republic of Germany and some of the ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER satellites involve international cooperation in various forms (see appendix 6). (21) 22 TABLE 5. Astronomical Facilities Name or Brief Description Location or Country of Ownership 200-INCH TELESCOPE (Mount Palomar) 1,000-FOOT RADIO/RADAR TELESCOPE (Arecibo) FOUR-METER TELESCOPE (Kitt Peak) CTIO FOUR-METER TELESCOPE (Chile) 140-FOOT RADIO TELESCOPE (Green Bank) NRAO VERY LARGE ARRAY (VLA) SACRAMENTO PEAK OBSERVATORY (Vacuum Tower Telescope) 140-INCH TELESCOPE IRAM INTERFEROMETER RADIO STERNWARTE EFFELSBERG (EFFELSBERG TELESCOPE) AUSTRALIA TELESCOPE ANGLO-AUSTRALIAN TELESCOPE MM-WAVE FIVE-ELEMENT SYNTHESIS TELESCOPE 45-METER RADIO TELESCOPE SIX-METER OPTICAL TELESCOPE U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. Chile-Int'l Fr.-F.R. Germany F.R. Germany Australia Aust.-U.K. Japan Japan U.S.S.R. VI. ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC SCIENCE In the United States, the National Center for Atmospheric Re- search (NCAR) was identified as the major facility for atmospheric research. No similar foreign facilities were identified. Also, the Deep Submergence Research Vehicle "ALVIN" was identified as a prin- cipal oceanographic facility exceeding the $25 million construction cost criterion. Most of the facilities identified for atmospheric and oceanogra- phic research are research vessels, see table 6 and appendix 7. The Federal Oceanographic Fleet consists of 64 research vessels, over half of which would cost at least $25 million (replacement cost in 1984 dollars) for construction and scientific outfitting. Because of the large number of research vessels worldwide, only the vessels of the Federal Oceanographic Fleet are identified individually in appen- dix 7. However, in addition to the Federal Oceanographic Fleet, there may be as many as 20 additional U.S. privately-owned research vessels and perhaps 25 research vessels belonging to academic insti- tutions, but not part of the University-National Oceanographic Labor- atory System (UNOLS) which is considered to be part of the Federal Oceanographic Fleet. 15/ Worldwide, the Soviet Union, with at least 100 oceanographic re- search vessels, has the largest oceanographic fleet. In the rest of the world, there are about 225 vessels, the United Kingdom having the largest number at about 50. To these research vessels should be added a number of underwater habitats, immobile manned off-shore lab- oratories, and submersibles , some of which are used for research. Although a number of vessels belonging to the Federal Oceano- graphic Fleet cost in excess of $25 million for construction and scientific outfitting, most of the costs are not for science per se, but are "infrastructural" costs that are necessary to provide the environment in which the science can be conducted. The discussions of the "bricks and mortar" costs of space science in chapter VII and of the antarctic program in chapter XI are relevant here also. 15/ Information on the Federal Oceanographic Fleet was obtained from conversations with Captain Robertson Dinsmore, Woods Hole Ocean- ographic Institution and the report: Committee on Atmosphere and Oceans. Report of Federal Oceanographic Fleet Study 1984. Washing- ton, Federal Oceanographic Fleet Coordination Council, 1985. 92 p. plus appendices. Information on research vessels worldwide was obtained from Trillo, Robert L. (ed.). Jane's Ocean Technology, 1978. New York, Franklin Watts, Inc., 1978. 820 p. (23) 24 TABLE 6. Atmospheric and Oceanographlc Facilities Name or Brief Description Location or Country of Ownership NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH (NCAR) U.S. DEEP SUBMERGENCE RESEARCH VEHICLE (DSRV) "ALVIN" U.S. FEDERAL OCEANOGRAPHIC FLEET (64 vessels) U.S. VII. SPACE In considering big science facilities, both space and antarctic research (discussed in chapter XI) must be discussed carefully in order to distinguish between the infrastructure required to support the big science facilities and the big science facilities themselves. In this report, the space shuttles, for example, are not included as big science facilities because they are, in effect, trucks to take things into orbit, even if those things are scientific experiments. Nor are launch pads, tracking stations, and other infrastructure included in this inventory (see section A). What are included here as big science facilities are satellites which conduct physics and astronomical research, lunar and planetary exploration, and Earth science. These are discussed in section B, Sections C and D deal with European and Japanese space big science programs, and Soviet space big science programs, respectively. A. NASA INFRASTRUCTURE AND SCIENCE 16/ Since 1959 when NASA began operating, a number of major infra- structural programs have been funded. It is important to emphasize for the purpose of this report that these programs are not science programs per se, although they are necessary for the conduct of the big science projects discussed below. For example, in 1959-1961, major NASA efforts were directed toward the support of tracking and data facilities needed for the Mercury Program. During this period, both the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California and the Wallops Flight Facility at Wallops Island, Virginia were expanded to support adequately NASA's space science programs, and the new Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland begun operations. From 1961-1968, the major NASA thrust was for the Apollo pro- gram. Projects included establishing a full range of support fa- cilities, that is, manufacturing facilities, propulsion test facil- ities, development of the Saturn family of launch vehicles, land ac- quisitions, launch complexes at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and construction of another new NASA field center (Johnson Space Center, Texas, which was completed in 1964). 16/ Some information in this section was provided by the NASA Facilities Engineering Division, Apr. 1985. (25) 26 In 1969, major additions were made to the Deep Space Network tracking and data facilities in Australia and Spain. In the early 1970s, NASA's attention turned to development of the Skylab space station which was launched in 1973 and hosted three crews between 1973 and 1974. In 1972, President Nixon approved the space shuttle program, and the first shuttle flight was made in 1981. Currently, NASA is designing a permanent space station to begin operations in the early 1990s in accordance with President Reagan's 1984 State of the Union address in which he directed NASA to develop a permanent manned presence in space within a decade. During 1977-1981, NASA constructed the National Transonic Facility in Langley, Virginia and modified the 40x80 Foot Subsonic Wind Tunnel at Ames, California. These latter facilities directly support NASA's aeronautical research program and are discussed in chapter VIII. Most of NASA's budget is not for science per se; rather, it is for science infrastructure, as the term is used here, and for appli- cations. Table 7 indicates that space science has accounted for about 10 to 20 percent of the total NASA budget since 1960. Because space big science is only part of total space science, these figures represent the upper limits of NASA's budgets which were devoted to big science^ during this period. B. l^ASA BIG SCIENCE The NASA big science program encompasses three major areas: physics and astronomy, planetary probes, and Earth science. These three categories include programs begun since 1959, both operational and defunct, ongoing operations as well as launches, and programs which are under development. The programs not considered to be "big science" for the pur- pose of this report, which does not in any way detract from their importance to the overall NASA program, include space applications projects (including weather, communications, and land and ocean re- mote sensing) and the Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, and space shuttle missions. Although very important scientific work was done on many of these missions, they are outside the scope of the big science perspective of this report. Also many programs which cur- rently are in the planning stages, such as the International Solar Terrestrial Physics Program (ISTP), are not included because they may not have specific launch dates or because only "planning" fund- ing, and not "development" funding, has been provided. Since these programs may be terminated for any reason without ever having demon- strated a big science purpose, they are not included here. Finally, some missions, such as the Solar Mesosphere Explorer, did not meet the minimum $25 million criterion. The United States has actively engaged in international coopera- tion in space since the earliest days of NASA. Section 205 of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 provides for the conduct of international cooperative programs and, since then, NASA estimates 27 TABLE 7. Funding for Space Science as a Percentage of Total NASA Budget Total NASA Amount for Percentage for Fiscal Year Appropriation a/ Space Science a/ Space Science 1959 184.3 95.5 51.8 1960 523.6 105.6 20.2 1961 964.0 193.3 20.1 1962 1,825.3 345.8 18.9 1963 3,674.1 482.6 13.1 1964 5,099.7 561.2 11.0 1965 5,249.7 554.5 10.6 1966 5,174.9 595.0 11.5 1967 4,967.6 486.9 9.8 1968 4,588.9 428.1 9.3 1969 3,995.3 363.5 9.1 1970 3,749.2 403.1 10.8 1971 3,312.6 400.2 12.1 1972 3,310.1 562.1 17.0 1973 3,407.6 661.4 19.4 1974 3,039.7 681.5 22.4 1975 3,231.1 590.1 18.3 1976 3,551.8 601.5 16.9 Transition Quarter 932.2 157.4 16.9 1977 3,819.1 555.5 14.5 1978 4,063.7 528.6 13.0 1979 (estimate) 4,566.2 625.0 13.7 1980 (request) 4,725.0 726.8 15.4 aj NASA Budget Office. Source: U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications. United States Civilian Space Programs 1958-1978. Volume I. Committee Print. 97th Cong., 1st Sess. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1981. D. 716. 28 that it has signed more than 1000 agreements with more than 100 coun- tries for cooperative activities. Many of these are related to sci- entific training, analysis of remote sensing data, analysis of soil samples returned by the Apollo missions to the Moon, and so forth, but there also are many instances of cooperative development of "big science" spacecraft. As noted in appendix 8, many of the EXPLORER missions involved international cooperation, the United States has launched satellites such as HELIOS which were developed entirely by other countries (in that case, by the Federal Republic of Germany), with data exchange as the quid pro quo, equipment has been developed jointly for some missions (for example, the INTERNATIONAL SUN-EARTH EXPLORERS), and so forth. International cooperation in space has grown as the economic situations in most countries have made it difficult for a single country to afford "big science" projects and as some countries, especially those in Europe and Japan, have devel- oped their own expertise in building spacecraft. No space big science projects supported by the Department of Defense, which now has a larger space R&D budget than NASA, have been identified. Table 8 shows the funding levels of the space activities of the U.S. Government. The U.S. and foreign space big science projects are listed in table 9 and discussed briefly in appendix 8. C. EUROPEAN AND JAPANESE SPACE BIG SCIENCE PROGRAMS Most, if not all, of the space big science in the rest of the world has been conducted recently by the European Space Agency (ESA). The big question is cost. It is difficult to be certain that any of the foreign space programs meet the $25 million criterion, although the individual ESA programs probably do. For Japan and specific European countries, space big science programs are included because cumulatively, at least, these programs probably meet the dollar cost criterion. D. SOVIET SPACE BIG SCIENCE PROGRAMS International cooperation in the Soviet space big science pro- gram began in 1967. In 1967, the U.S.S.R. and its allies formed the INTERKOSMOS organization, comprised of the U.S.S.R., Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, the Democratic Republic of Germany, Hungary, Mongo- lia, Poland, and Romania. Vietnam was added in 1979, although it has not yet participated in any big science programs. The INTERKOSMOS flights, IK-1 through IK-22 have been the most extensive space big science launches. Other programs include the recent VEGA flights with France. Even including the INTERKOSMOS and VEGA programs, the U.S.S.R. has had fewer big science satellites with less international coopera- tion than have the United States or ESA. In lunar and planetary probes, the United States has gone farther and to more planets while the Soviets have concentrated on Venus and Mars. The Soviets have had more lunar orbiters and landers, but have not yet landed a man 29 TABLE 8. c « f E O c I ^ h a> b > < o 1- O (0 3 1 "o o >- a: T3 £ < o •» 2 S c o O D ^ t/2 (0 H b o Uj c H > 3 CQ V' u < u ® o o 1- (0 (/■j a. I 0) t/3 z < o e bLi r^ CO CM CD u-> -*• »n CO »n a» CO u-i C7> r>. o^ CO en o\ *o 00 CM U-) CO oo f^ M-l CO CO ■*• *n 00 CO UD o r- O CO CN -#• — CI CO ■"f oo ON 0% 00 lO O CN a> r- U-) ? d O •*• in CM CO CO CO CM 00 00 CO '♦■ CM CO 00 CM o -^-^coin'0*0v0^0'.0»r»»r>'«''*'^^^*'tn-^iov0'~~-c0i -^^oco(nocMCMaocMOi-^'^aovooDO^^'^^'^«--«*0000 O — •^COCOCOCMCO-^CMCMC^ICJ— icMC^ CMCMCMCMCMCMOOO »nr^coooiOO^-^coioo%cor^CMr^u->c^^OO C^CM-^O^aocoOcO"*'i,0*r)r^0^r^co— ^vDr-»cM O -^-^lOOOlOOOCMOO^Ol— 'CMCmV-^^ CMCOCMineo-^OO'^ CM "*• U-) CM 00 oo - o ■** CM CO CO ".D ^O ■*■ VO O *0 00 CO >o JR coeor-ooCTiOVC'CO *O-^OC000CMCMr^\Dc0',Dr^'*'v0iOi -^ ^ 00 o^ ' CM CO U-> CO *£> £Ti " »0 O CO ^ CO > ^O CO CO eo u~>(7iCT^CMO^coO^CO^Dcoo-*"coOOO"*'cO'*CTiCO',D'*r^r^O>eor^ OlOCOCOO^CTicOCO^O— cOCOCMr^eO^OCMCOO-^obmOOr^OOOOOCM oo^O— "CTi*a>i^00'OCM-^r^.— OCM^ooicoip— •eoco'^'CMr-- —> 0\ ~^ ■^irj00CMiOiOu-)i0vOO>OvD»r)'*(Or»»000^^'**t^OfCMCMCTi'»- ■^"*-«£iON->fco O — i^ixi^cvor^ ^OOCMr^»-i-^coc6»nincriOCMOCZ>CMr^r-.oV i£>J-^cOiOCOCOCM'«fOr^<7>»rj— iC^^*CMCOCOO^CMCMCTiO rM-0%eo,^^ Oco-*-'^cOCTi(T>'^*Or-.Qin «sC^O^bCTio^r^O'OOaO'^''^r---^ cOCM>pCMr-CTi^r^»£)COCT>'**— .OOf^CMu-ico — .'5at*-^**'^ -^Oi cotnoiCO'OOCM — cyikOCir^eoco*'OCMtr)CT^G0O'ncMu-)O00_cM'* -^ CO to lO iTj ^ ■*• CO CO CO CO CO CO eo' CO* co ■♦' ^' m* o <0 "^ rC r^* 11 t ■a 1 0^^9^9)a^^0^9i0)ffti -s c 3 $ ;i < "m o il , ■< ^ o. pz M o. o ^ M XI M X SI c g T3 a b r o - 11 §. o t S c i: 3 ^ r § §1 ra =i 'H c 6 Btt 6 CO CO en *- •* •»T3 T3 M « C -o T3 •'^ Id 3 ^Z Source: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Space Report of the President: 1983 Activities. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1984. p. 100. 30 TABLE 9. Space Facilities Name or Brief Description Location or Country of Ownership Physics and Astronomy ORBITING GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATORIES (OGO) ORBITING SOLAR OBSERVATORIES (OSO) ORBITING ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES (OAO) ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORERS HIGH-ENERGY ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORIES (HEAO) SOLAR MAXIMUM MISSION THE HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE (LST) COSMIC BACKGROUND EXPLORER (COBE) GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY (GRO) EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER (EUVE) COS-B INTERNATIONAL ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER (lUE) EXOSAT HIPPARCOS ARIEL 1-6 JAPANESE SATELLITES ASTRON u. S. u. S. U. S. U. ,S.-Int' '1 U. ,S. U. .S. u, ,S. u. ,S. U, • S. U. ,S. E. ,S.A. -Int'l E, .8. A. -U, .S. E, .S.A. E, .S.A, U, .K. Japan U, .S.S. R. Lunar and Planetary Probes RANGER SURVEYOR LUNAR ORB ITER PIONEER 10 AND 11 VIKING 1 AND 2 (ORBITERS 1 AND 2) VOYAGER I AND II PIONEER/VENUS (ORBITER AND PROBE) GALILEO (JUPITER ORBITER/PROBE) VENUS RADAR MAPPER (VRM) MARS GEOSCIENCE CLIMATOLOGY OBSERVER (MGCO-MARS OBSERVER) MARINER I-X GEOS-1 AND GEOS -2 GIOTTO INTERNATIONAL SOLAR-POLAR MISSION (ISPM) VEGA 1 AND 2 MARS 1-7 LUNA 1-24 VENERA 1-16 u. S. u. S. u. S. u. S. u. ,s. u. s. u. ,s. u. s. -F •.R u. ,s. u. s. u. ,s. E. ,s. A. E. ,s. A. E. .s. A. U, .s. s. R. U. ,s. s. R. U, .s. 8. R. U. ,8. s. R. Ger. Earth Science SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL EXPLORERS EARTH RADIATION BUDGET EXPERIMENT (ERBE) UPPER ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH SATELLITE (UARS) U.S. -Int'l U.S. U.S. 31 TABLE 9. SPACE FACILITIES (continued) Location or Name or Brief Country of Description Ownership Solar and Terrestrial Physics INTERKOSMOS 1-22 U.S.S.R. PROGNOZ 1-9 U.S.S.R. 32 on the Moon. U.S. missions generally are more complex and U.S. international cooperation has been more tangible since the Inter- national Geophysical Year in 1958. When it comes to tracking and data analysis (items which usually are not included in big science, but which are crucial for its development), the United States has a far more extensive network with many more countries participating. Similarly, many countries eventually will have the opportunity to use the HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE after it is operational. The Soviet space big science programs included here have their equivalents in the NASA and ESA programs and are serious efforts to broaden Soviet knowledge of space. What hampers an understanding of the Soviet big science program in space is the lack of hard informa- tion on many of their programs. This is particularly true of the cost data and of information on land-based facilities such as wind tunnels and observatories. VIII. AERONAUTICS This chapter deals with big science facilities in the area of aeronautics. This includes principally wind tunnels, other flight simulators, and facilities for structures research and development and flight testing. Many of these facilities may be engaged to a significant extent in big engineering science and could have been in- cluded in chapter X and appendix 11 just as appropriately as here. All but one of the big science facilities discussed in this chap- ter are U.S. facilities, the exception being a Japanese wind tunnel. No other foreign aeronautical big science facilities meeting the $25 million criterion have been identified. The facilities are listed in table 10 and discussed briefly in appendix 9. The majority of the wind tunnels and flight simulators are operated by NASA, although the Navy operates two wind tunnels, the Air Force four, and the Air Force and Army each operate one flight simulator facility. The NASA wind tunnel and flight simulator program is defined as advancing knowledge of aerodynamics, aviation, and aerospace. Many of these facilities were constructed in the 19AOs and 1950s, with funding provided in later years for modifications and updates. The most recent wind tunnel facility is the National Transonic Facility at Langley Research Center, built in 1982. The National Transonic Facility is a state-of-the-art facility used for the most advanced aerospace testing programs. Of the remaining NASA facilities, sev- eral are complexes of smaller wind tunnel projects which NASA consi- ders as together constituting single facilities. All of the NASA facilities included here have the classic big science purpose of "science for science's sake," with two important qualifications. The first is that, although the stated need and purpose of the facilities are for science, there is some crossover into testing of instrumentation, maneuverability of aircraft, and testing of vertical rising aircraft. This is true of almost all of the facilities listed here. Their primary purpose, however, as de- fined by NASA, is for conducting science. Second, the percentage of use of these facilities for civil, proprietary and cooperative, and military purposes when known, are given in the appendix. Although for several of these facilities the non-NASA use is somewhat high, these facilities still are considered to be used primarily for sci- ence. Even the 8x6 Tran/Supersonic Tunnel at Lewis Research Center with 55 percent use by civil, proprietary, and cooperative ventures, is still considered by NASA as being a basic research center. (33) 34 TABLE 10. Aeronautical Facilities Name or Brief Description Location or Country of Ownership Wind Tunnels AERONAUTICAL FACILITIES NATIONAL TRANSONIC FACILITY UNITARY PLAN WIND TUNNEL (Langely) 16-FOOT TRANSONIC WIND TUNNEL TRANSONIC DYNAMICS TUNNEL HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL COMPLEX EIGHT-FOOT HIGH-TEMPERATURE HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL EIGHT-FOOT TRANSONIC PRESSURE WIND TUNNEL 20-INCH MACH 6 WIND TUNNEL HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL COMPLEX LOW-SPEED WIND TUNNEL COMPLEX UNITARY PLAN TUNNEL COMPLEX (Ames) 14-FOOT TRANSONIC WIND TUNNEL 6x6 SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL 3.5-FOOT HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL 8x6 TRAN/ SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL 10x10 UNITARY SUPERSONIC PROPULSION WIND TUNNEL 6x9-FOOT ICING RESEARCH TUNNEL (IRT) AERODYNAMIC RESEARCH FACILITY 16-FOOT SUPERSONIC PROPULSION WIND TUNNEL 16-FOOT TRANSONIC PROPULSION WIND TUNNEL VON KARMAN SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS DTNSRDC TRANSONIC WIND TUNNEL HYPERVELOCITY WIND TUNNEL NO. 9 V/STOL WIND TUNNEL TRAN/ SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL TWO-METER TRANSONIC WIND TUNNEL U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. Japan Structures R&D/Flight Testing STRUCTURES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FACILITY COMPRESSOR RESEARCH FACILITY AERONAUTICAL TEST RANGE U.S. U.S. U.S. Flight Simulators FLIGHT CONTROL DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY DIFFERENTIAL MANEUVERING SIMULATOR SIX-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM MOTION SIMULATOR FLIGHT SIMULATOR FOR ADVANCED AIRCRAFT VERTICAL MOTION SIMULATOR PROPULSION SYSTEMS LABORATORY ADVANCED SIMULATION CENTER U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. 35 In assessing the potential of the %d.nd tunnel and flight simula- tor program for future International cooperation, the civil, propri- etary, cooperative, and military uses of these facilities should be a serious factor for consideration. Such uses may inhibit interna- tional cooperation, particularly if the proprietary and military na- ture of these facilities is tied In with national goals of Increased U.S. national security and international economic competitiveness. IX. SUPERCOMPUTERS Large-scale scientific computers — or supercomputers — play a cri- tical role In scientific and engineering research. These ultrafast "number crunchers" are used for modeling and simulating scientific and engineering problems in areas such as design and simulation of very large-scale integrated circuits; design of nuclear weapons; de- sign and analysis of nuclear reactors; magnetic fusion energy re- search; aerodynamic design and evaluation; meteorological forecast- ing; and petroleum exploration. The U.S. Government supports scientific research by providing access for researchers to state-of-the-art supercomputers in Federal laboratories and facilities such as the National Center for Atmo- spheric Research computing facility, the National Magnetic Fusion Energy Computing Center at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory computing center. In 1985, the Department of Energy began support of the Super- conducting Computational Research Institute at Florida State Uni- versity. Also recently, the National Science Foundation announced its plans to establish four National Advanced Scientific Computing Centers at Princeton University, Cornell University, the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and the University of California, San Diego. These supercomputer facilities are listed in table 11 and dis- cussed briefly in appendix 10. 17/ The levels of international cooperation at the existing facili- ties currently seems to be minimal. 17/ Also see U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Supercomputers and Artificial Intelligence: Recent Federal Initiatives, Issue Brief 85105 (continually updated). (37) 28 TABLE 11. Supercomputers Location or Name or Brief Country of Description Ownership NCAR SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING FACILITY U.S. NATIONAL MAGNETIC FUSION ENERGY COMPUTING CENTER (LLNL) U.S. LANL COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS DIVISION U.S. NOAA GEOPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS LABORATORY U.S. NASA NUMERICAL AERODYNAMIC SIMULATOR (NAS) U.S. NATIONAL ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC COMPUTER CENTER: — Princeton University U.S. — Cornell University U.S. — University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign U.S. — University of California, San Diego U.S. FSU SUPERCONDUCTING COMPUTATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE U.S. LLNL COMPUTER CENTER U.S. X. ENGINEERING SCIENCE As mentioned previously, this study attempts to include big en- gineering science facilities as well as "classical" big science faci- lities devoted primarily to pure research. This is done for three reasons. First, much engineering science is conducted in the "class- ical" big science facilities like those Involved in high-energy phy- sics research. Second, the Committee is interested both in the "big" of big science and in its international aspects. Engineering science can be both big and international in scope. Third, engineering sci- ence explicitly has become a major thrust of current science policy, as evidenced by the reorganization of the National Science Foundation to include a Directorate of Engineering and the establishment of federally-supported Engineering Research Centers (ERCs) at major uni- versities under that Directorate. The recent congressional interest in legislation proposing the creation of a national technology found- ation or similar organizations is further evidence of the importance of engineering science in current science policy. With that in mind, 18 big engineering science facilities were identified in several areas, including ship hydrodynamics engineer- ing, earthquake engineering, nuclear power reactor engineering, radio isotope production, and weapons engineering. Three of these facilities are foreign. Because of the difficulty in identifying such facilities, others, both U.S. and foreign, may be identified subsequently. It should be noted here that, in the same way that much engi- neering science is inherent in the facilities discussed in preceding chapters and labeled "big science" facilities, much pure science probably is inherent in many of the facilities listed in table 12 and discussed briefly in appendix 11 as "big engineering" facilities. Also, as noted previously, many of the aeronautical facilities dis- cussed in chapter VIII may be engaged to a significant extent in big engineering science and could be included in this chapter just as well as in chapter VIII. There is no international ownership, operational funding (with the following three exceptions), or management of the identified big engineering science facilities, and there appears to be no adequate generalization about International cooperation in their use. There is Japanese operational funding involved in the Fast Flux Test Facility at the Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory and the Experimental Breeder Reactor II at Argonne National Laboratory and international operational funding of the Loss-of-Fluid Test Facility (LOFT) at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Reference can be made to the discussions of the individual facilities in appendix 11. (39) 40 TABLE 12. Engineering Facilities Name or Brief Description Location or Country of Ownership Ship Hydrodynamics Engineering DTNSRDC TOWING BASIN, HIGH SPEED DTNSRDC TOWING BASIN, DEEP WATER DTNSRDC TOWING BASIN, SHALLOW WATER Earthquake Engineering TODOTSU ENGINEERING LABORATORY (Earthquake Shake Table) Nuclear Power Reactor Engineering FAST FLUX TEST FACILITY (FFTF) EXPERIMENTAL BREEDER REACTOR II (EBR-II) LOSS-OF-FLUID TEST FACILITY (LOFT) TRANSIENT REACTOR TEST FACILITY (TREAT) ZERO POWER PLUTONIUM REACTOR (ZPPR) JOYO (Fast Flux Test Facility) BOR-60 (Fast Flux Test Reactor) Isotope Production CALUTRONS ELECTROMAGNETIC ISOTOPE SEPARATIONS FACILITY U.S. U.S. U.S. Japan U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. Japan U.S.S.R. U.S. Weapons Engineering SHIVA (High-energy Physics Simulation) DIRECTED ENERGY EFFECT RANGE (DEER) TRESTLE (Electromagnetic Pulse Research) ADVANCED RADIATION TECHNOLOGY FACILITY (ARTF) AURORA RADIATION TEST FACILITY ADVANCED TEST ACCELATOR (ATA) U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. XI. ANTARCTIC RESEARCH 18/ As discussed in the chapter on space, both space and antarctic research involve large amounts of funds, for work classified as research and development, that are expended for what may be charac- terized best as R&D infrastructure. Although such infrastructural facilities may fall within the "big" of big science, they are not themselves scientific facilities. The space shuttles are an example. A similar situation obtains in antarctic research. The U.S. program in the Antarctic includes a physical plant in the form of station facilities, ships, and aircraft. Since there are no indigenous sources of life support or other logistics in Antarctica, the U.S. effort must provide everything needed to reach the area and to exist and function there. The U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP) supports national goals to maintain the Antarctic Treaty, to ensure that the continent continues to be used for peaceful purposes only, to foster internationally cooperative research, to protect the environment, and to ensure equitable and wise use of living and nonliving resources. The U.S. scientific research program continues to be the principal expression of national interest and policy in the Antarctic. Several of the specific elements of the USAP logistics and science support system probably would satisfy the $25 million criterion of the inventory, although others of equal significance would not. The research supported in Antarctica is broadly multidisci- plinary, reflects the involvement of a wide variety of institutions and Federal agencies, and includes substantial international coopera- tion. 19/ 18/ Much of the discussion in this chapter is based on infor- mation supplied by the National Science Foundation, Apr. 1985. 19/ Further information on the USAP is included in U.S. Con- gress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Dept . of Housing and Urban Development — Independent Agencies Appropriations for 1984. Hearings, 98th Cong. 1st sess. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off,, 1983. p. 4A4-463. (41) XII. BIOTECHNOLOGY No big science facilities in the area of biotechnology have been identified for this inventory. The subject has been included here, however, because the potential exists for such facilities to be deve- loped over the next five to ten years according to some experts in the field. Should this occur, it would represent a further extension of the classical definition of big science from "pure" areas like high-energy physics into more applied and engineering-oriented areas. In terms of construction costs, biotechnology "big science" facili- ties in the near-term future likely would be in the neighborhood of the $25 million level. Because of the comnercial nature of much biotechnology, perhaps much of the potential international coopera- tion in this area would be carried out through multinational corpora- tions rather than through international agreements or practices be- tween governments and agencies. (43) APPENDIX 1 INTERNATIONAL BIG SCIENCE COOPERATION SUPPORTED UNDER THE SUMMIT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE 20 / (1) Solar System Exploration (U.S. lead). Under this project coordi- nated by NASA, two primary areas of solar system exploration have been identified: solar terrestrial research and the study of planets and small bodies. NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA) and Japanese representatives of the planning group in the new International Solar Terrestrial Physics Program (ISTP) met twice this year to coordinate design studies of spacecraft and ground systems. Under this Summit project, three joint studies are underway concerning planetary and small bodies missions, a joint U.S. -Germany CRAF mission, a joint NASA-ESA mission to Saturn and its moon Titan, and a NASA-ESA study on primitive body missions. (2) Remote Sensing from Space (U.S. lead). In 1984, under NOAA's guidance, this project made substantial progress towards its objective to enhance international collaboration in remote sensing activities. The project's panel members established a streamlined remote sensing coordination group, which met in September and a group on meteorological satellite cooperation, which met in November. In October, the countries involved in the satellite search and rescue program, COSPAS-SARSAT, signed an agreement which assures services through 1990. Discussions were also held regarding provision of new remote sensing instru- ments for flight on the shuttle or satellites. Also, plans are well underway for holding remote sensing training activities for developing countries. (3) High-Energy Physics (U.S. lead). Under DOE's leadership, this project aims to further international cooperation in high-energy physics. During 1984, subgroups met to survey high energy physics plans and programs among Summit nations and to develop long-term, cooperative plans for construction and sharing of new, major fa- cilities. Other groups assessed research underway in accelerator and detector technology areas and explored mechanisms for facili- tating international collaboration. 20/ Science, Technology, and American Diplomacy, 1985: Sixth Annual Report Submitted to the Congress by the President Pursuant to Sec. 503(b) of Title V of Public Law 95-426, Mar. 20, 1985. p. 15-17. (45) 46 APPENDIX 1 (continued) INTERNATIONAL BIG SCIENCE COOPERATION SUPPORTED UNDER THE SUMMIT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE (4) Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion (U. S. -European Communities co- lead) . The objectives of this project under DOE guidance are to accelerate world development of a new energy source, using inex- haustible fuels and possessing potential erivironmental advantages, and avoid duplication of costly facilities through joint collabo- ration. In 1984, subpanels met to identify and plan future fa- cilities required to establish the feasibility of fusion, to identify near-term fusion physics and technology subjects for col- laboration, and explore reactor concept improvements. (5) Fast Breeder Reactor Design (U.S. -France co-lead). Under DOE's purview, this project aims to provide a stable and supportive at- mosphere for facilitating orderly breeder development. In 1984, expanded governmental understandings were reached within Europe for breeder cooperation, and the project's participants are ex- amining other cooperative arrangements among this group. (6) Advanced Materials and Standards (U.S. -U.K. co-lead). This proj- ect, under NBS leadership, promoted multilateral collaboration in advanced engineering materials to develop measurement standards and codes of practice for these materials. By harmonizing the regulatory systems for advanced technologies, the interest of free, competitive trade will be advanced. Four technical working groups have been launched in the areas of Wear Test Methods, Sur- face Chemical Analyses, Ceramics, and Polymer Alloys or Blends. APPENDIX 2 HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS FACILITIES For U.S. facilities, the values in fiscal year 198A dollars are estimated by escalating construction costs, except where the replace- ment value is estimated in several cases. Due to advances in techno- logy, the cost of accelerator replacement would, in most cases, be much lower than escalated construction costs. In addition, if the costs of U.S. facilities are compared to those of foreign facilities, it should be recognized that it is common practice abroad not to include as construction costs the cost of laboratory manpower and laboratory services, such as machine shops. Such costs can account for one-half of the cost of a construction project in high-energy physics. The information in this appendix was supplied by the Department of Energy, April 22, 1985. (47) 48 Ithaca, NY., U.S.A. CORNELL ELECTRON STORAGE RING (CESR) Floyd R. Newman Laboratory for Nuclear Studies Cornell University "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : CESR Is an 8 GeV x 8 GeV electron- positron colliding beam storage ring facility. It has two inter- action regions. In one, the focus of research has been the study of leptons and photons using a segmented sodium iodide detector (CUSB). The other region contains a large magnetic general pur- pose detector (CLEO) with which almost everything known about the bottom quark, has been learned. Date of Construction : 1977-79 (operational since 1979). Construction Cost : Original : $20.7 million 1984 $$ : $28 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : Mainly U.S. (105 scientists from 11 institutions) . Potential for Future International Cooperation : The Cornell supercon- ducting radio-frequency cavity technology has been shared through collaborations with European and Japanese laboratories. High energy physics has led the way with a long tradition of active and Intimate international cooperation. Other Information : A major comprehensive improvement plan has been Initiated to be completed in FY87 which incorporates storage ring and detector upgrades. The upgrades will provide the capability to perform the most precise experiments possible in the CESR energy range. The estimated cost of these improvements is about $36 million. The facility will continue to be open to national and international researchers on the basis of scientific merit of the experiments proposed. 49 Batavla, IL., U.S.A. FERMILAB PROTON SYCHROTRON Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : This conventional magnet synchro- tron of 6000-foot diameter provided protons at 400 billion elec- tron volts (GeV), which was twice the design energy, and various secondary beams from fixed targets. It is now used at 150 GeV as an injector into the new superconducting sjmchrotron which up- graded the facility under the Energy Saver project, described separately. Other upgrades include Tevatron I and Tevatron II, also described separately, which integrate extensive new capabili- ties Into the Fermilab accelerator complex. Date of Construction : 1968-1974 Construction Cost : Original : $248 million 1984 $$ : $727 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers : Largely U.S., but includes Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, England, France, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Poland, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the U.S.S.R., the Federal Republic of Germany, and Yugoslavia Because high-energy physics is an international activity, with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this laboratory has extensive interactions with people and Institutions in foreign countries. Of 348 experiments approved to run at Fermilab, 148 have had scientists taking part from institutions outside the United States. Typically, about 600 physicists are involved in the Fermilab research program each year, of which over one-fourth are from foreign institutions. Generally, scien- tists from about 20 countries are Involved in the program at any one time. There are three government-to-government agreements in- volving high-energy physics which affect Fermilab. These are with the U.S.S.R., the Peoples Republic of China, and Japan. Potential for Future International Cooperation ; As at all forefront world hlghenergy physics facilities, beam time is available without charge for the best research proposals worldwide. Foreign researchers have provided substantial pieces of capital equipment for experiments. Such collaboration would be expected to continue. 68-022 0-87-3 50 Batavla, IL., U.S.A. ENERGY SAVER - SUPERCONDUCTING PROTON SYNCHROTRON Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermllab) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor ; High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument ; The Energy Saver project provided a ring of over 1000 superconducting magnets which operate at reduced electric power consumption and have the potential for 1000 GeV operation. The conventional magnet accelerator serves as a 150 GeV Injector for the Energy Saver accelerator ring. The Energy Saver was designed to deliver 500 GeV protons to three external experimental areas and protons at about 800 GeV to an Internal target. The Energy Saver Is now operating routinely as part of the overall Fermllab Tevatron capability. Date of Construction : 1979-1982 Construction Cost ; Original : $50.8 million 1984 $$ ; $67 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers ; (See the Fermllab Proton Synchro- tron on the preceding page for a list of International researchers and a discussion of international cooperation.) Potential for Future International Cooperation : See the discussions under the Fermllab Proton Synchrotron on the preceding page. 51 Batavla, IL., U.S.A. TEVATRON I - ANT IPROTON/PROTON COLLIDING BEAM FACILITY Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fennllab) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : The Tevatron I is an upgrade of the Energy Saver to reach a 1000 GeV acceleration capability and to allow the storage of protons and antlprotons simultaneously. This will provide up to 2000 GeV in reaction energy when two beams collide head-on, to open up a new era of Important research opportunities at the highest energies ever made available for laboratory physics experimentation. Date of Construction : 1981-1986 Construction Cost : Original : $84.0 million 1984 $$ : $85.5 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers : (See the Fermllab Proton Synchro- tron for a list of International researchers and a discussion of International cooperation.) In addition, R&D on the lithium lens system for the anti- proton source represented a significant cooperative effort with the U.S.S.R., and the Collider Detector Facility at Fermllab represents an outstanding example of a joint effort with Japan and Italy. Potential for Future International Cooperation : See the discussion under the Fermllab Proton Synchrotron. 52 Batavla, IL., U.S.A. TEVATRON II - 1000 GeV FIXED TARGET RESEARCH FACILITIES Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermllab) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument ; The Tevatron II provides the necessary facilities for a 1000 GeV fixed target experimental program in existing areas to fully exploit the higher energy of the superconducting accelerator complex, now referred to as the Tevatron. Tevatron II provides a unique opportunity for producing secondary particle beams at higher energies and intensities than anywhere else in the world. There are four new secondary beams and eight other upgraded beams. These 12 can be run simul- taneously. The eight upgraded beams are completed and operating. Date of Construction : 1982-1986 Construction Cost : Original : $49.0 million 1984 $$ : $50.3 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : (See the Fermllab Proton Synchro- tron for a list of International researchers and a discussion of international cooperation.) Potential for Future International Cooperation : See the discussion under the Fermllab Synchrotron. 53 Batavla, IL., U.S.A. COLLIDER DETECTOR AT FERMILAB (CDF) Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) U.S. Dept. of Energy " Big Science" Descriptor ; High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument ; This versatile research detector is capable of recording the results of antiproton-proton colli- sions at reaction energies up to 2000 GeV; detecting hundreds of simultaneously created particles; and identifying photons, elec- trons, muons, and hadrons separately. It measures energies of charged particles with a strong magnetic field and of all parti- cles (except neutrions) with massive calorimeters. Date of Construction ; 1981-1986 (See note below.) Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : $54 million (See note below.) Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; - U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers ; (See the Fermilab Proton Synchro- tron for a list of international researchers.) Funding over six years includes about $39 million (In 1984 dollars) from the Dept. of Energy, plus $15 million from Japanese, Italian, and National Science Foundation-supported collaborators. Potential for Future International Cooperation ; See the discussion under the Fermilab Proton Synchrotron. Other Information ; This facility is expected to be ready for test run- ning in 1985 and for its first physics research use In October 1986. Note; This detector was not built as a construction project. It was fabricated using capital equipment funds. Therefore, "Date of Construction" and "Construction Cost" in this case refer to this type of fabrication. 54 Batavla, IL., U.S.A. D-ZERO DETECTOR AT FERMILAB Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermllab) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument ; This facility provides detection capabilities complementary to those of the collider detector (CDF), effectively doubling Tevatron I physics utilization by operating simultaneously. It is optimized for accurate measure- ments of energies of electrons, muons, and jets of hadrons. It has no magnetic field; energies are measured with calorimeters only. High resolution calorimetry will allow excellent identifi- cation of missing energy in an Interaction. The D-Zero Detector has very complete large solid angle coverage. Date of Construction : 1985-1989 (See note below.) Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : $43 million (est.) (See note below.) Present International Cooperation Natlonality(8) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Management Staffl U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers ; (See the Fermllab Proton Synchro- tron for a list of international researchers and a discussion of International cooperation.) Potential for Future International Cooperation ; See the discussion under the Fermllab Proton Synchrotron. Other information : Note: This detector was not built as a construction project. It was fabricated using capital equipment funds. Therefore, "Date of Construction" and "Construction Cost" in this case refer to this type of fabrication. 55 Palo Alto, CA., U.S.A. SLAC LINEAR ACCELERATOR Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument ; This facility Is a two-mile long linear electron accelerator (llnac) that can produce Intense beams of electrons at energies up to 32 billion electron volts (GeV), or of positrons with energies up to 20 GeV. The electrons and positrons are used for fixed target experiments to probe the ultimate structure of matter In ways that reveal more details than any other probe. The llnac also can be used as the Injector for the SPEAR and PEP storage rings and will be used to Inject beams Into the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC). Starting in FY85, the linear accelerator at SLAC also can be operated for nuclear physics research using a new off-axis source and injector. The llnac 's energy will be increased from 32 GeV to 50 GeV for both electrons and positrons by the end of FY86. Date of Construction : 1961-1968 Construction Cost ; Original ; $114 million 1984 $$ : $486 million Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers : Primarily U.S. but also from Switzerland, Israel, Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Canada, the Peoples Republic of China, England, and Poland. Users include 138 foreign re- searchers from 37 foreign institutions. Because high-energy physics is an International activity, with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this laboratory has extensive Interactions with people and institutions in foreign countries. Typically, about 400 physicists are Involved in the SLAC research program each year, of which about 15 percent are from foreign institutions. SLAC has a significant collabora- tion with the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) as consultant to the PRC on building a 2.5 GeV electron-positron collider and a detector. There is collaboration on the SLAC Linear Detector (SLD) between the United States and Italy, Canada, and Great Britain. In 56 accordance with a U.S. -Japan bilateral agreement, there is collaboration between these countries on advanced accelerator R&D and on the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) at the PEP storage ring. Potential for Future International Cooperation : Beam time at this facility, as at all forefront world high energy physics accelera- tors, is available without charge for the best research proposals worldwide. Palo Alto, CA. , U.S.A. POSITRON ELECTRON PROJECT (PEP) Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility is a storage ring with beams Injected by the SLAC linear accelerator for 30 GeV interactions using intersecting beams of 15 GeV electrons and 15 GeV positrons. The average radius of the ring is 350 meters. There are six regions for simultaneous experiments. PEP was a joint construction project by SLAC and by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Date of Construction : 1976-1979 Construction Cost : Original : $80 million 1984 $$ : $132 million Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers : (See the SLAC Linear Accelerator for a list of international researchers and a discussion of international cooperation.) Potential for Future International Cooperation : Beam time at this facility is available without charge for the best research pro- posals worldwide. 57 Palo Alto, CA. , U.S.A. STANFORD LINEAR COLLIDER (SLC) Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument ; This Is an experimental accelera- tor used to develop the design and to test key technical Issues of the linear collider concept as a potentially cost-effective approach to high luminosity and very high-energy electron-positron collisions. It also provides a source of electron-positron colli- sions at 100 GeV center-of-mass energy which Is expected to pro- vide the earliest capability for producing copious quantities of Z particles In electron-positron collisions. Date of Construction ; 1984-1986 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; $110 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers : (See the SLAC Linear Accelerator for a list of international researchers and a discussion of international cooperation.) Potential for Future International Cooperation : Beam time at this facility will be available without charge for the best research proposals worldwide, as at all forefront world high-energy physics facilities. 58 Palo Alto, CA. , U.S.A. STANFORD LINEAR DETECTOR (SLD) Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : This state-of-the-art second generation detector for the SLAC Linear Collider has good electro- magnetic and hadronlc calorlmetry over the complete solid angle, high resolution measurement of secondary vertices, full instrumen- tal capability over the complete solid angle, and good particle identification over a wide range of momentum. It measures the energy of charged particles with strong magnetic fields and of all particles (except neutrinos) with massive calorimeters. Date of Construction ; 1985-1989 (See note below.) Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $45 million (See note below.) Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : (See the SLAC Linear Accelerator for a list of international researchers and a discussion of International cooperation.) Potential for Future International Cooperation ; See the discussion under the SLAC Linear Accelerator. Other information : Note: This detector was not built as a construction project. It was fabricated using capital equipment funds. Therefore, "Date of Construction" and "Construction Cost" in this case refer to this type of fabrication. 59 Palo Alto, CA., U.S.A. ALTERNATING GRADIENT SYNCHROTRON (AGS) Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics (soon also nuclear physics) Description of Facility/Instrument : This synchrotron provides pro- tons on fixed targets at energies up to 33 GeV, and various secondary beams. The AGS main ring is 800 meters in circum- ference and contains 240 magnets. Current research focuses on neutrino Interactions and the study of certain rare decay modes of the K meson. Other experiments involve the study of inter- actions of protons, plons, kaons , etc. with target nuclei. Capability to accelerate polarized protons has been added re- cently. A link to the Tandem Van de Graaff is being established to provide the capability to accelerate medium weight heavy tons. Date of Construction : 1956-1960, upgraded 1966-1971 C onstruction Cost : Original : $79 million 1984 $$ : $325 million Present International Cooperation NatioDality(8) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : U.S. primarily, but also from Mexico, Japan, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, the U.S.S.R., Sweden, Switzerland, the Federal Republic of Germany, China, and Yugoslavia Because high-energy physics is an international activity, with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this laboratory has extensive interactions with people and institu- tions in foreign countries. Of about 300 scientists actively involved In current utilization of the AGS, some 50 are from 17 foreign Insti- tutions. There are collaboration on current experiments with the Japanese and with the Canadians. The U.S. -Japanese experi- ment, with Japanese scientists from KEK and from Osaka University, has been in progress for several years. Japan has furnished about one-fourth of the manpower and equip- ment for a detector that cost $4-$5 million total. Canadians from TRIUMF are participating with the United States In 60 an experiment to study rare K decay. The Canadian manpower fraction Is about one-third. They also share detector costs. Potential for Future International Cooperation ; Beam time at this facility Is available without charge for the best research proposals worldwide, as with all forefront world high-energy physics facilities. Upton, NY., U.S.A. COSMOTRON Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (now the Dept. of Energy) "Big Science" Descriptor ; High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility was a three GeV Pro- ton Synchrotron with a variety of secondary beams. Date of Construction : Constructed in 19A8-1952 and decommissioned In 1967 Construction Cost ; Original ; $10 million 1984 $$ : $65 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(8) of Ownership ; (Currently Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding ; not Nationallty(s) of Management Staff ; operating) Nationallty(8) of Researchers; 61 Argonne, IL., U.S.A. ZERO GRADIENT SYNCHROTRON (ZGS) Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : This was a 12 GeV proton synchro- tron with various secondary beams. Date of Construction : Constructed in 1957-1963 and decommissioned in 1979 Construction Cost ; Original : $51 million 1984 $$ : $240 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; (Currently Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding : not Nationality(s) of Management Staff : operating) Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: Berkeley, CA. , U.S.A. BE VAT RON Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (now the Dept. of Energy) "Big Science" Descriptor ; High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : This was a 6.2 GeV protron syn- chrotron with various secondary beams. After completion of its operation as a high-energy physics facility, the Bevatron was placed into service for research in nuclear physics and remains in use as part of the Bevalac. Date of Construction : 1950-54 and 61; operation for high-energy physics ended in 1975 Construction Cost : Original ; $20 million 1984 $$ : $105 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership :' (Currently not Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : operating for Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : high-energy Nationallty(s) of Researchers: physics) 62 Cambridge, MA., U.S.A. CAMBRIDGE ELECTRON ACCELERATOR (CEA) Harvard University U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (now the Dept. of Energy) "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument ; This facility was a six billion electron volt (GeV) Electron Synchrotron. A later upgrade pro- vided capability for 3 GeV x 3 GeV electron-positron collisions. Date of Construction ; Constructed in 1956-1962 and decommissioned in 1973 Construction Cost: Original : 1984 $$ : $10 million $50 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : Nationallty(8) of Management Staff : Nationality(s) of Researchers: (Currently not operating) Princeton, NJ., U.S.A. PRINCETON-PENNSYLVANIA ACCELERATOR (PPA) U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (now the Dept. of Energy) "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : This was a three GeV proton syn- chrotron with various secondary beams. Date of Construction : Constructed in 1957-1963 and decommissioned in 1970 Construction Cost: Original: $22 million 1984$$ : $105 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; Nationality(s) of Researchers: (Currently not operating) 63 Geneva, SWITZERLAND PROTON SYNCHROTRON (PS) CERK "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : This sjmchrotron has a maximum energy of 28 GeV. Date of Construction ; 1953-1960 Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $15 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : Natlonallty(8) of Operational Funding : Natlonallty(8) of Management Staff : Natlonallty(8) of Researchers: (Multinational) Geneva, SWITZERLAND INTERSECTING STORAGE RINGS (ISR) CERN "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : Date of Construction: 1971, decommissioned in the 1980s Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : Natlonallty(8) of Researchers: (Multinational) 64 Geneva, SWITZERLAND SUPER PROTON SYNCHROTRON (SPS) CERN "Big Science" Descriptor ; High-energy and nuclear physics Description of Facility/Instrument : In this synchrontron, oxygen ion beams can be accelerated from 9 to 200 GeV/AMU energy levels. Date of Construction ; Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; (Multinational) Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; Nationallty(8) of Management Staff ; Nationality(s) of Researchers; Geneva, SWITZERLAND LARGE ELECTRON-POSITRON COLLIDER (LEP) CERN "Big Science" Descriptor ; High-energy physics Description of Facility/ Instrument ; In this storage ring, positron and electron particle beams could be collided, each up to a 60 GeV energy level. A Phase II storage ring is planned in which a positron beam could be collided with an electron beam, each up to a 130 GeV energy level. Date of Construction ; under construction, due In 1988 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; $980 million Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership ; (Multinational) Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding ; Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; Nationality(s) of Researchers ; Potential for Future International Cooperation ; Beam time at the CERN facility is available without charge for the best research proposals worldwide. 65 Geneva, SWITZERLAND LEP DETECTOR- ALEPH CERN "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : The Apparatus for LEP pHysics (ALEPH) has a large superconducting coil enclosing a central track detector which permits precise momentum determinations of charged particles over a wide energy range. Date of Construction : Due in 1988 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : $32 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : (Multinational) Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; Nationallty(s) of Researchers ; ALEPH involves about 300 researchers from 25 research centers in nine countries, including the United States. Geneva, SWITZERLAND LEP DETECTOR-DELPHI CERN "Big Science" Descriptor ; High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : The Detector with Lepton, Photon, and Hadron Identification (DELPHI) is designed to provide three- dimensional measurements, fine grain energy deposition, and par- ticle Identification over the complete solid angle surrounding the beam intersection. Date of Construction ; Due in 1988 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; $30 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding ; (Multinational) Natlonality(s) of Management Staff ; Nationality(s) of Researchers ; DELPHI involves about 300 researchers from 30 research institutes in 17 countries, including the Dnited States. 66 Geneva, SWITZERLAND LEP DETECT0R-L3 CERN "Big Science" Descriptor ; High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument ; L3 is optimized for high resolu- tion measurement of energy and momentum for electrons, gamma rays, and muons at 50 GeV. It uses an 8,000-ton magnet, approxi- mately 12mxl2mxl2m bismuth germanate crystals for electromagnetic calorimetry and uranium for hadron calorimetry. Date of Construction : Due in 1988 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $60 million (est.) (See note below.) Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : (Multinational) Natlonality(s) of Management Staff ; Nationality(s) of Researchers ; L3 Involves about 400 scientists, including about 125 from 12 U.S. institutions. It is the first major physics collaboration involving Western Europe, the Soviet Union, the United States, and the People's Re- public of China. Other Information : Note; This detector was not built as a construc- tion project. It was fabricated using capital equipment funds. Therefore, "Date of Construction" and "Construction Cost" in this case refer to this type of fabrication. U.S. funding of the LEP-3 Detector is expected to total $22 million. Geneva, SWITZERLAND LEP DETECTOR-OPAL CERN "Big Science" Descriptor ; High-energy physics Description of Facility/ Instrument : The Omni Purpose Apparatus for LEP (OPAL) is designed to cover a wide range of high-energy physics, much of it unexplored, using well-tested and powerful techniques and technologies. Date of Construction ; Due in 1988 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ ; $32 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : (Multinational) Natlonality(s) of Management Staff : Nationality(s) of Researchers ; OPAL involves about 130 researchers from 21 research institutes in 9 countries, including the United States. 67 Geneva, SWITZERLAND PROTON-ANTIPROTON COLLIDER CERN "Big Science" Descriptor ; High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : The total center-of-mass energy of this facility can reach as high as 540 GeV. Date of Construction ; 1981 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ ; $166 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; (Multinational) Natlonallty(8) of Operational Funding ; Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; Nationality(s) of Researchers : Hamburg, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY DORIS-II DESY "Big Science" Descriptor ; High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument ; This Is a storage ring. Its positron beam can collide with an electron beam, each up to a 5.6 GeV energy level. Date of Construction ; July 1982 Construction Costs ; 1984 $$ ; Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership ; Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : Nationality (s) of Management Staff ; Nationality (s) of Researchers : 68 Hamburg, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY PETRA-II DESY "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument ; This Is a storage ring. Its posi- tron beam Is collided with an electron beam, each up to the 23 GeV energy level. Date of Construction: October 1983 Construction Cost: 1984 $$ Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: Hamburg, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY HERA DESY "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : These are storage rings In which an electron beam (30 GeV) will be collided with a proton beam (820 GeV). Date of Construction: under construction, due In 1990 Construction Cost: 1984 $$ $394 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(8) of Ownership : The Federal Republic of Germany, Canada, France, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, and the U.K. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : (Currently Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : not Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: operating) 69 Tsukuba, JAPAN SYNCHROTRON KEK "Big Science" Descriptor ; High-energy physics Description of Facility/ Instrument ; This synchrotron can accelerate a proton beam up to 12 GeV. Date of Construction ; March 1976 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; NationalltyCs) of Operational Funding ; Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; Nationality(s) of Researchers; Tsukuba, JAPAN TRISTAN KEK "Big Science" Descriptor ; High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : This is a storage ring with a positron beam that will collide with an electron beam, each up to the 30 GeV energy level. A storage ring in which an electron beam of 25 GeV can collide with a protron beam of 300 GeV is planned. Date of Construction ; under construction, due in 1986 Construction Cost ; 198A $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(8) of Ownership ; (Currently Nationality(8) of Operational Funding ; not Natlonality(8) of Management Staff ; operating) Nationality(s) of Researchers; 70 Beijing, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA BPS Institute of High Energy Physics "Big Science" Descriptor ; High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument ; This is a synchrotron with a proton beam that can be accelerated to the 50 GeV energy level. Date of Construction : postponed indefinitely Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : (Currently Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : not Nationality(s) of Management Staff : operating) Nationality(s) of Researchers : Bejing, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA BEPC Institute of High Energy Physics "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : This is a storage ring in which a positron beam will be collided with an electron beam, each up to the 2.5 GeV energy level. Date of Construction : under construction, due in 1987 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership ; (Currently Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : not Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; operating) Nationality(s) of Researchers: 71 Serpukhov, U.S.S.R. PROTON SYNCHROTRON Institute of High Energy Physics "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument : This synchrotron has a proton beam which can be accelerated to the 76 GeV energy level. It will be upgraded to 400 GeV protons to be used in conjunction with the UNK Proton Synchrotron, described on the following page. Date of Construction : 1967; upgrade under construction, due in 1990 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Nationality(s) of Management Staff : Nationality(s) of Researchers: Serpukhov, U.S.S.R. UNK PROTON SYNCHROTRON Institute of High Energy Physics "Big Science" Descriptor : High-energy physics Description of Facility/ Instrument ; In Phase I, this storage ring facility will produce 3,000 GeV protons to be collided with the 400 GeV protons produced by the Booster Synchrotron described on the preceding page. In Phase II, a second storage ring will be built to supply 3,000 GeV antiprotons and protons to replace the 400 GeV protons. Date of Construction : under construction, due in 1990 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $297 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : (Currently Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : not Nationality(s) of Management Staff : operating) Nationality(8) of Researchers: 72 Novosibirsk, U.S.S.R. VEPP-IV Institute of Nuclear Physics "Big Science" Descriptor ; High-energy physics Description of Facility/ Instrument ; This Is a storage ring. Its positron beam can collide with the electron beam, each up to a seven GeV energy level- Date of Construction : 1979 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; Novosibirsk, U.S.S.R. VAPP-IV Institute of Nuclear Physics "Big Science" Descriptor : Rlgh-energy physics -- Xi;;or.rir^l^°!"nr ^e Zi J: c\ru5f :.:!"!;. 1"..^.. beam, each up to 25 GeV energy level. Date of Construction : Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natl onallty(s) of Ownership ; N5tl^nallty(s) of Operation al Funding: Natlonallty(s) of Manaj tement Staff: Marlnnalltvrs) of Researchers: 73 Moscow, U.S.S.R. U-10 Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics "Big Science" Descriptor ; High-energy physics Description of Facility/Instrument ; This synchrotron has a proton beam which can be accelerated to the ten GeV energy level. Date of Construction ; October 1961 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; Nationallty(s) of Researchers ; APPENDIX 3 NUCLEAR PHYSICS FACILITIES For U.S. facilities, the values In fiscal year 1984 dollars are estimated by escalating construction costs, except where the replace- ment value Is estimated In several cases. Due to advances In tech- nology, the cost of accelerator replacement would. In most cases, be much lower than escalated construction costs. In addition. If the costs of U.S. facilities are compared to those of foreign facilities, It should be recognized that It Is common practice abroad not to include as construction costs the cost of laboratory manpower and laboratory services such as machine shops. Such costs can account for one-half of the cost of a construction project in nuclear physics. The information in this appendix was supplied by the Department of Energy, April 22, 1985. (75) 76 East Lansing, MI., U.S.A. COUPLED SUPERCONDUCTING CYCLOTRONS National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) Michigan State University "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics Description of Facility/Instrument : This construction project Is the completion of "Phase II" of a two-stage superconducting cyclotron facility for heavy ions. Phase I, a K500 MeV cyclotron, was completed in FY82 and has been operational since 1982. The Intense beam of the K500 MeV machine will be Injected into a K800 MeV superconducting cyclotron after its construction is completed. Phase II includes the building to house the cyclotrons and their associated experimental areas and support facilities, the K800 MeV cyclotron, the beam lines, computing facilities, and experi- mental equipment. Date of Construction : 1980-present (Phase II is still under construction.) Construction Cost : Original : $33 million 1984 $$ : $40 million Present International Cooperatio n Natlonality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Natlonality(s) of Researchers : Mainly U.S. to date. Potential for Future International Cooperation : Upon completion, this will be a unique national heavy ion facility attractive also to scientists from Europe and Japan. Other Information : Dr. Blosser of Michigan State University (MSU) has collaborated with Europeans in the design of superconducting cyclotrons. Dr. Resmlni, before his untimely death, worked at MSU in preparation for construction of a similar facility at the University of Milan. 77 Bloomington, IN., U.S.A. INDIANA UNIVERSITY CYCLOTRON FACILITY (lUCF) Indiana University "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics Description of Facility/Instrument : The Indiana University Cyclotron Facility provides high quality beams of protons, deuterons, helium Ions, and lithium Ions In energies up to 200 million electron volts for nuclear physics research. lUCF has been operating as a national users facility since the first beams available for research in the spring of 1976. The current demand is running at a rate about three times that available (5000 hours per year). Comprehen- sive studies are made of nuclear processes, including fundamental nucleon-nucleon interactions, tests of charge-symmetry of the nuclear force, near-threshold production of plons, and detailed nuclear structure efforts throughout the periodic table. Date of Construction : 1969-75 (operational 1976). Construction Cost ; Original ; $10 million 1984 $$ ; $30 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Nationality(8) of Management Staff ; U.S. Natlonality(s) of Researchers : 350 scientists from 60 Institutions from 13 countries. Potential for Future International Cooperation : The addition of a "Cooler" ring (see below) will enhance the attraction of this facility to foreign scientists. Other Information : Construction of a "Cooler" Storage Ring began in FY83 (total estimated cost, $6 million) with $5.4 million provided to date and with $0.6 million to be provided in FY86. The "Cooler" will Introduce new technology into nuclear physics by providing charged particle beams of light ions with very low emlttance, small energy spread. It will make practical the use of ultra-thin targets without loss in beam luminosity. The application of Cooler ring technology to nuclear physics was initiated at lUCF. Dr. Pollock, who heads the construction projects, has cooperated and consulted with several European laboratories which are undertaking this technology for complemen- tary nuclear physics research facilities. 78 Upton, NY., U.S.A. TANDEM/ AGS HEAVY ION FACILITY Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) U.S. Dept . of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics Description of Facility/Instrument : The Tandem Complex consists of two model MP tandem accelerators which, in the coupled mode, are equiv- alent to a single 20 million volt terminal tandem. Accelerated Ions of over 50 Isotopes of 40 different elements are available for experiments. Using a beam transfer line under construction "from the Tandem Complex to the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS), heavy ions up to mass 32 (sulphur) will be Injected into the AGS and accelerated up to 14 billion electron volts per atomic mass unit, seven times higher than the heavy Ion energies available at the Bevalac . Accelerated heavy Ions from the Tandem Complex are used for research programs In heavy ion reactions, nuclear structure, and atomic physics. The Tandem/ AGS facility will be used to search for evidence of the quark-gluon plasma or quark matter by the collision of relatlvlstlc heavy ions with heavy targets like uranium. Date of Construction ; Tandems 1965-1969, Transfer Line 1984-86 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $47 million plus AGS cost Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonallty(8) of Researchers : U.S., England, the Federal Republic of Germany, Argentina, Brazil, Denmark, and Israel Because nuclear physics Is an international activity, with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this laboratory has extensive Interactions with people and insti- tutions in foreign countries. More than 95 percent of researchers working at DOE nuclear physics accelerators are from U.S. institutions. On approximately equal and reciprocal bases, American nuclear scientists use foreign facilities. A heavy ion experiment has been approved for the AGS when the Transfer Line from the Tandem to the AGS is complete. About one-fourth of the participants in the first large experiment planned for the completed Tandem/AGS heavy ion facility are Japanese and, under a U.S. -Japan Accord, about $300,000 in equipment will be furnished by the Japanese. Potential for Future International Cooperation : Beam time at this facility is available without charge for the best research pro- posals worldwide. 79 Argonne, IL., U.S.A. ARGONNE TANDEM/LINAC ACCELERATOR SYSTEM (ATLAS) Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics Description of Facility/Instrument : ATLAS Includes two component parts, a tandem Van de Graaff with a nine million volt terminal potential, and the ATLAS superconducting linear accelerator (llnac) which raised the accelerating power to the equivalent of a 50 million volt (terminal) tandem. Heavy ion beams are used for studies of high-spin nuclear states, fission and fusion re- actions, quasi-elastic and deep inelastic reactions, and mass spectrometry. Technical performance of the accelerator em- phasizes precise timing and energy stability. Date of Construction : Tandem in 1959-61, ATLAS llnac in 1982-85 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $27.5 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : U.S., Canada, England, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, Israel, the People's Republic of China, France, Finland, Australia, Brazil, Sweden, Belgium, Poland, and Hungary Because nuclear physics is an international activity, trlth knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this laboratory has extensive Interactions with people and insti- tutions in foreign countries. >fc>re than 95 percent of researchers working at DOE nuclear physics accelerators are from U.S. institutions. On approximately equal and reciprocal bases, U.S. nuclear sci- entists use foreign facilities. Potential for Future International Cooperation : Beam time at this facility Is available without charge for the best research pro- posals worldwide. 80 Berkeley, CA. , U.S.A. BEVALAC Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor ; Nuclear physics Description of Facility/Instrument : The Bevalac Is a combined accel- erator system, consisting of the SuperHILAC and the Bevatron. The SuperHILAC Is a linear accelerator capable of accelerating all elements to energies of 8.5 million electron volts per nucleon (MeV/AMU). It Is connected by a transfer line to the Bevatron, which can further accelerate Ions to energies up to 4.9 GeV for protons, 2.1 GeV/AMU for carbon, or other ions with energies up to 960 MeV/AMU for uranium. Bevalac research includes: peripheral fragmentation reactions and studies of in- ternal momentum; nuclear reactions induced by beams of radio- active nuclei; central collisions that create extremely hot, dense nuclear matter complexes; production mechanisms of plons, kaons, hyperons, and antipartlcles in nuclear matter; searches for new forms of matter such as plon condensates and nuclear isomers; searches for evidence of quark-gluon plasma; and searches for free quarks. Date of Construction : 1950-54, 1954-57, and 1973-74 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $135 million (estimated replacement cost) Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. NationalityCs) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonality(8) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : U.S., Canada, France, Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany, the People's Republic of China, Egypt, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Mexico, South Africa, Sweden, and Switzerland Because nuclear physics Is an international activity, with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this laboratory has extensive interactions with people and in- stitutions in foreign countries. More than 95 percent of researchers working at DOE nuclear physics accelerators are from U.S. institutions. On approximately equal and reciprocal bases, U.S. nuclear scientists use foreign facilities. A ten-year-old coopera- tion with GSI, Darmstadt, the Federal Republic of Germany, has included development of the Plastic Ball detector. 81 which Is used for a most significant experiment on the properties and flow of highly compressed nuclear matter. The Plastic Ball has been In operation for about three years. There has been an ongoing collaboration with INS, Tokyo, Japan, on a magnetic spectrometer at the Bevalac for about eight years. Potential for Future International Cooperation : Beam time at this facility Is available without charge for the best research pro- posals worldwide. 82 Berkeley, CA. , U.S.A. 88-INCH CYCLOTRON Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics Description of Facility/Instrument ; The cyclotron can accelerate all Ions from hydrogen through krypton to energies above the Coulomb barrier for targets as heavy as uranium. The maximum energy Is 35 million electron volts per nucleon. The basic research pro- gram Is focused In four major areas: Investigation of heavy Ion reaction mechanisms; production and study of exotic nuclei far from stability; structure of nuclei at high angular momentum; and studies of spin-polarization effects and basic symmetry princi- ples in nuclear Interactions. Date of Construction : Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : $40.5 million (estimated replacement cost) Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Natlonality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers ; U.S., Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Israel, Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany, Lebanon, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan — 53 users from 18 other countries over three years Because nuclear physics is an international activity, with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this laboratory has extensive interactions with people and in- stitutions in foreign countries. More than 95 percent of researchers working at DOE nuclear physics accelerators are from U.S. institutions. On approximately equal and reciprocal bases, U.S. nuclear sci- entists use foreign facilities. In connection with a scientific exchange program with the Jagellonian University, Cracow, Poland, a 60-inch diameter scattering chamber was constructed [on a National Science Foundation (NSF) grant] and moved to the 88-Inch Cyclotron where it is now in use. There is a formal exchange agreement between LBL and CNRS (France); a cooperative research grant with scientists 83 from Buenos Aires, Argentina (NSF funded); and informal ex- change arrangements with Grenoble, France; Lanchow, China; and the Weizmann Institute, Israel. Potential for Future International Cooperation : Beam time at this facility is available without charge for the best research proposals worldwide. Berkeley, CA., U.S.A. 184-INCH CYCLOTRON Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor ; Nuclear physics Description of Facility/Instrument : This is a cyclotron with maximum energy of 730 million electron volts (MeV) for protons and 460 MeV for deuterons. The 184-Inch Cyclotron was transferred to medical use on June 30, 1975, principally for the clinical treatment of cancer. It has been particularly successful in the treatment of occular melanoma. Date of Construction ; Constructed in 1940-46 and 1955-57; it ceased nuclear physics in 1975 Construction Cost : Original ; $3.4 million 1984 $$ ; $18.4 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(8) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers: 84 Los Alamos, NM. , U.S.A. CLINTON P. ANDERSON (LOS ALAMOS) MESON PHYSICS FACILITY (LAMPF) Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor ; Nuclear physics Description of Facility/Instrument ; This facility is a high-current, 800 million electron volt (MeV) proton linear accelerator about one-half mile in length. It provides up to 12 simultaneously operating secondary beams including neutrons, plons, muons, and neutrons. The research emphasis is on nulcear structure, mecha- nisms by which plons and protons react with nuclei, basic particle interactions, and the fundamental weak interaction. LAMPF con- currently provides proton beams for weapons nulcear research. Date of Construction ; 1967-1972 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : $250 million (estimated replacement cost) Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers : U.S., Great Britain, Canada, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, Australia, Bangladesh, the People's Republic of China, Columbia, Cyprus, Egyptj El Salvador, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, and Taiwan. Because nulcear physics is an international activity, with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this laboratory has extensive interactions with people and insti- tutions in foreign countries. More than 95 percent of researchers working at DOE nuclear physics accelerators are from U.S. institutions. On approximately equal and reciprocal bases, U.S. nuclear sci- entists use foreign facilities. In 1983-84, a dilution refrigerator and frozen spin polarized target system for both protons and deuterons has been provided by the Los Alamos National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK), Japan for a joint research program on proton-proton and dueteron-deuteron spin dependent scattering. 85 In 1985-86, a closed-loop, temperature-controlled, helium-cooled system for proton radiation effects studies was provided by KFA, Julich, West Germany, for a joint research program. Pot ential for Future International Cooperation ; Beam time at this facility is available without charge for the best research propHJsals worldwide. Oak Ridge, TN., U.S.A. HOLIFIELD HEAVY ION RESEARCH FACILITY Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor ; Nuclear physics Description of Facility/Instrument ; The facility includes a 25 mil- lion volt electrostatic tandem accelerator and the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron. Heavy ion projectiles are used to study nuclear structure and nuclear behavior under a variety of extreme conditions such as high excitation energy, large angular momentum, and mass far from the valley of stability. Date of Construction : Cyclotron 1959-63, Tandem 1974-81 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ ; $54 million (estimated replacement cost) Present International Cooperation NatlonalityCs) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : U.S., France, the United Kingdom, Israel, Denmark, Sweden, the Federal Republic of Germany, Taiwan, Iran, Poland, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Sri Lanka, Finland, the People's Republic of China, Algeria, India, Greece, and Australia Because nuclear physics is an international activity, with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this laboratory has extensive Interactions with people and insti- tutions in foreign countries. More than 95 percent of researchers working at DOE nuclear physics accelerators are from U.S. institutions. On approximately equal and reciprocal bases, U.S. nuclear sci- entists use foreign facilities. Potential for Future International Cooperation : Beam time at this facility is available without charge for the best research pro- posals worldwide. 86 Mlddleton, MA., U.S.A. BATES LINEAR ACCELERATOR CENTER Massachusetts Institute of Technology U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor ; Nuclear physics Description of Facility/Instrument ; This facility supplies very high quality electron beams with energies up to 750 million electron volts. The beams are generated by a linear accelerator and a beam recirculation system. The experimental program has centered on high-preclslon experiments which resolve complicated nuclear structures. A growing program of coincidence measurements is addressing a variety of important questions including nuclear collective motion at high excitation energy, nuclear reaction mechanisms, and fundamental properties of few-nucleon systems. Date of Construction ; 1966-74 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; $62 million (estimated replacement cost) Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Natlonality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers ; U.S., Canada, the United Kingdom, Sweden, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Japan, and Israel Because nuclear physics is an International activity, with knowledge freely shared among its practitioners, this laboratory has extensive interactions with people and insti- tutions In foreign countries. More than 95 percent of researchers working at DOE nuclear physics accelerators are from U.S. institutions. On approximately equal and reciprocal bases, U.S. nuclear sci- entists use foreign facilities. A current collaboration involves investigators from the University of Alberta, Canada, and from SATURNE in France. Foreign contribution to detector equipment Includes a polarization polarlmeter and scintillation detectors. Potential for Future International Cooperation ; Beam time at this facility is available %rtthout charge for the best research proposals worldwide. 87 New Haven, CT., U.S.A. A. W. WRIGHT NUCLEAR STRUCTURE LABORATORY Yale University U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor ; Nuclear physics Description of Facility/Instrument : This Is a MP class Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator Improved to 13.5 million volts. The ac- celerator vrlll be removed from operation In June 1985 to permit conversion to an ESTU class tandem, operating with terminal potential up to 22.5 million volts. The Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory has a broad program of study of nuclear phenomena ranging from the most fundamental to highly applied research. Date of Construction ; MP 1962-66, ESTU 1985-86 Construction Cost ; 198A $$ : $38 million (estimated replacement cost) Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(8) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonallty(8) of Management Staff ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : A representative list Includes U.S., Israel, Turkey, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, the People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Australia, Japan, Canada, Lebanon, and Ireland More than 95 percent of researchers working at DOE nu- clear physics accelerators are from U.S. Institutions. On approximately equal and reciprocal bases, U.S. nuclear sci- entists use foreign facilities. Potential for Future International Cooperation ; This facility is dedicated to the educational use of Yale University. 88 College Station, TX. , U.S.A. CYCLOTRON INSTITUTE Texas A&M University U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor ; Nuclear physics Description of Facility/ Instrument ; This Is a sector-focusing, vari- able energy cyclotron capable of accelerating protons to energies as high as 55 million electron volts (MeV), deuterons to 65 MeV, and ^He and alpha particles to 130 MeV. Intense beams of polar- ized protons and deuterons can be generated. A broad-based pro- gram In basic and applied science Is carried out at the Cyclotron Institute. With $7.25 million added by the State of Texas and the Welch Foundation In 1982, a K=500 superconducting cyclotron Is being added as an Injector to the existing cyclotron. The com- pleted facility Is expected to provide beams of 160 MeV deuterons and 320 MeV alpha particles and heavy Ion beams up to 60 MeV/AMU for nuclei less than 20 AMU; up to 40 MeV/AMU for nuclei In the 20 to 40 AMU range; and up to 8 MeV/AMU for nuclei as massive as 136 AMU. The construction period Is 1981 to 1986. Date of Construction ; 1964-67 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : $28 million (estimated replacement cost plus superconducting cyclotron cost) Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers ; U.S., Canada, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, Poland, Chile, Mexico, Italy, Hungary, Australia, Iran, the Philippines, India, the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Sweden, and Syria More than 95 percent of researchers working at DOE nu- clear physics accelerators are from U.S. Institutions. On approximately equal and reciprocal bases, U.S. nuclear sci- entists use foreign facilities. There Is a formal exchange agreement with Japan and an extensive collaboration with CNRS, France. Potential for Future International Cooperation : This facility Is dedicated to the educational use of Texas A&M University. 89 Newport News, VA. , U.S.A. CONTINUOUS ELECTRON BEAM ACCELERATOR FACILITY (CEBAF) Southeastern Universities Research Association (SURA) "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility is planned as a four GeV electron accelerator. Date of Construction : Planned Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $225 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : (Currently Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : not Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : operating) Nationality(3) of Researchers : Geneva, SWITZERLAND SYNCHRO-CYCLOTRON CERN "Big Science" Descriptor ; Nuclear physics: light ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument ; This facility is a cyclotron which accelerates proton beams up to the 600 MeV energy level. It can accelerate carbon ions up to 86 MeV/ AMU energy level. Date of Construction : 1957-1974 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : (Multinational) Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : Natlonallty(8) of Researchers: 90 Geneva, SWITZERLAND LOW ENERGY ANTIPROTON RING (LEAR) CERN "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: light Ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This storage ring accelerates antlproton beams from 5 MeV to 1,370 MeV energy levels. It also has a stretcher ring with an acceleration and deceleration capacity. Date of Construction : 1982 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : (Multinational) Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : Nationallty(s) of Researchers: Vllllgen, SWITZERLAND SIN Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: meson facility Description of Facility/Instrument : In this cyclotron, a proton beam can be accelerated to the 590 MeV energy level. Date of Construction : 1974 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : Switzerland Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding : Switzerland Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : Switzerland Nationallty(8) of Researchers; Switzerland 91 Saskatoon, CANADA LINEAR ACCELERATOR University of Saskatchewan "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: electron facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This linear accelerator can boost electron beams up to the 300 MeV energy. It also has a pulse stretcher ring with an additional 300 MeV capability. Date of Construction ; 1964 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : Nationality(s ) of Operational Funding : Nationality (s) of Management Staff : Nationality (s) of Researchers: Chalk River, CANADA SUPERCONDUCTING CYCLOTRON Chalk River Nuclear Laboratory "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics; heavy ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This superconducting cyclotron has a tandem injector. It can accelerate ion beams up to the energy level where K=520. Date of Construction : 1985 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ ; Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; Nationality (s) of Operational Funding ; Nationality (s) of Mangement Staff : Nationality (s ) of Researchers : 92 Vancouver, CANADA TRIUMF Tri Universities Meson Facility "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: meson facility Description of Facility/Instrument ; This cyclotron can accelerate a proton beam to the 520 MeV energy level. Date of Construction : 1974 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality (s) of Ownership : Nationality (s) of Operational Funding : Natlonality(s) of Management Staff : Nationality (s) of Researchers : Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA ELECTROSTATIC MACHINE National Atomic Energy Commission "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This electrostatic machine has a potential difference of 20 megawatts. Date of Construction : 1984 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : Nationality (s) of Operational Funding ; Nationality (s) of Management Staff ; Nationality (s) of Researchers ; 93 Daresbury, ENGLAND, U.K. ELECTROSTATIC MACHINE Daresbury Laboratory Science and Engineering Research Council "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: heavy Ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This electrostatic machine has a potential difference of 20 megawatts. Date of Construction : 1 983 Construction Cost : 1984 S$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : Nationality (s) of Operational Funding ; Nationality (s ) of Management Staff : Nationality(s) of Researchers : Grenoble, FRANCE SARA Institute for Nuclear Science University of Grenoble "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This is a cyclotron with an injec- tor. The injector can accelerate ions up to an energy level where K=90. The cyclotron can accelerate an additional amount equivalent to K=160. Date of Construction : 1982 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : Nationality (s) of Operational Funding : Nationality (s ) of Management Staff : Nationality(s) of Researchers : 94 Gif-8ur-Yvette, FRANCE ALS Nuclear Physics Dept. of Saclay "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: electron facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This linear accelerator can boost electron beams up to the 720 MeV energy level. Date of Construction : 1968 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality (s) of Ownership : Nationality (s) of Operational Funding : Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : Nationality (s) of Researchers : Glf-sur-Yvette, FRANCE SATURNE-II Saturne National Laboratory Nuclear Physics Dept. of Saclay "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: light ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This synchrotron can accelerate protons in a polarized beam up to the 2.3 GeV energy level. It also can accelerate carbon and argon ion beams up to the 1.1 GeV /AMU energy level. Date of Construction : 1977, 1984 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality (s) of Ownership : Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : Natlonality(s) of Management Staff : Nationality (s) of Researchers : 95 Caen, FRANCE GANIL Grand Accelerator National d'lons Lourds "Big Science" Descriptor: Nuclear physics: heavy Ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility has twin cyclotrons. Each has the capability of accelerating Ion beams up to the energy level where K=IOO. energy Date of Construction ; 1 983 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality (s) of Ownership : Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding ; Nationality (s) of Management Staff ; Nationalitv(s) of Researchers ; Jullch, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY CYCLOTRON Institute for Nuclear Physics "Big Science" Descriptor ; Nuclear physics: light ion facility Descripti on of Facility/Instrument ; This cyclotron accelerates alphc particle beams up to the 180 MeV energy level. Date of Construction : 1969 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : Nationality (s) of Management Staff : Nationality (s> of Researchers ; 96 Bonn, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY LINEAR ACCELERATOR University of Bonn "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: electron facility Description of Facility /Instrument : This linear accelerator can boost electron beams up to the 3.5 GeV energy level. It also has a pulse stretcher ring. Date of Construction : 1985 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality (s) of Ownership : Nationality (s) of Operational Funding : Nationality(s) of Management Staff : Nationality (s) of Researchers : Heidelberg, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY MP-TANDEM Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument ; This is a tandem electrostatic machine with a potential difference of 13 megawatts. It also has a 22.5 megawatt pulsed, room temperature linear accelerator. Date of Construction : 1982 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality (s) of Ownership : Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : Nationality(s) of Management Staff : Nationality (s) of Researchers ; 97 Darmstadt, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY UNILAC Institute for Heavy Ion Research "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This linear accelerator can accelerate uranium Ion beams up to the ten MeV/AMU energy level. It was upgraded to the 23 MeV/AMU. Date of Construction : 1975 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality (s) of Ownership : Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Nationality(s) of Management Staff : Nationality (s) of Researchers : West Berlin, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY VICKSI Hahn-Meitner Institute for Nuclear Research "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This cyclotron can accelerate ions up to energy levels where K=127. Its total energy depends on the charge and mass of the ion. Date of Construction : 1977 Construction Cost : 198A $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Nationality (s) of Management Staff : Nationality (s) of Researchers : 98 Darmstadt, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY SIS-18 Institute for Heavy Ion Research "Big Science" Descriptor ; Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This synchrotron can accelerate neon ion beams up to 1.9 GeV/AMU; uranium ion beams can be accele- rated to the 0.9 GeV/ AMU energy level. It also has a pulse stretcher ring which accelerates neon beams to the 0.5 GeV/AMU energy level and uranium beams to the 0.3 energy level. Date of Construction : under construction, due in 1990 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Nationality (s) of Management Staff : Nationallty(s) of Researchers: Amsterdam, THE NETHERLANDS NIKHEF National Institute for Nuclear and High Energy Physics "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: electron facility Description of Facility/Instrument ; This linear accelerator can boost electron beams up to the 500 MeV energy level. Date of Construction : 1982 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Nationality (s) of Management Staff : Nationality (s) of Researchers : 99 Gronlngen, THE NETHERLANDS CYCLOTRON Nuclear Physics Accelerator Institute -Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: heavy ion facilities Descripti on of Facility/Instrument : This cyclotron produces proton beams which can be accelerated to 55 MeV energy level. Date of Construction : 1970 Construction Cost : 198A $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : Nationality (s) of Operational Funding : Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : Nationality (s) of Researchers : Uppsala, SWEDEN CYCLOTRON University of Sweden "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: light ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This cyclotron can accelerate proton beams up to the 200 MeV energy level. Date of Construction : 1984 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; Nationality (s) of Researchers : 100 Milan, ITALY SUPERCONDUCTING CYCLOTRON Institute of Physlcs/INFN University of Milan "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility Description of Facility /Instrument : This superconducting cyclotron can accelerate ion beams up to the energy level where K=800. Date of Construction : 1985 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding : Nationality (s) of Management Staff ; Nationality (s) of Researchers ; Padova, ITALY XTU TANDEM National Laboratory of Legnaro "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This tandem electrostatic machine has a 16 megawatt potential difference. Date of Construction : 1981 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : Nationality (s ) of Management Staff : Nationality (s) of Researchers : 101 Faure, SOUTH AFRICA CYCLOTRON National Accelerator Center "Big Science" Descriptor ; Nuclear physics: light Ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument ; This cyclotron can accelerate proton beaas up to the 200 MeV energy level. It can accelerate argon ions up to the 660 MeV energy level. Date of Construction : 1985 Construction Cost ; 198A $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; Nationality(s) of Researchers: Osaka, JAPAN CYCLOTRON Research Center for Nuclear Physics "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: light ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This cyclotron can accelerate alpha particle beams up to the 120 MeV energy level. It can accelerate nitrogen ion beams up to the 215 MeV level. Date of Construction ; 1974 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; Nationality (s) Operational Funding : Natlonality(s) of Management Staff ; Nationality(s) of Researchersl 102 Tokal, JAPAN ELECTROSTATIC MACHINE Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: heavy Ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This electrostatic machine has a potential difference of 20 megawatts. Date of Construction : 1980 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; Nationality (s) of Operation Funding ; Nationality (s) of Management Staff : Nationality (s) of Researchers; Tokyo, JAPAN RIKEN Institute for Physical and Chemical Research "Big Science" Descriptor ; Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This cyclotron has a linear accelerator Injector. It can accelerate ions up to the energy level where K=520. Date of Construction ; 1984 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ ; Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) Ownership ; Nationallty(s) Operational Funding ; Nationality (s) Management Staff ; Nationality (s) of Researchers ; 103 Tokyo, JAPAN NU MATRON Institute for Nuclear Studies "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This synchrotron can accelerate neon ion beams up to the 1.4 GeV/AMU energy level. Uranium ion beams can be accelerated to the 1.0 GeV/AMU energy level. Date of Construction : under construction, due in 1990 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : Nationality (s) of Operational Funding : Nationality (s) of Management Staff : Nationality (s) of Researchers : Lanzhov, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CYCLOTRON Lanzhov Institute of Modern Physics "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This is a cyclotron with an injector. The injector can accelerate ions up to the energy level where K=69. The cyclotron can accelerate an additional amount equivalent to K=450. Date of Construction : under construction, due In 1987 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality (s) of Ownership : Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Nationality (s) of Management Staff : Nationality (s) of Researchers : 104 Gatchlna, U.S.S.R. CYCLOTRON Leningrad Nuclear Physics Institute "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: light ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This cyclotron can accelerate proton beams up to the one GeV energy level. Date of Construction : 1967 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Nationality (s) of Management Staff : Nationality (s) of Researchers: Dubna, U.S.S.R. SYNCHROPHASATRON Joint Institute for Nuclear Research "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: light ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This synchrotron can accelerate proton beams up to the four GeV energy level. It can accelerate carbon ions up to the four GeV/AMU energy level. Date of Construction : 1957 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality (s) of Ownership : Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Nationality (s) of Management Staff : Nationallty(s) of Researchers : 105 Dubna, U.S.S.R. CYCLOTRON Joint Institute for Nuclear Research "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics: heavy ion facility Description of Facility/Instrument : This cyclotron can accelerate ion beams up to the 23 MeV/AMU energy levels. Date of Construction : 1980 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; Nationality (s) of Operational Funding : Nationality(s) of Management Staff : Nationality (s) of Researchers ; Moscow, U.S.S.R. LINEAR ACCELERATOR Institute for Nuclear Research "Big Science" Descriptor : Nuclear physics; meson facility Description of Facility/Instrument ; This linear accelerator includes a pulse storage ring facility. The proton beam can be accelerated up to the 600 MeV energy level. It Includes a pulse storage rlne facility. * Date of Construction : under construction, due in 1986 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding ; Nationality(s) of Management Staff : Nationality (s) of Researchers ; APPENDIX 4 FUSION FACILITIES In the magnetic-confinement fusion program, there is a strong evolution of projects. If an initial project works well and it ad- vances to its next step, it may well incorporate much of the initial hardware. Each new step may not be considered to be a new device, even though the name has been modified, since it may involve the same people, the same basic facility, the same location, the same general purpose, and much of the same hardware. As a consequence, in this appendix, the evolution of a specific facility is treated as one facility rather than several and is described briefly. These programs in magnetic-confinement fusion involve a wide variety of international activities including informal information exchange, informal collaboration by researchers, and formal umbrella agreements which allow the countries involved to carry out specific technical projects, such as joint funding of research and hardware. While each of the programs is involved in some or all of these actl- ties, the role and level of involvement varies from program to program and evolves according to scientific need and economic and political conditions both in the United States and abroad. Since there are so many factors involved, it is difficult to project the potential for international cooperation on a facility-by-faclllty basis. In general, the dollar values given for the magnetic-confinement fusion facilities are estimates of the equivalent U.S. replacement values, that is, estimates of what it would cost in 1984 dollars to build the same facility in the United States. The estimates have been obtained from staff members of the Department of Energy who have first- hand knowledge of the facility and from people in the field who have been involved in building the facility, or a similar facility, as would be the case with foreign facilities. Estimates have been used rather than published construction costs because, for several reasons, the published figures do not reflect the true cost of the facility. One reason is that the published figures do not Include the value of the elements carried over from the previous device, which is usually substantial, nor are the published figures updated to include addi- tions such as new diagnostics or more neutral beam power. Also, for the smaller foreign devices, the actual construction costs could not be found . (107) 108 There are four cases, however, where published figures rather than estimates, are given In this appendix. These are three of the four major tokamak. facilities In the world: the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor at Princeton (U.S.), the Joint European Torus (European Com- munity), and JT-60 (Japan); and the major mirror facility, the Mirror Fusion Test Faclllty-B at Llvermore (U.S.). In these cases, the Department of Energy reported the actual or planned costs. For the foreign facilities, however, there may be some expenses which have not been reported, but these are not more than ten percent of the total. The ability to provide cost estimates for foreign magnetic-con- finement fusion facilities also varies from program to program and by facility. The more significant factor, however, is that funding infor- mation for foreign facilities Is not generally comparable to U.S. cost estimates because foreign estimates generally include only the cost of construction materials but not the cost of construction manpower. Estimates of U.S. construction costs include both. The information in this appendix on magnetic-confinement and initial-confinement fusion facilities was supplied by the Department of Energy in April and May 1985. 109 Princeton, NJ., U.S.A. PRINCETON LARGE TORUS (PLT) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument ; PLT is a medium-sized tokamak device. Its primary objective has been to determine how plasma parameters scale with device size and heating power. Auxiliary heating and radio frequency systems were added subsequently. The present objective of PLT is to investigate ion cycloton radio frequency (ICRF) heating and lower hybrid current drive. Date of Construction : 1975 Constructed Cost : 1984 $$ : $50-$70 million Present International Cooperation Nationality (s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Nationality (s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality (s) of Researchers : U.S., although individual scientists, as well as teams from foreign programs, have participated in PLT throughout the year. 110 Princeton, NJ., U.S.A. PRINCETON BETA EXPERIMENT (PBX) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor ; Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : This was known previously as the Pololdal Dlvertor Experiment (PDX). The PDX was constructed as a mainline tokamak device In which impurity ions were to be removed by magnetically diverting such ions Into a collection chamber (separated from the plasma). Other objectives were to investigate impurity control by experimenting with different startup modes and to evaluate the stability of a D-shaped plasma. After successfully completing its mission, the device was modified to Investigate high beta operation in highly shaped plasmas. Current experiments Involve using a "bean"-shaped plasma. Date of Construction : PDX-1979, PBX-1984 Construction Cost : 198A $$ : $50-$70 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. NatiomalityCs) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S. Ill Princeton, NJ. , U.S.A. TOKAMAK FUSION TEST REACTOR (TFTR) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor ; Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : The TFTR is the major U.S. tokamak scaling experiment. It has been designed to produce fusion energy at the breakeven level, using a deuterium-tritium plasma. One outstanding feature of the experiment is that it has 30 megawatts of neutral beam power for plasma heating. The experiment will be used to study the physics of breakeven plasmas and the engineering aspects of deuterium-tritium operation with power densities approaching those required for a working reactor. Date of Construction ; 1982 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : $681 million in current year dollars Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Nationality (s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers ; U.S., although individuals from Japan, the European Community, and the U.S.S.R. have parti- cipated in experiments on TFTR. Other Information : Construction on the main TFTR facility began in 1976 and was completed in 1982 with the start of operations. During the operational phase, additional capacity has been added to reach full capability. These additions will be completed in 1986. The peak construction years were 1979-1983. The cost of $681 million is given in actual (that is, year of expenditure) dollars and includes all (either incurred or planned and approved) costs associated with the facility, including R&D, up through 1986. 112 San Diego, CA. , U.S.A. DOUBLET III-D GA Technologies, Inc. U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument ; This facility was known formerly as Doublet III. Doublet III is a major tokamak facility initiated to investigate the confinement characteristics and beta limits of doublet-shaped plasmas. Doublet IIl-D is an upgrade which will explore the properties of highly shaped, high beta plasmas with low aspect ratios. Date of Construction ;; 1978 for Doublet III, 1986 for Doublet III-D Construction Cost; 198A $$ ; $175-$225 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding: U.S. Natlonality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Natlonality(s) of Researchers ; U.S. -Japan A major part of the Doublet program has been accomplished in collaboration with the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI). A five-year agreement which was initiated in August 1979 provided for a major upgrading of the base Doublet III capability, and for an equal sharing of the experimental time between the U.S. and JAERI physics teams. The collaboration has proceeded well, with both experimental teams having obtained Important new results. An extension of the five-year agreement which started in September 1984 has provided for continued parti- cipation of several JAERI scientists per year In Doublet III experiments as equal members of a single scientific team. At present, the Japanese have contributed about $70 million to the collaborative effort, of which $55 million is hardware, and the rest is operating expenses. In addition, the Japanese have provided about 25 percent of the scientific manpower on the experiment . 113 Boston, MA. , U.S.A. ALCATOR C Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : Alcator C Is a small, high field tokamak. The high field allows it to achieve high densities and good confinement. It currently holds the record for the product of density and confinement time for all magnetic confine- ment devices. In recent years it has explored the plasma-RF radiation interaction and pellet injector tokamak fueling. Date of Construction : 1978 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $20-$30 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality (s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers : U.S. Other Information : Alcator is now being used as a test bed for the plasma physics and radio frequency (RF) techniques for the proposed compact copper ignition device. 114 Oak Ridge, TN., U.S.A. IMPURITY STUDIES EXPERIMENT - B (ISX-B) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : ISX-B was a small tokamak. It was designed to study techniques to control impurities. It was later modified to investigate the stability and transport of noncircular, high beta plasmas. Significant contributions were made by the ISX group toward the understanding of the tokamak beta limit and the energy confinement during neutral beam auxiliary heating Date of Construction : 1978, decommissioned in 1984 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $20-$30 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality (s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality (s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality (s) of Researchers : U.S. Other Information : ISX-B in its last year was the site of the Joint European Torus (JET) beryllium test. In this test, ISX-B suc- cessfully showed that beryllium could be used as a limiter ma- terial in a neutral beam heated tokamak. This test was performed under contract to the JET undertaking. See also JOINT EUROPEAN TORUS (JET). 115 Llvermore, CA. , U.S.A. TANDEM MIRROR EXPERIMENT UPGRADE (TMX-U) Lawrence Llvermore National Laboratory (LLNL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : The objective of TMX~U Is to test the basic principles of a thermal barrier tandem mirror. The TMX-U mirror device uses, as basic elements, two mirror cells placed at either end of a central cell. The mirrors act as "plugs" to Increase the plasma confinement time in the central cell. A region known as the thermal barrier is also created in the plug to isolate electrons in the plug from the center cell. This thermal barrier helps to increase plugging. Scaling of the thermal barrier tandem mirror will be tested in the Mirror Fusion Test Facility (MFTF-B), see next page. Date of Construction : 1978 for TMX, 1980 for TMX-U Construction Cost : Original : $20 million 1984 $$ : $40 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality (s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality (s) of Researchers : U.S., although there has been modest International collaboration on this device, approxi- mately one man-year per year. It has been primarily with the Japanese and to a lesser extent with the Soviets. Other Information : The project originated in 1978 as TMX (Tandem Mirror Experiment) at a cost of about $20 million (1978 dollars). Because of successful results, it was modified in 1980 to TMX-U (Tandem Mirror Experiment Upgrade) at a cost of about $20 million (1980 dollars). Since then, there have been a few minor addi- tions in the areas of pumping power and diagnostics. The current estimated cost (1984 dollars) for the facility is approximately $40 million, which Includes the cost of TMX-U, the parts retained from TMX (about $10 million), and various additions. 116 Livermore, CA. , U.S.A. MIRROR FUSION TEST FACILITY (MFTF-B) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : The MFTF-B will be the world's largest tandem mirror experimental fusion device, and it will be utilized to investigate the physics and engineering perfor- mance of thermal barrier tandem mirror confinement systems. It will extend the plasma performance parameters of density, tem- perature, and confinement into the near reactor regime. Date of Construction : 1988 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $420 million at completion In current year dollars Present International Cooperation Nationality (s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality (s) of Operational Funding : U.S. (planned) Nationality (s) of Management Staff : U.S. (planned) Nationality (s) of Researchers : U.S. (planned) Other Information : MFTF began in 1978 as a single cell mirror and was changed to a tandem mirror (MFTF-B) in 1980. 117 Oak Ridge, TN. , U.S.A. ADVANCED TOROIDAL FACILITY (ATF) Oak. Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : ATF Is a torsatron stellarator. Its purpose is to investigate plasma behavior at high toroidal beta under "steady-state" conditions and to explore a high beta mode known as the "second stability" regime. Date of Construction : 1987 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $50-$70 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. (planned) Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. (planned) Nationality(8) of Researchers : U.S. (planned) Potential for Future International Cooperation : ATF is the U.S. facility from which active collaboration is based in the stel- larator area. The United States is now completing negotiations on two agreements formalizing productive work in this field. One is an International Energy Agency agreement with the European Community (specifically with the Federal Republic of Germany) and the other Is an agreement with Spain. 118 Los Alamos, MM., U.S.A. SCYLLAC Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor ; Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : Scyllac was a high beta theta pinch stellarator. It was designed to achieve betas of one, and confinement times of 50 microseconds. Date of Construction : 1972, decommissioned 1977 Constitution Cost ; 1984 $$ : $10 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. NatlonalityCs) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers ; U.S. There was collaboration between the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany on Scyllac. There was one long-term visit to the United States and several exchanges that lasted for a few weeks. Other Information : Scyllac was shut down in 1977 after the con- figuration was deemed to be unworkable at the reactor level, and the physics results were not promising. 119 Princeton, NJ., U.S.A. C-STELLARATOR Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : C-Stellarator was a medium-sized, racetrack-shaped stellarator. Date of Construction ; 1965, decommissioned 1970 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $30-$40 million Present International Cooperation Nationality (s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality (s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(s ) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality (s) of Researchers : U.S. Other Information : This machine was converted to the ST tokamak in 1970, after the very promising experimental results of the U.S.S.R. tokamak program became known. ST has been replaced with a number of medium-sized tokamaks. 120 Oak Ridge, TN., U.S.A. INTERNATIONAL FUSION SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC TEST FACILITY (IFSMTF) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument ; This is a facility to evaluate the performance features of six large-scale superconducting magnets designed and manufactured by both U.S. and foreign industrial concerns. The magnets are arranged in a toroidal array in the IFSMTF and tested individually and collectively to investigate scalable magnetic coupling effects and forces on the coil structures and the superconductors. Date of Construction : 1983 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $36 million in current year dollars Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; U.S. ovms and operates the facility; three coils are foreign-owned. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. (International Executive Committee for the Large Coil Task) Nationality(s) of Researchers : U.S., Japan, Switzerland, EURATOM The IFSMTF at ORNL is one of two major interrelated tasks under the Large Coil Test (LCT) organized in 1977 as an international cooperative program to develop, test, and demonstrate steady-state 8 Tesla field superconducting magnet coils. The other task under the LCT is the design and manufacture of six large superconducting coils which will be tested in the facility. Three of the large coils are fabricated by U.S. industry and three by foreign par- ticipants (Japan, Switzerland, EURATOM) under the formal International Energy Agency agreement. The total cost of the six coils is estimated to be $6-$7 million, which includes the costs of development. 121 Culham, ENGLAND, UK. JOINT EUROPEAN TORUS (JET) Culham EURATOM and the European Community "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : JET is the world's largest tokamak. It is designed to achieve reactor grade plasmas in order to provide the information necessary to build the Next European Tokamak (NET). It is equipped with 20 megawatts of ion cyclotron radio frequency (ICRF) heating and 15 megawatts of neutral beam heating. It also is designed with a tritium handling capability. If the plasma conditions are sufficient, this cap- ability will be used to create deuterium-tritium plasmas, which will make it possible to study alpha particle effects. Date of Construction ; 1983 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; $660 million in current dollars Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; European Community Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : European Community Nationallty(3) of Management Staff ; European Community Nationality(s) of Researchers : European Community. At present, the U.S. collaboration with JET has been limited to exchanges of information and personnel. The personnel exchanges have been at the two to three man-years per year rate. JET represents a major triumph of international col- laboration in fusion. The ten member states of the European Community were able to develop a coordinated approach to their next major step, and conceived a Joint Undertaking for the JET project. Other Information ; Construction of JET began in 1977 and will end in 1987 when full capability is achieved. The total budgeted con- struction cost is 533 million ECUs . Most of the funds were spent between 1978 and 1983. The DOE estimate of the cost in current (that is, year of expenditure) U.S. dollars is $660 million. The cost figures for JET may not Include all of the commissioning and R&D costs. 122 Cadarache, FRANCE TORE SUPRA Cen De Cadarache French Atomic Energy Commission and EURATOM "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : Tore Supra Is a medium-sized tokamak which uses superconducting colls to achieve long-pulse operation. This long-pulse length will allow the project to study steady-state problems that will be appropriate to the Next European Tokamak (NET): current drive, current ramp. Inductive heating recharge, particle removal, and steady-state heating and profile control. Date of Construction ; 1988 Construction Cost : 198A $$ : $200-$250 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : France Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : France and EURATOM (planned) Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : France (planned) Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : France (planned) Potential for Future International Cooperation : Since the machine Is under construction, there Is no experimental collaboration. However, the United States Is now negotiating participation In the development of a number of pieces of equipment for the device. These Include developing a steady-state pellet Injector, de- veloping ergodlc pumped llmlters, and developing the radio fre- quency (RF) systems. At present, $600,000 to $1 million Is budgeted In FY86 to achieve work In these areas that could be best done In collaboration with Tore Supra. 123 Juellch, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY TEXTOR KFA-Juellch Federal Republic of Germany and EURATOM "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : TEXTOR is a medium-sized tokamak. Its main objectives are to study the plasma wall interaction and create the data base in this area that will be required for de- signing the Next European Tokamak (NET). TEXTOR has been built so that the liner can be quickly removed and replaced. Date of Construction : 1981 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : $50 to $70 million Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : Federal Republic of Germany Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Federal Republic of Germany and EURATOM Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : Federal Republic of Germany Natlonalicy(s) of Researchers : Federal Republic of Germany. At present, the United States is spending about $1.2 million for collaboration on TEXTOR. There are also exchanges of per- sonnel that total about four to five man-years of effort per year. Most of this effort is directed toward the ad- vanced limiter test (ALT) pumped llmiter experiments ALT-I and ALT-II. 124 Garchlng, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY ASDEX Institute of Plasma Physics Federal Republic of Germany and EURATOM "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Descr iption of Facility/Instrument : ASDEX is a medium-sized tokamak. Its primary objective is to study the effect that a poloidal divertor has on the plasma. ASDEX has three megawatts of ion cyclotron radio frequency (ICRF) and three megawatts of neutral beam heating- The ASDEX group had made significant contributions to the understanding and enhancement of tokamak performance. It was the first device to achieve performance with auxiliary heating that was comparable to performance with ohmlc heating. Date of Construction ; 1979 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; $50-$70 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership ; Federal Republic of Germany Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : Federal Republic of Germany Nationality(s) of Management Staff : Federal Republic of Germany Nationallty(s) of Researchers : Federal Republic of Germany. The United States supports exchanges of people with ASDEX at the three to four man-years per year rate. Potential for Future International Cooperation ; The United States and the European Community /Federal Republic of Germany are now com- pleting negotiations for a formal collaborative agreement on the use of this facility. The United States currently has $1 million budgeted for collaboration. 125 Garchlng, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY ASDEX-UPGRADE Institute of Plasma Physics Federal Republic of Germany and EURATOM "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : ASDEX-Upgrade is a medium-sized tokamak. It Is currently under construction and will replace ASDEX when it becomes operational. Its objective is to develop the pololdal dlvertor physics data base needed to design the Next European Tokamak (NET). Date of Construction : 1988 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $80-$100 million Present International Cooperation NationalityCs) of Ownership : Federal Republic of Germany Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Federal Republic of Germany and EURATOM (planned) Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; Federal Republic of Germany (planned) Nationality(s) of Researchers : Federal Republic of Germany (planned) Potential for Future International Cooperation : There is an agreement pending for U.S. collaboration. The United States and the Euro- pean Community/Federal Republic of Germany are now completing negotiations for a formal collaborative agreement on the use of this facility. The funding for this collaboration will be about $1 million per year. 126 Garchlng, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY WENDELSTEIN VII AS Institute of Plasma Physics Federal Republic of Germany and EURATOM "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : Wendelstein VII AS is a medium- sized stellarator. One of the main difficulties with stellarators is their complicated system of continuous helical coils. The objective of Wendelstein VII AS is to determine if a stellarator built with modular colls can achieve results comparable to stel- larators built with continuous helical coils. Modular coils would greatly increase the attractiveness of the stellarator concept as a fusion energy source. Date of Construction ; 1988 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $50-$70 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : Federal Republic of Germany Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Federal Republic of Germany and EURATOM (planned) Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : Federal Republic of Germany (planned) Natlonality(s) of Researchers : Federal Republic of Germany (planned) Potential for Future International Cooperation ; At present , the ex- changes of personnel with Wendelstein VII total between one to two man-years per year. It is planned to continue this level of col- laboration when Wendelstein VII AS replaces Wendelstein VII in 1988. 127 Naka, JAPAN JT-60 Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute ( JAERI)-Naka Japanese Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument ; JT-60 Is one of the four largest tokamaks in the world. A feature that Is unique to JT-60 Is Its outboard pololdal dlverter. It Is equipped with neutral beams, Ion cyclotron radio frequency (ICRF), and lower hybrid current drive and heating. This makes Its auxiliary heating systems the most extensive of all the large tokamaks. JT-60 is also the only large tokamak that is capable of doing noninductlve current drive. On the other hand, it is not equipped to handle tritium, which means that the Japanese will have to rely on JET and TFTR (discussed previously) for their alpha particle physics. Date of Construction ; 1985 Construction Cost ; $947 million in current year dollars Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : Japan Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Japan Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : Japan Natlonallty(s) of Researchers ; Japan. At present, there is less than one man-year in personnel exchanges with JT-60. Other Information : Construction on JT-60 began In 1978 and will be com- pleted in 1985. Most of the funds for construction were spent between 1980 and 1983. The budgeted cost of the facility in current (year of expenditure) funds is 270 billion yen. There may be some expenditures not included in this sum, but they are minor. DOE's estimate of the cost in current U.S. dollars is $947 million. 128 Tokal, JAPAN JFT-2M Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI)-Tokal Japanese Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) "Big Science" Descriptor ; Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : JFT-2M Is a medium-sized tokamak. It serves as a test bed for the radio frequency (RF) heating and current drive that Is to be used In JT-60. It Is similar in size and research program to PLT in the United States. Date of Construction ; 1982 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : $30-$50 million Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : Japan Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding ; Japan NationalityCs) of Management Staff ; Japan Nationality(s) of Researchers; Japan Tsukuba, JAPAN GAMMA 10 Plasma Research Center Monbusho "Big Science" Descriptor ; Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument ; GAMMA 10 is the Japanese thermal barrier tandem mirror experiment. Its parameters are comparable to TMX-U in the U.S. program. GAMMA 10 is different from TMX-U in that its end plugs have more axlsymmetry, which Is expected to Increase radical confinement. On the other hand, the end plugs are larger than the TMX-U end plugs, and this is a disadvantage. Date of Construction ; 1982 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : $30 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; Japan Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding : Japan Natlonality(s) of Management Staff ; Japan Nationality(s) of Researchers : Japan In designing GAMMA 10, the Japanese collaborated with scientists from the U.S. mirror program because of their experience in designing TARA and TMX-U. 129 Kyoto, JAPAN HELIOTRON-E Kyoto Dniverslty Plasma Physics Laboratory Moabusho "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : Hellotron-E is a medium-sized stel- larator. It uses neutral beams and gyrotrons to heat the plasma and Initiate the discharge. It is the first stellarator to initiate discharge without using any inductive current drive. Date of Construction : 1980 Construction Cost ; 198A $$ : $40-$60 million Present International Cooperation NationalityCs) of Ownership : Japan Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : Japan Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : ^Japan Natlonality(8) of Researchers : Japan. DOE supports personnel ex- changes at the rate of one to two man-years per year. Other Info mat ion ; This machine complements the new U.S. stellarator (ATF) being built at Oak Ridge, TN. 130 Moscow, U.S.S.R. T-10 Kurchatov Institute "Big Science" Descriptor ; Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : T-10 Is a medium-sized tokamak. It was one of the first medium-sized tokamaks In the world. It uses gyrotrons to heat the plasma. Its objectives are to explore high temperature, well confined plasmas and to create the data base needed for the U.S.S.R. 's next step. Date of Construction : 1976 Construction Cost ; 198A $$ ; $50-$70 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; U.S.S.R. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S.S.R. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; U.S.S.R. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers ; U.S.S.R. Potential for Future International Cooperation ; The United States has an exchange agreement with the U.S.S.R. The U.S. Dept. of Energy has sent delegations of five to ten people to review T-lO results. These exchanges last up to two weeks at a time, but do not occur every year. This year an exchange of five to seven people Is planned to study the latest T-10 results. 131 Moscow, U.S.S.R. T-15 Kurchatov Institute "Big Science" Descriptor : Magnetic fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : T-15 Is one of the four largest tokamaks In the world. Its principal unique feature Is Its super- conducting toroidal field colls. In spite of the coils being superconducting, T-15 will not be a long-pulse or steady-state machine. It will have neutral beams and 90 GHz gyrotrons for heating. It will continue the investigations of T-10 and try to achieve reactor grade plasmas. Date of Construction : 1987 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $400-$600 million Present International Cooperation Itetionality(s) of Ownership : U.S.S.R. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : D.S.S.R. (planned) Nationality(s) of Management Staff : U.S.S.R. (planned) Nationality(s) of Researchers : U.S.S.R. (planned) Potential for Future International Cooperation ; The United States and the U.S.S.R. have an exchange agreement that allows the United States to send delegations to review the technical work and results. 132 Livermore, CA. , U.S.A. HIGH-ENERGY LASER FACILITY ("NOVA") Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Inert lal-conflneraent fusion Description of Facility/ Instrument : NOVA is a ten-beam, high-energy (70-100 kilo joule) , short-pulse neodymlura glass system and target chamber. NOVA operates at the second harmonic, but can. In principle, be converted to third and fourth harmonic operation with some degradation in beam energy. NOVA is, at present and for the foreseeable future, the world's most powerful laser system. Date of Construction : December 1984 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : $221 million Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers : U.S. Potential for Future International Cooperation : Unknown. The laboratory director recently stated before a congressional committee that the laboratory has not as yet explored the potential for wider use of the facility beyond its designated role as an Inertlal-conf inement fusion and weapons physics research facility. 133 Albuquerque, NM. , U.S.A. PARTICLE BEAM FUSION ACCELERATOR II (PBFA II) Sandla National Laboratories U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Inertlal-conf inement fusion De ticrlption of Facility/ Instrument ; PBFA II Is a pulse power generator rated at about 3.3 mega Joules delivered to the diode. Present plans are to operate the machine as a lithium ion accelerator for focusing experiments and possible target experiments. Date of Construction ; under construction, due in 1986 Construction Cost ; 198A $$ ; $45.3 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Natlonality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers : U.S. Potential for Future International Cooperation: None at this time. 134 Albuquerque, NM. , U.S.A. ELECTRON BEAM FUSION ACCELERATOR Sandia National Laboratories U.S. Dept . of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Inertial-confinement fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility is a pulse power generator rated at about one megajoule at the diode, where the energy was originally designed to emerge as a beam of electrons focused in a small spot size. After 1980, the diode design was changed to emit pos-itive ions (protons) and the voltage has been raised to permit experiments with lithium ions. The facility is scheduled to be converted in 1986 to a weapons effects simulator. Date of Construction : 1980 Construction Cost : Original : $13.5 million 1984 $$ : $19 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s ) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(s ) of Management Staff : U. S. Nationality(s) of Researchers : uTs. Potential for Future International Cooperation: None. 135 Rochester, NY., U.S.A. NATIONAL LASER USERS FACILITY ("OMEGA") Laboratory for Laser Energetics University of Rochester "Big Science" Descriptor : Inert lal -confinement fusion Description of Facility/Instrument ; A 24-beam high-energy (one to two kllojoule), short-pulse neodymlum glass laser system is housed in the laboratory. The laser is U.S. Government property, the laboratory that of the University provided by the State of New York. The laser recently has been converted to operate at the third harmonic. Work is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy as well as by a consortium of industrial and utility sponsors. In addition, the DOE funds experiments by selected users. Date of Construction: 1982 Construction Cost: Original : 1984 $$ : $20.1 million $31.3 million Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(8) of Management Staff ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : mainly U.S. Potential for Future International Cooperation : Substantial, although the facility is rather specialized. A number of non-fusion ex- periments have been done and many more could be done given funding and Interest among researchers. 136 Los Alamos, NM., U.S.A. HIGH-ENERGY LASER FACILITY ("ANTARES") Los Alamos National Laboratory U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Inertlal-confinement fusion Description of Facility/Instrument : ANTARES Is a high-energy (35 kilo joule), short-pulse carbon dioxide laser, consisting of two power amplifier modules of 12 beams each. The facility consists of the laser, a target chamber and beam turning and focusing system, an office, and a warehouse space. The facility cost is that of all the buildings and equipment. Date of Construction: September 1983 Construction Cost; Original : 1984 $$ : $62.5 million $82.5 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S. Potential for Future International Cooperation ; Essentially none. The laser system is located in and used by the nuclear weapon research and development program at Los Alamos. 137 Llvermore, CA. , U.S.A. HIGH-ENERGY LASER FACILITY ("SHIVA") Lawrence Llvermore National Laboratory U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Inertlal-conflnement fusion Description of Facility/Instrument ; SHIVA was a 20-beam neodymium glass laser used for Inertlal fusion target experiments and related research within the AEC-ERDA-DOE nuclear weapons programs. Date of Construction ; Commissioned in October 1977 and decommissioned in December 1980 Construction Cost: Original : 1984 $$ ; $25 million $37 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : (Currently Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : not Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : operating) Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : 138 Osaka, JAPAN GEKKO XII GLASS LASER SYSTEM Osaka University "Big Science" Descriptor : Inert ial-confineraent fusion Description of Facility/Instrument ; GEKKO XII is a 12-beani 20 kilojoule/40 tetrawatts neodymium glass laser system with two separate target experimental rooms. Beams are switched to the two experimental areas, permitting overlapping experi- ments. Target chamber 1 is equipped for uniform irradiation by 12 beams at 1.053 microns or 0.526 microns of spherical targets. Target chamber 2 is equipped to irradiate flat plate targets in a 100-degree cone. The system with target chamber 1 is roughly comparable to the OMEGA laser system at the Unviersity of Rochester. Date of Construction ; 1984 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : Japan Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Japan Nationality(s) of Management Staff : Japan Nationality(s) of Researchers : mostly Japan Potential for Future International Cooperation ; Probably large, although U.S. classification rules and policy on cooperation in inertial fusion would severely Inhibit cooperation from U.S. Inertial Fusion Program laboratory groups. 139 Harwell, ENGLAND, U.K. CENTRAL LASER FACILITY ("VULCAN") Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Science and Engineering Research Council "Big Science" Descriptor : Laser research Description of Facility/Instrument ; The main Instrument Is a large neodymlum-doped glass laser which was upgraded In 1980-81 to provide a range of wavelengths by harmonic generation in non- linear crystals. As such, it was the first multi-beam com- pression facility capable of operating at more than one wave- length. Date of Construction ; 1976; upgraded in 1981 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : U.K. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.K. Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : U.K. Natlonality(s) of Researchers; U.K. APPENDIX 5 MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FACILITIES These programs carry out a wide variety of international activi- ties including informal information exchange, informal collaboration by researchers, and formal umbrella agreements which allow the coun- tries involved to carry our specific technical projects such as joint funding of research and hardware. While each of the programs is in- volved in some or all of these activities, the role and level of in- volvement varies from program to program and evolves according to scientific need and economic and political conditions both in the United States and abroad. Since there are so many factors involved, it is difficult to project the potential for international coopera- tion on a facility-facility-basis. The ability to provide cost estimates for foreign facilities also varies from program to program and by facility. The more signi- ficant factor, however, is that funding information for foreign fa- cilities is not generally comparable to U.S. cost estimates because foreign estimates generally include only the cost of construction materials but not the cost of construction manpower. Estimates of U.S. construction costs include both. In addition to the facilities included in this appendix, which are believed to be the main ones, there are several other synchrotron sources being planned and at various stages of approval. These in- clude ones at Grenoble, France, which is a combined European effort (5 GeV); the People's Republic of China (2.8 GeV); the U.S.S.R. (2.5 GeV); Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (1.3 GeV); Taiwan (1.0 GeV); and India (0.8 GeV). The information in this appendix was supplied by the Department of Energy, April 16, 1985, and by the National Bureau of Standards, April 1985. (141) 142 Gaithersburg, MD., U.S.A. NBS RESEARCH REACTOR (NBSR) Center for Materials Science National Bureau of Standards (NBS), U.S. Dept . of Commerce "Big Science" Descriptor: Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument ; The NBSR Is a national center for the development and application of neutron methods in materials science, chemistry, physics, biology, and radiation standards. The NBSR is a high-performance 20 megawatt research reactor. It runs 24 hours per day and has 25 major experimental facilities which are widely used each year by 250 scientists and engineers from NBS, industries, and universities. The NBSR is installing the largest cold neutron source in the country and is planning a n€w center for cold neutron research with 15 instruments to serve U.S. needs in these research areas. Date of Construction ; Operational December 1967 Construction Cost : Original : $12 million 1984 $$ : $110 million (including instruments) Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(8) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers : Many foreign visitors engaged in cooperative research; cooperative R&D agreement between NBS and the Institut Laue-Langevin (French, German, British Reactor Center at Grenoble). Potential for Future International Cooperation : Initiated in 1984. Significant potential for mutual, cost-effective R&D on neutron research instrumentation with the Institut Laue-Langevin and other French and German centers, which will enhance capabilities at all neutron centers. 143 Cambridge, MA., U.S.A. FRANCIS BITTER NATIONAL MAGNET LABORATORY (NML) Massachusetts Institute of Technology "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : The National Magnet Laboratory pro- vides high field facilities for experiments In solid state and low temperature physics, atomic and molecular physics, chemistry, materials research, magnet engineering, and materials research. Date of Construction : 1960 Construction Cost ; 198A $$ : more than $50 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Nationality (s) of Researchers : About 95 percent U.S.; 5 percent foreign. Potential for Future International Cooperation : It is expected that in- ternational cooperation will continue at this level. Several foreign scientists spend their sabbatical years at NML. Users from non-U. S. Institutions in 1983-84 were from Poland (1), Japan (A), France (2), Switzerland (1), Brazil (2), and Finland (1)« 144 Stoughton, Wl., U.S.A. TANTALUS, ALADDIN Wisconsin Synchrotron Radiation Center (SRC) University of Wisconsin "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : Tantalus is a synchrotron radia- tion (SR) source providing radiation in the ultraviolet range up to 150 eV. It would cost approximately $5 million to duplicate this 240 MeV storage ring today. Aladdin is an enhanced SR source with a 1.0 GeV ring with 36 ports designed for very high brightness. It is currently in the conmissloning stage. The facility Includes a very soft x-ray source and associated photoemisslon spectrometers. The construction and instrumentation costs so far are $6 million and $7.5 million respectively. Another $18 million for an upgrade can be anticipated. The total capital cost of the SRC is estimated to be about $44 million. Date of Construction ; 1968 for Tantalus and 1978 for Aladdin. Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : $44 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonality(3) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Natlonality(s) of Researchers ; Primarily U.S. Currently there is a Canadian Beam Line on Aladdin funded by the Canadian Synchrotron Radiation Center ($l-$2 million). Potential for Future International Cooperation : There are probably 10 to 12 foreign users of SRC facilities each year. If foreign users were Interested In putting up their own beam lines on Aladdin, this could be accommodated. Other Information : The beam line instrumentation on Aladdin is estl- mated to be about $1 million per beam line. It is expected that 20 beam lines will be Implemented immediately with expansion to 30 in several years. 145 Upton, NY., U.S.A. HIGH FLUX BEAM REACTOR (HFBR) Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science and engineering Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility Is a high flux (about 10^^ neutron/cm'^/second) beam reactor used for neutron scattering, positron source, nuclear physics, Irradiation, and Isotope production. Date of Construction ; 1965 Construction Cost ; Original : $12.5 million 1984 $$ ; $52.1 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers: 80 percent U.S. Upton, NY., U.S.A. NATIONAL SYNCHROTRON LIGHT SOURCE (NSLS) Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This is a vacuum ultraviolet source and an x-ray ring with insertion devices. About 100 separate experiments for biological, medical, chemical, atomic physics, and materials sciences are conducted. The ring energies are 0.75 GeV and 2.5 GeV and were commissioned in April 1984 and July 1985, respectively. Date of Construction ; 1981 Construction Cost : Original ; $24 million 1984 $$ ; $29.5 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers : Primarily U.S. with occasional foreign collaborators. There are numerous International collaborative research programs conducted at this facility. 68-022 0-87 146 Palo Alto, CA., U.S.A. STANFOtU) SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LABORATORY Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University and U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This laboratory uses SPEAR (4.0 GeV) and PEP (16 GeV) rings for synchrotron ganuna radiation for atomic physics, biological sciences, chemical sciences, materials sciences, industrial processing, and medical sciences. These are run in a parasitic mode with the high-energy physics research facility of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Date of Construction : (See below.) Construction Cost : (See below.) Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers : Primarily U.S. with occasional foreign collaborators. This facility is used for many international research collaborations. Other Information : Construction costs are not readily available. The facility initially began operation in a parasitic mode on the SPEAR ring of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. It was built over a number of years on a piecemeal basis by the National Science Foundation. See also STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CENTER (SLAC). 147 Los Alamos, NM. , U.S.A. SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility provides neutron scattering from cold to thermal to eplthermal regions. It is parasitic on the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF). Date of Construction : 1977, proton storage ring in 1984-85 Construction Cost : Original : $27.5 million 1984 $$ : $48.9 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(3) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers : 95 percent U.S. Other Information: The cost figures do not Include the fact that this facility utilizes the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) f^ foo?"o?^ °^ protons. The proton storage ring was constructed In 1984-85. Oak Ridge, IN., U.S.A. HIGH FLUX ISOTOPE REACTOR (HFIR) Oak. Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility produces a high flux (10^^ neutrons/cm^/sec) for neutron scattering, neutron irradi- ation, and isotope production. Date of Construction : 1965 Construction Cost : Original : $15 million 1984 $$ : $62.5 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality (s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : 90 percent U.S. There Is a U.S. -Japan agreement and informal arrangements. 148 Oak Ridge, TN. , U.S.A. OAK RIDGE RESEARCH REACTOR (ORR) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science and engineering Description of Facility /Instrument : This facility provides a flux of about IC^*^ neutrons/cm'^/second for neutron scattering, neutron irradiation, isotope production, and engineering. Date of Construction ; 1958 Construction Cost ; Original ; $5 million 198A $$ ; $24.9 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ovnership ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers; 90 percent U.S. Ithaca, NY., U.S.A. CORNELL HIGH ENERGY SYNCHROTRON SOURCE (CHESS) Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) Cornell University "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument ; This facility is primarily for ex- tended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) investigations. CESR works between 4 and 8 GeV. The spectrometers cost $1.3 million in 1981. Date of Construction ; 1967 Construction Cost : Original : $11.5 million 1984 $$ : $44.7 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchersl Primarily U.S. with occasional foreign collaborators. Other Information: See also CORNELL ELECTRON STORAGE RING (CESR). 149 Argonne, IL. , U.S.A. INTENSE PULSED NEUTRON SOURCE Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility provides neutron scattering from cold to thermal to eplthermal regions. Date of Construction : 1981 Construction Cost : Original : $6.4 million 1984 $$ : $7.9 million, but this does not ac- count for millions of dollars of surplus equipment used by this facility. Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Natlonality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers: 85 percent U.S. Argonne, IL., U.S.A. CP-5 Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) U.S. Dept. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science and engineering Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility was used for neu- tron scattering, irradiation, isotope production, and engineering. Date of Construction ; 1954, decommissioned in 1979 Construction Cost : Original ; $2.1 million 1984 $$ ; $11,8 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding ; (Currently Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; not Nationallty(s) of Researchers: operating) 150 Ames, lA., U.S.A. AMES RESEARCH REACTOR Ames Laboratory U.S. DepC. of Energy "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science and engineering Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility was used for neu- tron scattering, nuclear physics, and engineering. Date of Construction : 1965, decommissioned In 1977 Construction Cost ; Original ; $4.6 million 1984 $$ ; $19.2 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding ; (Currently Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; not Natlonallty(s) of Researchers ; operating) Columbia, MO., U.S.A. UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI RESEARCH REACTOR (MURR) University of Missouri "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science and engineering Description of Facility /Instrument ; This facility Is a research reactor with a flux of lO-*^* neutrons/cm^/second for neutron scattering, activation analysis, radioisotope application, radiography, nu- clear engineering, and nuclear sciences. Date of Construction ; 1966 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationallty(8) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; 95 percent U.S. 151 Cambridge, MA., U.S.A. MIT RESEARCH REACTOR Massachusetts Institute of Technology "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science and nuclear engineering Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility is used for neutron scattering, nuclear physics, and nuclear medicine. Date of Construction : mid-1950s Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Researchers: 90 percent U.S. Chalk River, CANADA NRU REACTOR Chalk River Nuclear Laboratory Atomic Energy of Canada Limited "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science and engineering Description of Facility/Instrument : This is a facility with a flux of about 5 X lO^''* neutrons/cm^/second for neutron scattering, nuclear engineering, nuclear physics, materials testing, irradiation, and isotope production. Date of Construction : 1950s Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : Canada Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : Canada Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : Canada Nationallty(s) of Researchers : A number of British scientists are there. 152 Daresbury, ENGLAND, U.K. SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCE (SRS) Science and Engineering Research Council "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument ; This Is a 2.0 GeV synchrotron source dedicated to research In materials science. It has about 18 experimental stations. It began generation In March 1981. Date of Construction ; 1981 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of OwnershlpT U.K. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding ; U.K. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; U.K. Natlonallty(8) of Researchers ; U7k. Harwell, ENGLAND, U.K. DIDO AND PLUTO REACTORS Atomic Energy Research Establishment "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science and engineering Description of Facility/Instrument ; This facility Is a reactor with a flux of about 2 x lO^** neutrons/cm^/second for neutron scattering, materials testing, engineering, radiography, and Isotope produc- tion. Date of Construction ; 1954 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; U.K. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding ; U.K. Natlonality(s) of Management Staff ; U.K. Nationality(8) of Researchers ; U.K. 153 Harwell, ENGLAND, U.K. SPALLATION NEUTRON RESEARCH SNS Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Science and Engineering Research Council "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This Is a facility for scattering. Irradiation, and nuclear physics. Date of Construction : 198A Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.K. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.K. Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : U.K. Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.K. Orsay, FRANCE LURE "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This establishment runs three de- dicated synchrotron sources for materials research. Their ener- gies are 0.540 (ACO), 0.800 (Super ACO), and 1.800 GeV (DCI). Date of Construction ; Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; Present International Coope ration Nationality(s) of Ownership? France Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding ; France Nationality(s) of Management Staff : "France Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : France In 1983, the Orsay-Stanford group operated the first storage-ring free electron laser. 154 Grenoble, FRANCE HIGH FLUX REACTOR (HFR) InsCltut Laue - Langevln "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science and nuclear physics Description of Facility/Instrument : This Is a reactor with a flux of about lO'^^ neutrons/cin^/ second for neutron scattering, cold and hot sources, guide halls, nuclear physics, chemistry, and biology. Date of Construction ; 1971 Construction Cost ; Original : $70 million 1984 $$ : $162.9 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : France, Federal Republic of Germany, U.K. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : France, Federal Republic of Germany, U.K. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : Majority are French Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : Mostly European, others are from the U.S., Canada, Australia, Japan, and the U.S.S.R. 155 Grenoble, FRANCE EUROPEAN SYNCHROTRON RADIATION FACILITY (ESRF) European Science Foundation "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility will be a five GeV synchrotron radiation machine, 770 meters in circumference, using intense x-rays to study organic and inorganic materials. Date of Construction ; 1985 or 1986 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $200 million Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership ; France-Federal Republic of Germany Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : France-Federal Republic of Germany Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; Mainly France and the Federal Republic of Germany Nationality(s) of Researchers : Mainly European Potential for Future International Cooperation : It is planned that there will be additional funding by other members of the European Economic Community. Other Information : In June 1985, It still was not definite that this facility will be located in Grenoble or what will be the extent of participation by other European nations. 156 Grenoble, FRANCE SITOE REACTOR Center for Nuclear Studies, Grenoble (CENG) "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science and nuclear science Description of Facility /Instrument : This Is a reactor with a flux of abou 1" neutrons/cm^/second for neutron scattering, nuclear engineering, nuclear physics, and materials testing. Date of Construction ; Construction Cost : 1984$$: Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : France Natlonallty(8) of Operational Funding ; France Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : France Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: France Grenoble, FRANCE MELUSINE REACTOR Center for Nuclear Studies, Grenoble (CENG) "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This is a reactor with a flux of about 10^-* neutrons/cm^/second for neutron scattering and nuclear science research. Date of Construction : late 19508 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : France Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding ; France Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : France Natlonallty(8) of Researchers : France 95 percent, Federal Republic of Germany and others five percent 157 Saclay (Paris), FRANCE ORPHEE REACTOR Leon Brllloun Institute "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This is a reactor with a flux of lO^** neutrons/cm'^/second for neutron scattering, nuclear physics, guide hall, cold sources, and a hot source. Date of Construction : 1980 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : France Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : France Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : France Nationality(s) of Researchers : France 80 percent, Federal Republic of Germany 10 percent, others 10 percent Hamburg, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY HAMBURGER SYNCHROTRON STRAHLINGSLABOR (HASYLAB) "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This is a 5.0 GeV synchrotron source run in a parasitic mode, from DORIS. It has 24 experi- mental stations. The laboratory started about 15 years ago. Date of Construction: 1970 Construction Cost; 1984 $$ Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : Federal Republic of Germany Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Federal Republic of Germany Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : Federal Republic of Germany Nationality(s) of Researchers: Federal Republic of Germany 158 West Berlin, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY BESSY "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument ; This is a 0.8 GeV dedicated source of synchrotron radiation with 21 ports. It has strong usage by German Industry. Date of Construction ; Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership ; Federal Republic of Germany Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding ; Federal Republic of Germany Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; Federal Republic of Germany Nationality(s) of Researchers; Almost all German Garchlng (Munich), FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY FRM REACTOR Technlsche Unlversltat "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument ; This Is a reactor with a flux of 3x10^-* neutrons/cm'^/second for neutron scattering and nuclear physics research. Date of Construction ; About 1958 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; Federal Republic of Germany Nationality (s) of Operational Funding ; Federal Republic of Germany Natlonality(s) of Management Staff ; Federal Republic of Germany Natlonality(s) of Researchers; Federal Republic of Germany 159 Jullch, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY FRJ-2 REACTOR Institute for Festkorperf orschung Kernforschunganlage "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This Is a reactor with a flux of about lO'^'* neutrons/cm'^/second for neutron scattering, nuclear physics, guide hall, and cold source use. Date of Construction ; 1962 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership ; Federal Republic of Germany Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding : Federal Republic of Germany Nationallty(s) of Management Staff ; Federal Republic of Germany Natlonality(s) of Researchers ; Federal Republic of Germany West Berlin, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY BER-II RESEARCH REACTOR Hahn-Meitner Institute "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This Is a research reactor with a flux of about 3x10^-' neutrons/cm^/second scheduled to be upgraded to 2x10^^ for neutron scattering, nuclear physics, nuclear science, and neutron radiography. Date of Construction : Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : Federal Republic of Germany Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding : Federal Republic of Germany Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; Federal Republic of Germany Nationality(s) of Researchers : 80 percent German and 20 percent others 160 Petten, THE NETHERLANDS HIGH FLUX REACTOR (HFR) ECN Petten Netherlands Energy Research Foundation ECN "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science and nuclear science Description of Facility/Instrument ; This Is a reactor with a flux of about SxlO^*^ neutrons/cm^/second in trap for neutron scattering, nuclear physics, and multipurpose testing reactor uses. Date of Construction ; 1961 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : The Netherlands Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : The Netherlands Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : The Netherlands Nationality(s) of Researchers; The Netherlands Roskllde, DENMARK DR3 RESEARCH REACTOR Rlso National Laboratory "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science Description of Facility/ Instrument : This is a research reactor with a flux of about lO^** neutrons/cm^/second for neutron scattering, nuclear physics, guide halls, cold sources, and neutron produc- tion. Date of Construction ; Construction Cost ; 198A $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership ; Denmark Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding ; Denmark Nationallty(s) of Management Staff ; Denmark Nationallty(s) of Researchers ; Denmark 161 Studsvlck, SWEDEN HIGH FLUX REACTOR Studsvlck Energiteknlk "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science and engineering Description of Facility/Instrument : This is a reactor with a flux of about 2x10^** neutrons/cm^/second for neutron scattering, nuclear physics, and nuclear engineering. Date of Construction ; early 1960s Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership ; Sweden Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding ; Sweden Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; Sweden Natlonality(s) of Researchers; Sweden Lund, SWEDEN MAX "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument ; This is a 550 MeV synchrotron source. Date of Construction ; Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : Sweden Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding ; Sweden Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; Sweden Nationality(8) of Researchers: Sweden 162 Frascotl, ITALY ADONE "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This Is a 1.55 GeV source of syn- chrotron radiation run In a parasitic mode. There are six experi- mental stations on five beamllnes. Date of Construction : Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : Italy Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : Italy Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : Italy Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; Italy Sutherland, AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH REACTOR HIFAR Lucas Heights Research Laboratories Australian Atomic Energy Commission Research Establishment "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science and engineering Description of Facility/ Instrument ; This Is a research reactor with a flux of about 5 x 10^^ neutrons/cm2/second for neutron scattering, irradiation. Isotope production and nuclear physics research. Date of Construction ; 1980 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; Australia Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : Australia Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; ^Australia Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : Australia with some U.K. re- searchers 163 Osaka, JAPAN UVSOR Institute of Molecular Science "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This is a 0.6 GeV synchrotron radiation source dedicated to materials science. It has 200 scientists. Date of Construction: Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : Japan Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Japan Nationality(s) of Management StafTl ^Japan Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: Japan Osaka, JAPAN KYOTO UNIVERSITY REACTOR Research Reactor Institute Science Council of Japan "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument ; This is a five megawatt research reactor. A new 30 megawatt Kyoto University High Flux Reactor Is planned. Date of Construction ; 1964, upgraded 1967 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; Japan Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding ; Japan Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; Japan Nationality(s) of Researchers : Japan This facility has some foreign scientists on long- and short-term assignments. 164 Tokal, JAPAN JAPANESE RESEARCH REACTOR NO. 2 Tokai Research Establishment Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument ; This Is a ten megawatt CP-5 re- actor producing a flux of 2 x 10'-^ neutrons/cm^/second . It Is equipped with 13 horizontal beams and Irradiation facilities. Date of Construction : January 1957 through October 1960 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation NatlonalltyCs) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S. mum Tokal, JAPAN JAPANESE RESEARCH REACTOR NO. 3 Tokal Research Establishment Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science Descr iption of Facility/Instrument : This Is a reactor with a maxl thermal flux of 2.7 x 10^^ neutrons/cm2/second. It operates at ten megawatts with eight neutron scattering horizontal beams and many irradiation facilities. An upgrade will be finished by 1988. It will operate at 20 megawatts and produce 2.7x10 neutrons/cm2/second. It will have a cold neutron source. Date of Construction : January 1959 through September 1962 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : Japan Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : Japan Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff" : Japan Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: Japan 165 Tokyo, JAPAN INSOR Institute for Solid State Physics Institute of Nuclear Science, University of Tokyo "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This is a 0.4 synchrotron radia- tion source for dedicated materials science use. Date of Construction ; 1974 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership ; Japan Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding ; Japan Nationallty(s) of Management Staff ; Japan Nationallty(s) of Researchers: Japan Tsukuba, JAPAN THE PHOTON FACTORY "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility has 2.5 and 0.6 GeV synchrotron radiation sources dedicated to materials science. Date of Construction : 1982 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; Japan Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : Japan Natlonality(s) of Management Staff : Japan Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: Japan 166 Tsukuba, JAPAN KENS-1 KEK "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument ; This is a facility for neutron scattering and nuclear physics research. Date of Construction ; 1980 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ovmership ; Japan Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding ; Japan Nationality(s) of Management Staff : Japan Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; Japan Karkhov, U.S.S.R. N-lOO Karkhov Physics Institute "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument ; This is a 0.100 GeV synchrotron source dedicated to materials science. Date of Construction : Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; U.S.S.R. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S.S.R. Natlonality(s) of Management Staff : U.S.S.R. Nationality(s) of Researchers; U.S.S.R. 167 Novosibirsk, U.S.S.R. VEPP-2M, VEPP-3, BEPP-4 Institute of Nuclear Physics "Big Science" Descriptor : Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility has 0.7, 2.2, and 5-7 GeV storage rings for vacuum ultraviolet/soft x-rays, x-rays, and Intense x-ray sources. Date of Construction ; Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of OvnershipT U.S.S.R. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S.S.R. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; ^U.S.S.R. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; uTs.S.R. Moscow, U.S.S.R. KURCHATOV I Kurchatov Institute "Big Science" Descriptor ; Materials science Description of Facility/Instrument ; This is a 0.45 GeV synchrotron source dedicated to materials science. Date of Construction : Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; U.S.S.R. Natlonallty(8) of Operational Funding ; U.S.S.R. Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S.S.R. Nationallty(s) of Reaearchers; U.S.S.R. APPENDIX 6 ASTRONOMICAL FACILITIES The information in this appendix was supplied by the National Science Foundation and the D.S. Air Force, April 1985. (169) 170 Mount Palomar, CA. , U.S.A. 200-INCH TELESCOPE Palomar Observatory California Institute of Technology "Big Science" Descriptor ; Optical astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : This is a 200-inch aperture optical telescope and associated instrumentation. Date of Construction : 1948 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $58 million estimated replacement cost Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Researchers ; U.S. Potential for Future International Cooperation ; International collabora- tions are arranged on a case-by-case basis. 171 Areclbo, PR., U.S.A. 1000-FOOT RADIO/RADAR TELESCOPE Arecibo Observatory National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC) "Big Science" Descriptor : Radio astronomy, radar astronomy, and atmo- spheric physics Description of Facility/Instrument : NAIC, with headquarters at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., provides unique instrumenta- tion and facilities for basic research in radio astronomy, radar astronomy, and atmospheric physics. The major NAIC observing instrument is a 1000-foot diameter fixed reflector which together with sensitive receivers and very high-power transmitters is the world's largest radio/radar telescope. Date of Construction : Completed in 1963, upgraded in 1974 Construction Cost : Original : 18.1 million 1984 $$ : 46.1 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Researchers ; Mostly U.S.A. with some foreign nationals. The NAIC Arecibo Observatory always has had a strong component of international cooperation in its research operations. Aside from foreign scientists regularly making use of the lOOO-foot telescope for competitively-reviewed observing programs, in recent years NAIC has participated in numerous Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) experi- ments with intercontinental baselines, which are continuing; coordinated incoherent scatter radar observations of the ionosphere In support of International World Day programs, also continuing; hosted support for temporary on-site in- strumentation of foreign institutions (for example, German 50 MHz middle-atmosphere radar and French meteor radar; and engaged in international research campaigns (for example, search for radio pulsations from gamma ray sources and simultaneous measurements for Faraday rotation measures of pulsars). Potential for Future International Cooperation : This is very high due to the international nature of radio astronomy which involves very long baseline interferometry. Also, atmospheric physics research using incoherent scatter radars is strongly international in nature. 172 Kitt Peak, AZ., U.S.A. FOUR-METER TELESCOPE Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) "Big Science" Descriptor : Astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility Is a four-meter aperture telescope. Date of Construction : 1965-1973 Construction Cost: Original: $10.7 million 1984 $$ : $30 million , Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. "Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Researchers : U.S. and foreign Potential for Future International Cooperation ; Time on the tele- scope Is available to all qualified scientists on a competitive basis . 173 Cerro Tololo, CHILE (U.S.A.) CTIO FOUR-METER TELESCOPE Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) "Big Science" Descriptor ; Astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument ; This U.S. four-meter aperture telescope, located in Cerro Tololo, Chile, is the largest optical telescope in the Southern Hemisphere. Date of Construction ; 1967, became operational in 1976 Construction Cost ; Original : $10. A million 198A $$ : $27.5 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Nationality(8) of Management Staff ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers : U.S. and foreign The University of Chile has an agreement with the ob- servatory for scientific cooperation in astronomical re- search. Each year, the observatory employs students from Chilean universities. Potential for Future International Cooperation : Time on the telescope is available to all qualified scientists on a competitive basis with preference to scientists from North and South America. 174 Green Bank, WV., U.S.A. 140-FOOT RADIO TELESCOPE National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) "Big Science" Descriptor ; Radio astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : This 140-foot radio telescope has a fully steerable parabolic mirror with receiving equipment. Date of Construction ; 1964 Construction Cost ; Original ; $13.5 million 1984 $$ ; $41.6 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers ; U.S. and foreign Potential for Future International Cooperation ; This facility is part of the international Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) network. Socorro, NM., U.S.A. NRAO VERY LARGE ARRAY (VLA) National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) "Big Science" Descriptor ; Radio astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument ; This facility is an aperture syn- thesis radio telescope comprised of 27 antennas with receiving equipment . Date of Construction ; 1972-1979 Construction Cost ; Original ; $78.5 million 1984 $$ ; $139 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers ; U.S. Potential for Future International Cooperation : This facility con- ducts worldwide Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) experi- ments. 175 Sunspot, NM. , U.S.A. SACRAMENTO PEAK OBSERVATORY (VACUUM TOWER TELESCOPE) Air Force Systems Command "Big Science" Descriptor : Solar astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : The vacuum telescope built at Sacramento Peak was designed to provide Information on the cause of solar flares, methods for predicting their occurrence, and for determining the effects of solar activity on the Earth's upper atmosphere. Date of Construction : Began in 1966, placed in operation in 1969 Construction Cost : 198A $$ : $21 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers: Mainly U.S. CHILE UO-INCH TELESCOPE European Southern Observatory (ESQ) "Big Science" Descriptor : Optical astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility includes a 140-inch optical telescope and associated instrumentation. Date of Construction : mid 1970s Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : probably more than $25 million Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : International European Consortium Mationality(s) of Operational Funding : International European Consortium Nationality (s) of Management Staff : International European Consortium Nationality (s) of Researchers : International European Consortium Potential for Future International Cooperation : The project is designed as an international collaboration among France, the Federal Repub- lic of Genaany, the Netherlands, and Sweden. 176 Plateau de Bure, FRANCE IRAM INTERFEROMETER Instltut de Radio Astronoraie Milllmetrlque "Big Science" Descriptor : Radio astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility has three 15-meter diameter antennas to be used simultaneously as an aperture synthesis telescope. It will be usable to a minimum wavelength of 0.75 milli- meters. It has baseline tracks of 320 meters east-west and 192 meters north-south. Date of Construction ; 1984-1988 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : About $20 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : France-Federal Republic of Germany Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : France-Federal Republic of Germany Nationality(s) of Management Staff : International Nationality(s) of Researchers : International, primarily French- German Potential for Future International Cooperation : This is a joint French- German research institute with headquarters in Grenoble, France. International collaboration on individual scientific projects will occur. Each project will be evaluated on the merits of scientific value and appropriateness for this instrument on a case-by-case basis. 177 Effelsberg, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY RADIOSTERNWARTE EFFELSBERG (EFFELSBERG TELESCOPE) Max Planck Institute fur Radioastronomle Max Planck Gesellschaft "Big Science" Descriptor : Radio astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : This is a 100-meter, fully steer- able, parabolic reflector. It Is usable to a minimum wavelength of seven millimeters. It is used primarily in the wavelength range of 21 centimeters to 7 millimeters. It is the largest single antenna, fully steerable radio telescope in the world. Date of Construction : 1973 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : About $23 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : Federal Republic of Germany Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Federal Republic of Germany Natlonality(s) of Management Staff : Federal Republic of Germany Nationality(s) of Researchers : Federal Republic of Germany Pote ntial for Future International Cooperation ; Observing time is awarded on the basis of scientific merit and appropriateness for this instrument. Proposals for time from scientists outside the Institute are evaluated and time allocated on a case-by-case basis . Other Information : In principle, this facility is for the sole use of Institute staff scientists. In practice, between 25 and 50 per- cent of the telescope time has gone to scientists outside of the Institute. 178 New South Wales, AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA TELESCOPE Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) "Big Science" Descriptor ; Radio astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : The six 20-meter antennas are used simultaneously as a synthesis radio telescope. Date of Construction ; 1984-1987 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; $22 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; Australia Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding ; Australia Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; Australia Natlonality(s) of Researchers ; Australia Potential for Future International -Cooperation ; Australia may desire to enlist international cooperation to add additional elements to this array telescope which would extend the baseline coverage for dedicated very long baseline interferometry observations. Coonabarabran, New South Wales, AUSTRALIA ANGLO-AUSTRALIAN TELESCOPE Anglo-Australian Observatory "Big Science" Descriptor ; Optical astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument ; This facility is a 150-inch optical telescope. Date of Construction ; 1974-75 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : probably more than $25 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership ; Australia-U.K. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding ; Australia-U.K. Nationality (s) of Management Staff ; Australia-U.K. Nationality (s) of Researchers : some non-Australia-U.K. observers 179 Nobeyama, JAPAN MM-WAVE FIVE-ELEMENT SYNTHESIS TELESCOPE Nobeyama Radio Observatory Tokyo Astronomical Observatory "Big Science" Descriptor : Radio astronomy Description of Facility/ Instrument ; The ten-meter diameter antennas are to be used simultaneously as an aperture synthesis telescope. Date of Construction ; 1985 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; $25 million estimate, see below. Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; Japan Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; Japan Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; Japan Nationality(s) of Researchers : Japan Potential for Future International Cooperation ; Collaboration on individual scientific projects is welcomed. The merits of projects will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Other Information : This telescope and the Nobeyama 45-meter tele- scope, see the next page, were funded together and built during the same period. The total construction funds for both tele- scopes was $50 million. 180 Nobeyama, JAPAN 45-METER RADIO TELESCOPE Nobeyama Radio Observatory Tokyo Astronomical Observatory "Big Science" Descriptor : Radio astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : This is a 45-meter diameter, fully steerable, parabolic reflector. It can be used to a minimum wavelength of about three millimeters. Date of Construction ; 1984 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $25 million estimate, see below. Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : Japan Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding : Japan Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; Japan Nationality(s) of Researchers : Japan Potential for Future International Cooperation ; Collaboration on indi- vidual scientific projects is welcomed. The merits of projects will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Other Information ; This telescope and the five-element synthesis tele- scope (see preceding page) were funded together and built during the same period. The total construction funds for both telescopes was $50 million. 181 Zelenchukskaya, U.S.S.R. SIX-METER OPTICAL TELESCOPE Special Astrophyslcal Observatory U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences "Big Science" Descriptor : Optical astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : This is a six-meter diameter pri- mary mirror optical telescope. Date of Construction ; 1978 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Probably more than $25 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; U.S.S.R. Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S.S.R. Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S.S.R. Nationality(s) of Researchers ; U.S.S.R. Potential for Future International Cooperation ; Occasional collabora- tion may be possible for scientific projects on an individual, case-by-case basis. APPENDIX 7 ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC FACILITIES The information In this appendix was supplied by the National Science Foundation, April 1985 and the Woods Hole Oceanographlc Insti- tution, May 1985, and from the following two publications: Committee on Atmosphere and Oceans. Report of Federal Oceanographlc Fleet Study 1984. Washington, Federal Oceanographlc Fleet Coordination Council, 1985. 92 p. plus appendices; and Trillo, Robert L. (ed.). Jane's Ocean Technology 1978. New York, Franklin Watts Inc., 1978. 820 p. (183) 184 Boulder, CO., U.S.A. NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH (NCAR) "Big Science" Descriptor ; Atmospheric science Description of Facility/ Instrument ; Atmospheric science research laboratories, scientific computers, and research facilities such as aircraft and radars. Date of Construction ; 1966 Construction Cost ; Original ; $ 5.5 million 1984 $$ ; $65 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Natlonality(8) of Researchers ; 89 percent U.S. and 11 percent foreign Potential for Future International Cooperation ; Scientific visitors; joint research field experiments, such as the Hydrologic Atmo- spheric Pilot Experiment in France in FY85-86, Solar Eclipse Expeditions, and Joint International cooperative programs. Other Information ; NCAR has participated in many cooperative inter- national programs. Examples include the Indo - U.S. Cooperative Program in Hoonson Prediction; U.S. - Peoples Republic of China Cooperative Program; Indo - U.S. Science and Technology Initiative; and the Eighth Session of the Joint U.S. - U.S.S.R. Working Group on Protection of the Environment. Additionally, NCAR has participated in major international research field experiments such as the Global Atmospheric Re- search Program, the ALPINE and MONSOON experiments, and numerous solar eclipse expeditions. See also NCAR SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING FACILITY. 185 Woods Hole, MA., U.S.A. DEEP SUBMERGENCE RESEARCH VEHICLE (DSRV) "ALVIN" Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution "Big Science" Descriptor ; Oceanography Description of Facility/Instrument : DSRV ALVIN Is an untethered, manned submersible capable of operation at depths of 4000 meters. It is a national oceanographic facility jointly funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the Office of Naval Research, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Date of Construction : 1964, converted 1973-74 Construction Cost ; Original ; $950,000 1984 $$ ; more than $25 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers : Usually U.S. Potential for Future International Cooperation : Japanese scientists (JAMSTEC) have expressed interest in exchanging submersible time in ALVIN for the SHINKAI 2000. At present, no firm plans have been made for any International programs. Other Information ; In 1974, ALVIN participated in the first major sea floor spreading study as a part of the French-American Mid- Ocean Undersea Study (FAMOUS). This expedition also Included the French submerslbles CYANA and ARCHIMEDE and was the first to be carried out by ALVIN using the new titanium sphere which replaced the original steel sphere. DSRV ALVIN was constructed by Litton Industries in 1964 at a cost of $950,000. In 1974, the original steel pressure hull was replaced with one fabricated from titanium, increasing the depth capability from 1800 to 4000 meters. The best esti- mates for new construction of a submersible similar to ALVIN and capable of operating at 6000 meters are that it would cost in excess of $25 million in 1984 dollars. A 6000 meter cap- ability would permit exploration of 97 percent of the world's ocean floor. 186 U.S.A. FEDERAL OCEANOGRAPHIC FLEET "Big Science" Descriptor : Oceanography Description of Facility/Instrument : The Federal oceanographlc fleet consists of 13 Navy oceanographlc research ships operated by civilian crews; 20 NOAA ships operated by the NOAA Corps and civilian personnel; 5 Coast Guard Icebreakers, also used for general oceanographlc research and for support of NSF's Antartlc research program; 2 ships operated by the U.S. Geological Survey; 2 ships operated by the Environmental Protection Agency for water quality monitoring; 2 ships operated by the National Science Foundation; and 20 ships operated by 14 academic Insti- tutions under the University — National Oceanographlc Laboratory Systems (UNOLS). Other than the UNOLS fleet , the vessels are owned and operated by the Federal Government, with the exception of the two NSF vessels which are leased from a private firm. About half of the UNOLS fleet (the larger ships) are owned by the Federal Government. The other half (the smaller ships) are owned by some of 14 academic institutions which operate the ships. Date of Construction ; 1929-1981 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : (See the note below.) Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Nationallty(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Natlonality(3) of Researchers! mainly U.S. Potential for Future International Cooperation ; There are a number of existing cooperative programs with foreign nations, involving several bilateral agreements. The potential is good for con- tinued International cooperation. Other Information ; Note: Those vessels below which have an asterisk each cost over $25 million in construction plus scientific outfitting costs. U.S. Navy Oceanographlc Fleet *BOWDITCH ; 1945, precision echo sounding, mapping and charting *DUTTON *HESS *WYMAN *CHAUVENET 1945, mapping and charting 1965, mapping and charting 1971, general oceanography, mapping and charting 1970, mapping and charting 187 U.S.A. *HARKNESS *SILAS BENT *KANE *WILKES *BARTLETT *DE STEIGUER *LYNCH ACANIA *HAYES 1971, mapping and charting 1965, general oceanography, precision echo sounding 1967, general oceanography, precision echo sounding 1971, general oceanography, precision echo sounding 1969, general oceanography 1969, general oceanography 1965, general oceanography 1929, general oceanography 1971, reassigned in 1983 from oceanographlc duties NOAA Oceanographlc Fleet *DISCOVERER 1964, ♦RESEARCHER 1968, ♦SURVEYOR 1959, sound *FAIRWEATHER 1967, *RANIER 1967, *MT. MITCHELL 1966, *MILLER FREEMAN 1967, resea PIERCE 1962, WHITING 1962, MCARTHUR 1965, DAVIDSON 1966, OREGON II 1967, ALBATROSS IV 1962, TOWNSEND CROMWELL 1963, DAVID STARR JORDAN ■ 1964, DELAWARE II 1967, CHAPMAN • 1979, FERRELL 1968, RUDE 1966, HECK 1966, *OCEANOGRAPHER : 1964, general oceanography general oceanography general oceanography, precision echo iing mapping and charting mapping and charting mapping and charting general oceanography, fisheries irch mapping and charting mapping and charting mapping and charting mapping and charting fisheries research fisheries research fisheries research fisheries research fisheries research fisheries research mapping and charting mapping and charting mapping and charting inactive U.S. Coast Guard Polar Icebreakers *POLAR STAR *POLAR SEA ♦GLACIER ♦NORTHWIND ♦WESTWIND 1976, ice worthy, general oceanography 1978, ice worthy, general oceanography 1953, ice worthy, general oceanography 1945, ice worthy, general oceanography 1943, ice worthy, general oceanography U.S. Geological Survey Ships *S.P. LEE POLARIS 1967, multi-channel seismlcs 1965, mapping and charting 188 U.S.A. Environmental Protection Agency Oceanographlc Ships ANTELOPE SIMONS CARSON 1967, general oceanography 1939, general oceanography 1967, converted In 1978, deactivated In 1981 Na 1 1 onal Science Foundation Oceanographlc Ships HERO *GLOMAR CHALLENGER *JOIDES RESOLUTION *POLAR DUKE 1966, out of service. Ice worthy, general oceanography 1968, out of service, deep-sea drilling 1978, deep-sea drilling, geology 1978, oceanography, supply of NSF Antartlc program. University-National Oceanographlc Laboratory System (UNOLS) ♦MELVILLE *KNORR *ATLANTIS II *T. WASHINGTON *T.G. THOMPSON *CONRAD OCEANUS WECOMA ENDEAVOR GYRE MOANA WAVE ISELIN NEW HORIZON CAPE FLORIDA CAPE HATTERAS ALPHA HELIX CAPE HENLOPEN VELERO IV R. WARFIELD E. B. SCRIPPS SPROAL 1969, general oceanography 1969, general oceanography 1963, general oceanography, precision echo sounding, submersible handling 1965, general oceanography, precision ocean sounding, multi-channel selsmics 1965, general oceanography 1962, general oceanography, multi-channel selsmics, precision echo sounding 1975, general oceanography 1975, general oceanography 1976, general oceanography 1973, general oceanography 1973, general oceanography, multi-channel selsmics 1971, general oceanography 1978, general oceanography 1981, general oceanography 1981, general oceanography 1965, general oceanography 1975, general oceanography 1948, general oceanography 1967, general oceanography 1965, out of service 1981, general oceanography APPENDIX 8 SPACE FACILITIES The information in this appendix was supplied by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 1985. (189) 190 U.S.A. ORBITING GEOPEIYSICAL OBSERVATORIES (OGO) NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: physics and astronomy Description of Facility/ Instrument : These observatories conducted experi- ments within the Earth's atmosphere and magnetosphere, and in cislunar space (between the Earth and the Moon). The first two observatories, although launched, failed mechanically in orbit (OGO-1 and OGO-2). Subsequent missions (OGO-3, 4, 5, and 6) had varied success In obtaining data. All operations have been ter- minated since OGO-6, (7/14/72). Date of Construction : 1964-1969 (launches) Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : $228.4 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership: U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers: U.S. Other Information: OGO - 1(A) OGO - 11(C) OGO - III(B) OGO - IV(D) OGO - V(E) OGO - VI(F) Launched September 5, 1964 October 14, 1965 June 7, 1966 July 28, 1967 March 4, 1968 June 5, 1969 191 U.S.A. ORBITING SOLAR OBSERVATORIES (OSO) NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: physics and astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : Eight spacecraft out of nine were successfully launched for continuous observation of the Sun. These observations added to knowledge of the Sun In x-ray, ultra- violet, and Infrared wavelengths, and studied celestial objects as well. Date of Construction : 1962-1975 (launches) Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : $171.1 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operationa l Funding; U.S. Nationallty(s) of Management Staff ; ^U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers ; U.S. OSO-8 had French instrumentation for ultraviolet spectroscopy. Other Information; OSO - 1(S-16) OSO - 2(B-2) OSO - C OSO - 3(E) OSO - 4(D) OSO - 5(F) OSO - 6(G) OSO - 7(H) OSO - 8(1) Launched March 7, 1962 February 3, 1965 Failed to orbit March 8, 1967 October 18, 1967 January 22, 1969 August 9, 1969 September 29, 1971 June 21, 1975 192 U.S.A. ORBITING ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES (OAO) NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: physics and astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : Three satellites were launched suc- cessfully, but one failed In orbit. The two completely successful missions gathered Information on several stars, nebulae In the ultraviolet range, and information on the coronas of stars. Date of Construction : 1966-1972 (launches) Construction Cost ; 198A $$ : $336.4 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : U.S. The Mullard Space Science Laboratory In the U.K. sup- plied gamma ray Instrumentation for the OAO-C mission. Other Information ; OAO - 1(A): Successfully launched on April 8, 1966, but lost power In orbit and did not complete mission. OAO - II(A2): Successfully launched on December 7, 1968, success- fully completed mission, no longer operational. OAO - B: Failed launch on November 30, 1970. OAO - C (Copernicus): Successfully launched on August 21, 1972, completed mission objectives, no longer operational. 193 U.S.A. ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORERS NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: physics and astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : EXPLORER projects for x-ray, gaooa-ray, and ultraviolet ray explorations. Date of Construction : 1961-1983 (launches) Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Total cost undetermined Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : D.S. (Except where Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. international Hatlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. cooperation Nationallty(s) of Researchers : U.S. is noted below.) Other Information : X-RAY ASTRONOMY EXPLORERS: EXPLORER 42 was launched from Kenya in 1970. EXPLORER 53, launched in 1975, successfully broadened the knowledge of x-ray sources, discovering 200 when 40 had been known previously. EXPLORERS 42 and 53 also are known as SAS-1 and SAS-3, respectively. Two international cooperative ventures in this field were the Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS), launched in 1974, and the Ariel 5 (U.S.-U.K.), launched in 1974, which broadened the knowledge of "bursters," new x-ray sources and ultra-violet emissions. GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY EXPLORERS: EXPLORER 11 (1961) and EXPLORER 48 (1972) both relayed data on gamma-ray emissions from the cosmic background and gamma-ray point sources. EXPLORER 48 also investigated cosmic ray gas and the Vela supernova remnant. RADIO ASTRONOMY EXPLORERS: EXPLORER 38 (also known as RAE-1, 1968) and EXPLORER 49 (also known as RAE-2, 1973) were to map out the galaxy in the 10 to 400 megahertz region, which cannot be studied from Earth. The satellites also have provided information on cosmic background noise, solar radio bursts, and radio emissions from Earth. ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMY EXPLORERS: The International Ultra- violet Explorer (lUE), launched in 1978, is still operational, at a total cost of $37 million. Primarily a U.S. venture, this Is also a cooperative venture with the British Science Research Council and the European Space Agency (ESA). The satellite is used to determine the various spectra of hot stars, cool stars, the Interstellar medium, x-ray sources, extragalactic objects. 194 and objects within the solar system. Accomplishments Include the first ultraviolet observation of a supernova, high resolution ultraviolet spectrum of a star in another galaxy, and observation of globular clusters- INFRARED ASTRONOMICAL SATELLITE (IRAS): This satellite was launched in January 1983 to survey the infrared light in the Earth's sky. It ceased operation in December 1983. The project included cooperation with the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The total cost was $95 million. U.S.A. HIGH ENERGY ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORIES (HEAO) Marshall Spac<> Flight Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: physics and astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : These three missions have been successful in determining the source of x-ray sources, partic- ularly from the stars. In addition, HEAO-3 has studied the origin and nature of gamma and cosmic rays. Date of Construction ; 1977-1979 (launches) Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; $250 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(8) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Nationallty(8) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Researchers : U.S. The HEAO-2 mission used an x-ray spectrometer supplied by the Netherlands. The HEAO-3 mission Included French experimentation for analysis of the Isotropic composition of galactic radiation. Other Information ; These satellites are no longer operational, al- though their data still are being analyzed; Launched HEAO-1 : August 12, 1977 HEAO-2 : November 13, 1978 HEAO-3 ; September 20, 1979 195 U.S.A. SOLAR MAXIMUM MISSION Goddard Space Flight Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: physics and astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument ; This mission studies the Sun. To date, It has studied 1500 solar flare-ups and flare-related pheno- mena. This satellite was retrieved by astronauts and repaired for continued use. Date of Construction ; February lA, 1980 (launch) Construction Cost : 198A $$ : $90 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : U.S. This mission Included U.K. x-ray Instrumentation. 196 U.S.A. THE HUBBLE LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE (LST) Marshall Space Flight Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor ; Space: physics and astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument ; This space telescope Is designed to significantly expand optical capability for observing the universe. The telescope will have five scientific instruments: the High Resolution Spectrograph; the Faint Object Spectrograph; the Wide Field Planetary Camera; the Faint Object Camera; and the High Speed Photometer. Date of Construction : Currently being constructed. The launch date is scheduled for the second half of 1986. Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Projected total cost: $1,175 million to $2,000 million. Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonallty(8) of Management Staff : U.S. - ESA - Federal Republic of Germany Nationallty(s) of Researchers : U.S. - ESA - Federal Republic of Germany Potential for Future International Cooperation : Although specifics have yet to be determined, both German and European Space Agency participation in instrumentation and use of the Hubble Telescope is planned. Also, British image-processing software packages will be included. 197 U.S.A. COSMIC BACKGROUND EXPLORER (COBE) Goddard Space Flight Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: physics and astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument ; The purpose of this satellite will be to observe cosmology through the measure of light. Date of Construction : Currently being constructed. The launch date in early 1988. Construction Cost : 198A $$ : Projected total cost: $125 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers : U.S. Potential for Future International Cooperation : This is as yet undetermined. U.S.A. GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY (GRO) Goddard Space Flight Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor ; Space: physics and astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : To explore emissions from gamma- ray spectrum (1 MeV-30 GeV). Date of Construction : Currently being constructed. The launch date Is early 1988. Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Projected total cost: $475 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. NatlonalltyCs) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : U.S. Potential for Future International Cooperation : It is planned that this mission will Include a German telescope for the measurement and analysis of gamma-rays. 198 U.S.A. EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER (EUVE) Jet Propulsion Laboratory NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: physics and astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : This low-Earth orbiting satellite Is planned for surveying the sky for ultraviolet sources. Date of Construction ; Late 1988, projected launch Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $140 million Present International Cooperation N3tlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; U.S. EUROPE COS-B E.S.A., Center for Nuclear Studies (France), and the Max Planck Insti- tute for Extraterrestrial Physics (Federal Republic of Germany) European Space Agency (E.S.A.) "Big Science" Descriptor ; Space; physics and astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : This satellite Is a remotely con- trolled astronomical observatory for the study of radiation emitted from known and assumed sources of gamma-rays. It Is still operational. Date of Construction : August 1975 (launch) Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; E.S.A. , France, Italy, and the Federal Republic of Germany Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : E.S.A., France, Italy, and the Federal Republic of Germany Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : E.S.A., France, Italy, and the Federal Republic of Germany Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : E.S.A., France, Italy, and the Federal Republic of Germany 199 EUROPE INTERNATIONAL ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER (lUE) European Space Agency (E.S.A.), NASA, and the Science and Engineering Research Council (U.K.) "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: physics and astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : This satellite has obtained ultra- violet spectra from objects ranging from planets, planetary nebulae, supernova remnants, galaxies, and quasars. Date of Construction : January 26, 1978 (launch) Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : E.S.A.-U.S. Natlonallty(8) of Operational Funding ; E.S.A.-U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : E.S.A.-U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : E.S.A.-U.S. This program Involves extensive international coopera- tion, including two other satellites and six ground tele- scopes worldwide. EUROPE EXOSAT European Space Agency (E.S.A.) "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: physics and astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : This E.S.A. satellite was launched by Ariane (France). Its purpose is to determine the positions and examine the structures of celestial x-ray sources. Its most common mode of operation will be the use of lunar occultatlon, that is, taking account of the time and speed of disappearance of celestial objects behind the lunar disc. Date of Construction : May 26, 1983 (launch) Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : E.S.A. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : E.S.A. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : E.S.A. Nationallty(s) of Researchers : E.S.A. The satellite Involved European participation (U.K., the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, and European industrial flms in addition to E.S.A.). It was launched by the United States on May 26, 1983. 200 EUROPE HIPPARCOS European Space Agency (E.S.A.) "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: physics and astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : This satellite will study and mea- sure the five main astrometrlc positions of the stars, and their distance, position, and proper motions. The survey of HIPPARCOS will Include 10,000 selected stars. Date of Construction : 1987-1988 (projected launch) Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : E.S.A. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : E.S.A. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : E.S.A. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: E.S.A. UNITED KINGDOM ARIEL 1-6 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Satellite Control Center "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: physics and astronomy Description of Facility/Instrument : These six satellite launches studied Ionosphere, atmospheric ozone, radio astronomy, atmos- pheric physics, meteorology, micrometeorltes , ionospheric plasmas, magnetic fields, galatlc x-rays, and high-energy astrophysics. Date of Construction : 1962-1979 (launches) Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : U.K. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.K. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.K. Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.K. Other Information: Launched ARIEL 1 (UK 1) ARIEL 2 (UK 2) ARIEL 3 (UK 3) ARIEL 4 (UK 4) ARIEL 5 (UK 5); ARIEL 6 (UK 6): April 26, 1962, ionospheric and solar studies May 27, 1962, atmospheric ozone May 5, 1967, atmospheric physics December 9, 1971, ionospheric plasmas, magne- tic fields October 15, 1974, galactic x-rays June 2, 1979, science satellite 201 JAPAN JAPANESE SATELLITES Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science (ISAS) and National Space Development Agency (NASDA) "Big Science" Descriptor : Space Description of Facility/Instrument : These satellites cover a variety of science flights, Including ionospheric and astrophysics ex- periments. A crucial part of Japanese space history was the 1969 agreement *d.th the United States, making available to Japan tech- nological information for future flights. Date of Construction: 1971-1984 (launches) Construction Cost: 198A $$ Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : Japan Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : Japan Nationality(s) of Management Staff : Japan Nationallty(s) of Researchers: Japan Other Information : SHINESEI SS-1 (Mu 4S-3): DENPA REX SS-2 (Mu 4S-4): TAIYO SRATS (Mu SS-3, 3C-2)! CORSA SS-4: DME ISS: KYO KKO (EXOS A): UME 2: JIKIKEN (EXOS B): HA KUCHO (CORSA B) : HINOTORI (ASTRO A): HINOTORI (ASTRO B) : EXOS C: Launched September 28, 1971, ionospheric plasma, solar radio waves, cosmic rays August 19, 1972, radio explora- tion, ionospheric plasmas February 24, 1975, solar radia- tion, thermosphere February 4, 1976, cosmic radia- tion, x-ray (failed to orbit) February 29, 1976, ionospheric soundings (malfunction in flight) February 4, 1978, scientific experimentation February 16, 1978, ionospheric sounding September 16, 1978, scientific experimentation February 21, 1979, scientific experimentation February 21, 1981, scientific experimentation February 20, 1983, scientific experimentation February 14, 1984, scientific experimentation 202 U.S.S.R. ASTRON U.S.S.R. "Big Science" Descriptor ; Space physics and astronomy Description of Facility /Instrument : Launched in 1983, the ASTRON satellite is a large observatory-class satellite performing celestial observations in the x-ray and ultraviolet wavelengths. Date of Construction : March 23, 1983 (launch) Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality (s) of Ownership : U.S.S.R. -France Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S.S.R. -France Nationality (s) of Management Staff : U.S.S.R. -France Nationality (s) of Researchers : U.S.S.R. -France Other Information : The participation of French scientists is to develop an ultraviolet telescope. 203 U.S.A. RANGER NASA "Big Science" Descriptor ; Space: lunar and planetary probes Description of Facility/Instrument : These probes were Intended to photograph the surface of the Moon up to the moment of landing Impact. Difficulties in initial orbits and transmission meant that a successful probe did not occur until RANGER 7. Early failures were blamed on poor management, inadequate ground testing, and degrading and deterioration of equipment during flight. Date of Construction: 1961-1965 (launches) Construction Cost: 1984$$ : $468.9 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding: Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : Natlonality(s) of Researchers; U.S. U.S. U.S. Other Information: Launched RANGER 1 RANGER 2 RANGER 3 RANGER 4 RANGER 5 August 23, 1961 November 18, 1961 January 26, 1961 April 23, 1962 October 18, 1962 BLOCK I: Successfully launched, but did not escape Earth's orbit. BLOCK II: Came close to the Moon (3, 5) and landed on the farslde (4), All had limited technical success. RANGER 6 RANGER 7 RANGER 8 RANGER 9 January 30, 1964 July 28, 1964 February 17, 1965 March 21, 1965 BLOCK III: First full success with 7, 8, 9. All transmitted photos and landed on the Moon. However, further RANGER programs were cancelled. 204 U.S.A. SURVEYOR NASA "Big Science" Descriptor: Space: lunar and planetary probes Description of Facility/Instrument : These probes soft-landed on the surface of the Moon, relayed pictures, and analyzed lunar soil. This program aided the United States in its basic understanding of the Moon's surface, as well as providing practical data for later Apollo flights. Date of Construction : 1966-1968 (launches) Construction Cost: 1984 $$ : $468.9 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : Nationality(s) of Management Staff : Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S. U.S. U.S. Other Information: Launched SURVEYOR I SURVEYOR II SURVEYOR III SURVEYOR IV SURVEYOR V SURVEYOR VI SURVEYOR VII May 30, 1966, successful soft landing. September 20, 1966, communications lost just before lunar Impact. April 17, 1967, successful soft landing. July 14, 1967, communications lost just before lunar Impact. September 8, 1967, successful soft landing. November 7, 1967, successful soft landing. January 7, 1968, successful soft landing. 205 U.S.A. LUNAR ORBITER NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: lunar and planetary probes Description of Facility/Instrument ; Complementing the SURVEYOR pro- grams, the LUNAR ORBITERS took photographs of the lunar surface from lunar orbit, converted these directly Into electronic sig- nals, and transmitted them back to Earth. This provided Increased knowledge of both the lunar surface and space telecommunications. Date of Construction : 1966-1967 (launches) Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $162.3 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S. Other Information: Launched LUNAR ORBITER I LUNAR ORBITER II LUNAR ORBITER III LUNAR ORBITER IV LUNAR ORBITER V August 10, 1966, successful relay of pictures- November 6, 1966, successful relay of pictures. February 5, 1967, successful relay of pictures. May A, 1967, successful relay of pictures. August 1, 1967, successful relay of pictures. 206 U.S.A. PIONEER 10 AND 11 Ames Research Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: lunar and planetary probes Description of Facility/Instrument : These two missions were part of the PIONEER Program for Jupiter (10) and Saturn (11). PIONEER 10 made the first reconnaissance of Jupiter and was the first to leave the solar system and search for its heliospheric boundary. PIONEER 11 Investigated Saturn and the outer solar system. Date of Construction : 1972-1973 (launches) Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $180 million (Total program cost. PIONEER 10 and 11 cost undetermined at this time.) Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers : U.S. Other I-nformation : PIONEERS 1 through 9 were applications-oriented Only with PIONEER 10 did this program become more satellit :es. Only with PI( science ori( 2nted. Launched PIONEER 10: 1972 PIONEER 11: 1973 207 U.S.A. VIKING I AND 2 (ORBITER I AND 2) Jet Propulsion (VIKINGS) and Langley (ORBITERS) NASA "Big Science" Descriptor ; Space: lunar and planetary probes Description of Facility/Instrument : Both VIKING landers soft landed on Mars, searched for life, and analyzed soil and measured meteorology near the surface. The ORBITERS Imaged the surface, mapped Mars, and determined atmospheric structure and composition. Date of Construction : 1975 (launches) Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $950 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonallty(8) of Researchers : U.S. This mission Included French and Swedish Instrumentation. Other Information : Launched VIKING 1 and ORBITER 1: August 20, 1975 VIKING 2 and ORBITER 2: September 9, 1975 208 U.S.A. VOYAGER I AND II Jet Propulsion Laboratory NASA "Big Science" Descriptor ; Space: lunar and planetary probes Description of Facility/Instrument ; VOYAGER I encountered Jupiter and Saturn during 1979 to 1981 to study their atmospheres, satellites, and rings; to search for the heliospheric boundary; and to inves- tigate interstellar space. VOYAGER II encountered Jupiter and Saturn during 1979 to 1981. It is scheduled to encounter Uranus In 1986 and Neptune in 1989. Date of Construction : 1977 (launches) Construction Cost : 198A $$ : $350 million. Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality (s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Researchers: uTs. Other Information: Launched VOYAGER I : September 5, 1977 VOYAGER II: August 20, 1977 209 U.S.A. PIO^fEER/VE^fUS (ORBITER AND PROBE) Ames Research Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: lunar and planetary probe Description of Facility/Instrument : A satellite designed to penetrate and Investigate the atmosphere of Venus, produce a (radar) map of Its surface, measure the temperature of the surface (probe), collect data on the Venuslan Ionosphere, and make ultraviolet spectrometer observations of Halley's comet. Date of Construction : 1978 (launch) Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $190 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers ; U.S. The PIONEER/VENUS ORBITER had French and British Instru- mentation. 68-022 0-87-8 210 U.S.A. GALILEO (JUPITER ORBITER/PROBE) Jet Propulsion Laboratory NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: lunar and planetary probe Description of Facility/Instrument : This project will continue exami- nation of the Jovian atmosphere, physical environment, and moons. This project includes an ORBITER, which will image Jovian atmos- pheric conditions for data examination. Date of Construction : 1986, projected launch Construction Cost ; 198A $$ : $910 million Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership ; U.S. and Federal Republic of Germany Nationality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality (s) of Researchers : U.S. and Federal Republic of Germany Potential for Future International Cooperation : This project has in- cluded the following German participation: for the ORBITER, dust instrumentation; for the PROBE, helium measurement instrumenta- tion; and for the launch, propulsion system and 13 German scientists. 211 U.S.A. VENUS RADAR MAPPER (VRM) Jet Propulsion Laboratory NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: lunar and planetary probe Description of Facility/Instrument : This probe will map Venus with a synthetic aperture radar and investigate the origin and evolution of planet study morphology and composition. Date of Construction : First half of 1988, projected launch Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : $400 million Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers : U.S. Potential for Future International Cooperation: As yet undetermined. U.S.A. MARS GEOSCIENCE CLIMATOLOGY OBSERVER (MGCO— MARS OBSERVER) Jet Propulsion Laboratory "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: lunar and planetary probe Description of Facility/Instrument : A satellite to determine the glo- bal, elemental, and minerologlcal character of Mars. Date of Construction : 1990, projected launch Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $375 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : ^U.S. Natlonality(s) of Researchers : U.S. Potential for Future International Cooperation: As yat undetermined. 212 U.S.A. MARINER I-X NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: lunar and planetary probes Description of Facility/Instrument : Planetary probes of Venus (I, II, V, X), Mars (III, IV, VI, VII, VIII, IX), and Mercury (X). Mariners I and III, although successfully launched, failed to complete their missions. Data received from successful missions Include atmospheric temperature and terrestrial photographs. Mariner VIII was unsuccessfully launched. Date of Construction : 1962-1973 (launches) Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Estimated at $1,487 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: U.S. Other Information: Launched MARINER I MARINER II MARINER III MARINER IV MARINER V MARINER VI MARINER VII MARINER VIII MARINER IX MARINER X July 22, 1962, failed mission. August 27, 1962, successful flyby of Venus. November 5, 1964, failed mission. November 28, 1964, successful flyby of Mars. June 14, 1967, successful flyby of Venus. February 25, 1969, successful flyby of Mars. March 27, 1969, successful flyby of Mars. May 8, 1971, unsuccessful launch. May 30, 1971, successful flyby of Mars. November 3, 1973, successful flyby of Venus and Mercury. 213 EUROPE GEOS-1 AND GEOS-2 European Space Agency (E.S.A.) "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: lunar and planetary probes Description of Facility/Instrument : GEOS-1, launched In 1977, failed to achieve Its original orbit, but did achieve an unplanned orbit which lasted 14 months. GEOS-2, launched in 1978, has achieved its mission of providing data on how the near-Earth environment reacts to phenomena occurring In outer space. Date of Construction : 1977-1978 (launches) Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : E.S.A. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : E.S.A. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff : E.S.A. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: E.S.A. Other Information: Launched GEOS-1 1977 GEOS-2 1978 EUROPE GIOTTO European Space Agency (E.S.A.) "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: lunar and planetary probe Description of Facility/Instrument : This satellite is due to be launched in 1985 to encounter Halley's Comet in 1986. The satel- lite will investigate the matter left in Halley's wake which many researchers believe is the earliest matter left over from the creation of the universe. Date of Construction : July 1985 (projected launch) Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : E.S.A. Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding : E.S.A. Nationallty(8) of Management Staff : E.S.A. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers: E.S.A. 214 EUROPE INTERNATIONAL SOLAR-POLAR MISSION (ISPM) European Space Agency (E.S.A.) "Big Science" Descriptor ; Space: lunar and planetary probe Description of Facility/Instrument : This satellite *d.ll provide de- tailed exploration of the solar environment and multi-angled observations of the Sun. Date of Construction ; 1985 (projected launch) Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership ; E.S.A. Natlonality(8) of Operational Funding ; E.S.A. Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; E.S.A. Nationallty(s) of Researchers; E.S.A. 215 U.S.S.R. VEGA 1 AND 2 U.S.S.R. "Big Science" Descriptor ; Space: lunar and planetary probes Description of Facility/Instrument : The purpose of these two satel- lites was to study Venus and Halley's Comet. As the satellites pass Venus, the spacecraft will drop off landers. Balloons de- veloped by the French will slowly drift through the atmosphere of Venus and make "in situ" measurements. Date of Construction ; 1984 (launches) Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; U.S.S.R. and others Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S.S.R. and (see below) others Nationality(s) of Management Staff : U.S.S.R. and others Nationality(s) of Researchers ; U.S.S.R. and others Besides the U.S.S.R., eight other countries are directly participating in the VEGA program; Austria, Bulgaria, Czecho- slovakia, the Democratic Republic of Germany, France, Hungary, Poland, and the Federal Republic of Germany. The United States has agreed to track the balloons dropped in the atmosphere of Venus for the French. The United States also will track the Soviet spacecraft as they reach Halley's Comet and provide E.S./ with data so it can target its GIOTTO spacecraft towards the Comet . Other Information : Launched VEGA 1 : December 15, 1984 VEGA 2 ; December 21, 1984 216 U.S.S.R. MARS 1-7 U.S.S.R. "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: lunar and planetary probes Description of Facility/Instrument : The purpose of these satellites was to gather data and relay pictures and information on Mars. Four attempts at achieving survivable landings were unsuccessful. Only one probe (MARS 5) is considered a full success. Date of Construction : 1971-1973 (launches) Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality (s) of Ownership : U.S.S.R. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S.S.R. Nationality (s) of Management Staff : U.S.S.R. Nationality (s) of Researchers : U.S.S.R. Other Information: Launched MARS 1 MARS 2 MARS 3 MARS 4 MARS 5 MARS 6 MARS 7 November 1, 1962, partial success, communication failed, passed Mars. May 19, 1971, intended to soft-land on Mars; partially successful, returned data from or- biter, but the lander destroyed. This satellite carried a French stereo experiment for photo- graphing the surface. May 28, 1971, successful, returned orbital data and survived landing on Mars, but only for 20 seconds. This satellite carried a French stereo experiment for photographing the surface. July 21, 1973, partially successful, returned data in flyby of Mars, but did not enter orbit. July 22, 1973, successful, returned data and pictures. August 5, 1973, partial success returned data from flyby of Mars, but lander signals ceased. This satellite carried French experiments for photographing the surface and for studying the proton and electron fluxes enroute to Mars. August 9, 1973, partial success, returned data from flyby of Mars, but the lander missed its mark upon landing. This satellite carried French experiments for photographing the sur- face and for studying the proton and electron fluxes enroute to Mars. 217 U.S.S.R. LUNA 1-24 U.S.S.R. "Big Science" Descriptor ; Space: lunar and planetary probes Description of Facility/Instrument : This was an extensive lunar program by the Soviets which included "hard" landers, soft landers, orblters, and sample return vehicles. Three spacecraft sent back approximately 330 grams of lunar soil by automated means: two were roving vehicles (LUNOKHODS) which would travel over the lunar surface for extended observation and experiments. Date of Construction: 1959-1974 (launches) Construction Cost; 1984 $$ Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S.S.R Nationality (s) of Operational Funding : U.S.S.R. Nationality (s) of Management Staff : U.S.S.R. Nationality(s) of Researchers : U.S.S.R. Other Information: Launched LUNA 1 : January 2, 1959, to strike the Moon, It missed the Moon and entered solar orbit. LUNA 2 September 12, 1959, to strike the Moon, It was a success. LUNA 3 October 4, 1959, to photograph the Moon. It succeeded and returned pictures of 70 percent of the far side of the Moon. LUNA 4 April 2, 1963, partial success. It attempted to soft land on the Moon, but missed the Moon and entered solar orbit. LUNA 5 May 9, 1965, partial success. It attempted a soft landing on the Moon, but missed the Moon and went Into solar orbit. LUNA 6 : June 8, 1965, partial success. It attempted a soft landing on the Moon, but missed the Moon and went Into solar orbit. LUNA 7 October 4, 1965, partial success. This intended soft landing, retrofitted early, fell on the Moon. LUNA 8 December 3, 1965, partial success. This intended soft landing, retrofitted early, fell on the Moon. 218 U.S.S.R. LUNA 9 LUNA 10 LUNA 11 LUNA 12 LUNA 13 LUNA 14 LUNA 15 LUNA 16 LUNA 17 LUNA 18 LUNA 19 LUNA 20 LUNA 21 LUNA 22 LUNA 23 LUNA 24 January 31, 1966, soft landing on Moon, returned 27 pictures. March 31, 1966, successful Moon orbit, returned physical measurements from lunar orbit. August 24, 1966, partial success. It failed to return pictures from the lunar orbit. October 22, 1966, success. It returned pictures from the Moon. December 21, 1966, success. It returned pic- tures and soil density measures. April 7, 1968, success. It returned data on lunar mass distribution. July 13, 1969, partial success. The lunar orbit was a success, but the landing failed. September 12, 1969, success. It made an automated sample return. November 10, 1969, success. It landed an auto- mated roving vehicle for long-term exploration. September 2, 1971, partial success. The lunar orbit was a success, but it crashed on landing. September 28, 1971, success. It returned photos and other data. February 14, 1972, successful. It made an auto- mated sample return. January 8, 1973, successful soft Moon landing. It placed an automated roving vehicle for long- term exploration. May 29, 1974, success. It returned pictures and data. October 28, 1974, partial success. It landed safely, but the drill was damaged so no sample was returned. August 9, 1976, successful soft landing on the Moon. It made an automated sample return of soil. 219 U.S.S.R. VENERA 1-16 U.S.S.R. "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: lunar and planetary probes Description of Facility/Instrument : These spacecraft had the mission of gathering data on Venus. Some sent back pictures from the surface of Venus and performed analysis of the atmosphere and soli. Two are currently operating (VENERA 15 and 16) and are planning radar mapping of the surface from orbit. Date of Construction : 1961-1983 (launches) Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S.S.R. Nationality (s) of Operational Funding : U.S.S.R. Nationality (s) of Management Staff : U.S.S.R. Natlonality(s) of Researchers : U.S.S.R. Other Information: VENERA 1 VENERA 2 VENERA 3 VENERA 4 VENERA 5 VENERA 6 VENERA 7 VENERA 8 VENERA 9 Launched February 14, 1961, partial success. The communications failed, but it did pass Venus. November 12, 1965, partial success. The communications failed, but it did pass Venus. November 16, 1965, partial success. The communications failed, and it struck. Venus. June 12, 1967, success. It returned direct readings of the atmosphere. January 5, 1969, success. It returned direct readings of the atmosphere near the surface. January 10, 1964, success. It returned direct readings of the atmosphere near the surface. August 17, 1970, successful soft landing. It sent back data on the atmosphere and surface of Venus. March 27. 1972, success. Atmospheric data and soil analyses were returned. June 8, 1975, success. It returned pictures and other data. 220 U.S.S.R. VENERA 10 VENERA 11 VENERA 12 VENERA 13 VENERA 14 VENERA 15 VENERA 16 June 14, 1975, success. It returned pictures and other data. September 9, 1978, success. It returned data from the surface. September 14, 1978, success. It returned data from the surface. October 20, 1978, success. It soft-landed on March 1, 1982. November 4, 1981, success. It soft-landed on March 5, 1982. June 2, 1983, success. It achieved orbit on October 19, 1983. It carries radar. June 7, 1983, success. It achieved orbit on October 14, 1983. It carries radar. 221 U.S.A. SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL EXPLORERS NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: earth science Description of Facility/Instrument : These were the EXPLORER missions which had Earth-oriented and solar-oriented purposes Date of Construction ; Launches began in 1959; many still are operational Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : Total cost undetermined Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership ; (U.S. with some inter- Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding ; national cooperation Nationality(s) of Management Staff : as discussed in detail Nationallty(8) of Researchers ; below.) Potential for Future International Cooperation : See below. Other Information ; AIR DENSITY EXPLORERS EXPLORERS 9 (launched 1961), 19 (1963), 24 (1964), and 39 (1968) were 12-foot Inflatable spheres designed to measure the upper atmosphere and lower exosphere and to determine air density as a function of latitude, season, and local solar time. ATMOSPHERE EXPLORERS Five U.S. ATMOSPHERE EXPLORERS [EXPLORERS 17 (launched 1963), 32 (1966), 51 (1973), 54 (1975), and 55 (1975)] and eight inter- national satellites [U.K. -U.S.: ARIEL 2 (1964), 3 (1967), 4 (1971); Italy-U.S.: SAN MARCO 1 (1964), 2 (1967), 3 (1971), 4 (1974); and U.S. -Federal Republic of Germany: AEROS (1972)] were designed to collect temperature composition density and pressure data to permit the study of the physics of the atmosphere. ENERGETIC PARTICLE EXPLORERS Four EXPLORER missions [EXPLORER 12 (launched 1961), 14 (1962), 15 (1962), and 26 (1964)] were designed to study injection trapping and loss mechanisms of the Earth's radiation belts. International cooperation projects for similar purposes were conducted with the United States by the European Space Agency (ESA) [ESRO IIA (launched 1967), and ESRO IIB (1968)] and the Federal Republic of Germany [AZUR (1969)]. 222 GEODETIC EXPLORERS EXPLORERS 29 (launched 1965) and 36 (1968). IONOSPHERIC EXPLORERS Four U.S. [EXPLORERS 8 (1960), 20 (1964), 22 (1964), and 27 (1965)] and nine International satellites [U.K. -U.S.: ARIEL 1 (1962) and ARIEL 4 (1971); U.S. -Canada: ALOUETTE 1 (1962), ISIS-X (1965), ISIS A (1969), and ISIS B (1971); U.S. -France: FR-1 (1968); and the European Space Agency (ESA) : ESRO I (1969) and ESRO IB (1969)] were designed to determine the nature, dynamic behavior, and distribution of changed particles, electrons, and ions as observed from above the ionosphere. MAGNETOSPHERE EXPLORERS General: EXPLORERS 6 (1959) and 10 (1961) were designed to measure radiation levels in space. EXPLORER 45 (1971) was designed to measure ring currents and magnetic storms. In jun-Hawkeye : EXPLORERS 25 (1964) and 40 (1968) were de- signed to measure the radiation of atomic ions into the Earth's atmosphere. EXPLORER 52 (1974) was designed to measure the solar wind and magnetic field interactions in the polar regions of the Earth. Interplanetary Monitoring Platforms (IMPs): Ten missions [EXPLORERS 18 (1963), 21 (1964), 28 (1965), 34 (1966), 34 (1967), 35 (1967), 41 (1969), 43 (1971), 47 (1972), and 50 (1973)] were designed to study interplanetary magnetic fields between the Earth and the Moon. [1984 $$ : $80 million] International Sun-Earth EXPLORERS (ISEE): U.S.: ISEE 1 (1977); U.S.-E.S.A.: ISEE 2 (1977) and ISEE 3 (1978). ISEE 2 had Swedish instruments and ISEE 3 had Swedish, Dutch, and British instruments. These satellites were designed to study the solar- terrestrial relationships at the outermost boundary of the mag- netosphere. [1984 $$ : $60 million] Dynamics EXPLORER A/B: Launched in August 1981 to image the polar caps. It continues to investigate the plasma of the mag- netosphere. [1984 $$ : $52.9 million] Active Magnetospheric Particle Trace EXPLORERS (AMPTE): Launched on August 16, 1984, to study entry windows, entry mechanisms, energization, and transport of energetic particles in magnetospheric radiation. International participation in the program includes the Federal Republic of Germany (spacecraft and experiments), United States (spacecraft, experiments, launch site, and operations), and the U.K. (extreme ultraviolet camera). SOLAR-PHYSICS EXPLORERS EXPLOPvERS 7 (1959), 20 (1964), 37 (1968), and 44 (1971) were designed to monitor solar x-rays and solar radiation. 223 U.S.A. EARTH RADIATION BUDGET EXPERIMENT (ERBE) Goddard Space Flight Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor ; Space: earth science Description of Facility/Instrument ; This is a three-satellite system, Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), NOAA-F, and NOAA-G. The three-satellite ERBE system will measure thermal and solar radiation of the entire Earth at some time each day. Each satellite will contain two instruments: a scanner and non- scanner to measure radiant Intensities and solar Intensities. Date of Construction ; 1984-1986 (launches) Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ ; $130 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers : U.S. Other Information: To Be Launched ERBE ; 1984 NOAA F: 1985 NCAA G: 1986 224 U.S.A. UPPER ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH SATELLITE (UARS) Goddard Space Flight Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor ; Space: earth science Description of Facility/Instrument : The UARS mission will provide the first Integrated global measure of ozone concentration; chemical species that affect the ozone; energy inputs; temperature readings; and measurement of the stratosphere and mesosphere. Date of Construction : 1989, projected launch Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $707 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonality(8) of Operational Funding : U.S. NationalityCs) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers : U.S. Potential for Future International Cooperation: Unknown at this time. 225 U.S.S.R. IK 5 : December 2, 1971, studied charged particles and low frequency electromagnetic waves. Czecho- slovakia and the U.S.S.R. provided the equipment. There were participating tracking stations In Czechoslovakia, the U.S.S.R., and the Democratic Republic of Germany. IK 6 : April 7, 1972, studied the chemical composition and energy spectrum of cosmic rays. The equip- ment was made In the U.S.S.R. according to specifications made in Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R. A meteorite experiment was developed and manufac- tured in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R. IK 7 : June 30, 1972, continued short-wave radiation and hard x-ray studies. It observed solar flares not seen from Earth stations. It carried equipment from the Democratic Republic of Ger- many, Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R. IK 8 : December 1, 1972, the satellite carried equip- ment from Bulgaria, the Democratic Republic of Germany, Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R. The first IK satellite was launched from Plesetsk, where specialists from participating Eastern Bloc countries observed the launch. IK-9/K0PERNIK 500 : April 19, 1973, measured solar radiation and the ionosphere. It also commemorated the 500th birthday of Copernicus. The equipment was Polish, Czechoslovaklan and Soviet. The data were received at ground stations in the U.S.S.R. and Czechoslovakia. IK-10 : October 30, 1973, the payload carried East German and Soviet equipment to determine the concentra- tion and temperature of ionospheric electrons, Soviet apparatus to measure magnetic field variation, and Czechoslovaklan equipment to study low-frequency electric oscillation of plasma. IK-11 : May 17, 1974, measured solar ultraviolet and x-ray radiation in the upper atmosphere of Earth. The experiments were provided by the Democratic Republic of Germany, the U.S.S.R., and Czechoslovakia. 226 U.S.S.R. INTERKOSMOS 1-22 (IK 1-22) U.S.S.R. "Big Science" Descriptor ; Space: solar and terrestlal physics Description of Facility/Instrument ; This Is a series of satellites specifically designed to foster cooperation between the U.S.S.R. and Its allies as well as selected Western countries. The space- craft primarily make studies of the upper atmosphere, although two have been devoted to oceanographlc research. Date of Construction: 1969-1981 (launches) Construction Cost; 1984 $$ U.S.S.R. plus extensive Eastern Bloc Present International Cooperation Nationallty(3) of Ownership : participation Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S.S.R. plus extensive Eastern Bloc participation Natlonality(s) of Management Staff : U.S.S.R. plus extensive Eastern Bloc participation Nationallty(8) of Researchers : U.S.S.R. plus extensive Eastern Bloc participation Other Information: INTERKOSMOS 1 (IK 1); IK 2 IK 3 IK 4 Launched October 14, 1969, to study the effects of solar ultraviolet and x-ray radiation on the structure of the upper atmosphere. It carried equipment from the U.S.S.R., the Democratic Republic of Germany, and Czechoslovakia. December 25, 1969, studied the ionosphere, electronic temperatures near the payload, and electronic concentration between the payload and ground receiving stations. It carried Instruments from Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia. The principal tracking stations included two In Poland and seven in the U.S.S.R. August 7, 1970, studied the Interactions between solar activity and the radiation belts of Earth, and electromagnetic oscillations in the upper Ionosphere. It carried Czechoslovaklan and Soviet experiments. October 14, 1970, studied the effects of solar ultraviolet and x-ray radiation. It had equip- ment from the Democratic Republic of Germany, Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R. 227 ^ U.S.S.R. IK-12 : October 31, 1974, continued studies of the atmosphere and ionosphere and flow of micro- meteorites. It carried equipment from Hungary, Czechoslovakia, the Democratic Republic of Romania, and the U.S.S.R. IK-13 : March 27, 1975, studied dynamic processes In the magnetosphere and polar ionosphere. It carried equipment from Czechoslovakia and the U.S.S.R. IK-IA : December 11, 1975, studied low-frequency eletro- magnetic fluctuations in the magnetosphere to measure micrometeoritic Intensity. It carried equipment from Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R. IK-15 : June 19, 1976, introduced a new payload called automatic universal orbital station (AUOS) which carried a greater volume and weight of scientific equipment than previous payloads, and could be controlled at any point in its orbit, not just over ground command stations. A new unified telemetrlc system (YeTMS) for digital transmission also was Included. Parti- cipants in the telemetrlc system Included Hungary, Poland, the Democratic Republic of Germany, Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R. IK-16 : July 27, 1976, continued studies of ultraviolet and x-ray radiation from the Sun and the effect of radiation on the Earth's upper atmosphere equipment came from Czechoslovakia, the Democratic Republic of Germany, the U.S.S.R. and Sweden. Simultaneous observations of the Sun were made by Bulgaria, Hungary, the Democratic of Republic of Germany, Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R. IK-17 : September 24, 1977, continued previous experi- ments on the relationship between solar activity and the Earth's upper atmosphere. It carried equipment from Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and the U.S.S.R. IK-18/MAGI0N : October 24, 1978, conducted studies of electro- magnetic relationships between the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere and of low-frequency radio waves in the circumterrestial plasma. The MAGION satellite separated from IK-18 and went in a trajectory very close to the parent satellite and conducted similar studies of 228 U.S.S.R. low-frequency electromagnetic fields. MAGION was the first artificial satellite to be developed and built by Czechoslovakia. IK-19 : February 27, 1979, experiments continued on the Earth's Ionosphere, wave processes, and radio propagation In the Ionospheric. The equipment and experiments Included those from Bulgaria, Poland, Czechoslovakia and the U.S.S.R. Data from IK-19, IK-18, MAGION, and two U.S. satel- lites were jointly analyzed by scientists In the Soviet Union, the United States, and Japan. The Soviets combined the results from IK-17, IK-18, and MAGION Into a program they called "International Investigations of the Magnetosphere. " IK-20 : November 1, 1979, oceanographic research on zones of biological productivity In the ocean and sea surface temperatures. The equipment was developed in Hungary, the Democratic Re- public of Germany, Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R. IK-21 : February 6, 1981, the satellite was designed to study the ocean and land masses; locate areas of high bloproductlvlty and pollution and ice, water, land, and water boundaries; and define optical thickness of the atmosphere and thermo- dynamic temperatures of the ocean's surface. The equipment was from Hungary, the Democratic Republic of Germany, Romania, Czechoslovakia and the U.S.S.R. IK-22 /BULGARIA 1,300: August 7, 1981, for ionospheric and magneto- spheric studies. The IK-BULGARIA satellite was named to commemorate the 1,300th anniversary of the founding of Bulgaria. Of the 15 instruments carried by IK-BULGARIA, 12 were from Bulgaria. This included instrumentation for studying ions and electrons in near-Earth space, studying per- manent and varying electronic fields, deter- mining weak emissions of light and ultraviolet radiation, and laser reflectors for goedetlc studies. 229 U.S.S.R. PROGNOZ 1-9 U.S.S.R. "Big Science" Descriptor : Space: solar and terrestlal physics Description of Facility/Instrument : These were Earth-orbiting satel- lites used primarily to study the magnetosphere with the exception of PROGNOZ 9, which performed radio astronomy. Date of Construction : 1972-1983 (launches) Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : Present International Cooperation Natlonality(s) of Ownership : U.S.S.R. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S.S.R. Nationality (s) of Management Staff : U.S.S.R. Nationality (s) of Researchers ; U.S.S.R. These satellites involved a number of Instances of cooperation with the United States and other Western nations as well as with nations of the Eastern Bloc. Other information : PROGNOZ 1 PROGNOZ 2 PROGNOZ 3 PROGNOZ 4 PROGNOZ 5 PROGNOZ 6 PROGNOZ 7 PROGNOZ 8 PROGNOZ 9 Launched April 14, 1972, magnetospheric studies. June 29, 1972, magnetospheric studies and French solar wind experiment. February 15, 1973, magnetospheric studies and French solar wind experiment. December 22, 1975, magnetospheric studies and French solar wind experiment. November 25, 1976, magnetospheric studies and French solar wind experiment. September 22, 1977, magnetospheric studies, French ultraviolet experiments, and Czecho- slovaklan experiments for solar flares. October 30, 1978, magnetospheric experiments. The satellite carried Swedish, French, Czecho- slovakian, and Bulgarian experiments. There also was coordinated data analysis with PIONEER/ VENUS, (U.S.), ISEE (U.S. -international), PROGNOZ 7, and VENERA 11 and 12. December 25, 1980, magnetospheric experiments. The satellite carried Polish, Czechoslovakian, and Swedish experiments. July 1, 1983, radio astronomy. It carried French and Czechoslovakian experiments. APPENDIX 9 AERONAUTICAL FACILITIES The information in this appendix Aeronautics and Space Administration, Navy, and the U.S. Army, April 1985. was obtained from National Aeronautics nautical Facilities Catalogue, Volume U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1985. 288 p.; was supplied by the National the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Information on wind tunnels and Space Administration Aero- 1, Wind Tunnels. Washington, and Office of Science and Tech- nology Policy. Aeronautical Research and Technology Policy, Volume II: Final Report. Washington, Executive Office of the President, Nov. 1982. (various pagination). (231) 232 Langley, UT. , U.S.A. NATIONAL TRANSONIC FACILITY Langley Research Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Aerodynamics Description of Facility/Instrument : This national transonic wind tunnel facility is used for transports; maneuvering aircraft; and correlation with flight performance. Its purpose is high Rn testing. (Use: 40 percent civil, proprietary, and cooper- ative; 40 percent military; and 20 percent NASA unique.) Date of Construction : 1982 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $146 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality (s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality (s) of Researchers : U.S. Langley, UT., U.S.A. UNITARY PLAN WIND TUNNEL Langley Research Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor ; Aerodynamics Description of Facility/Instrument : This wind tunnel is used for Supersonic testing of aerodynamic configuration and propulsion airframe interactions, military aircraft, supersonic transport, configuration development, and advanced concepts. (Use: 6 per- cent civil, proprietary, and cooperative; 8 percent military; and 86 percent NASA unique). Date of Construction : 1954, updated in 1979 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $101.8 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Natlo nality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Researchers: U.S. 233 Langley, UT., U.S.A. 16-FOOT TRANSONIC WIND TUNNEL Langley Research Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Aerodynamics Description of F acility/ Instrument ; This wind tunnel is used for propulsion and airframe integration and multi-force measuring system diagnostic instrumentation. This is the largest transonic tunnel available to NASA. (Use: 27 percent military and 73 percent NASA unique). Da te of Construction ; 1941, modified and updated in 1975 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $89.7 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S. Langley, UT. , U.S.A. TRANSONIC DYNAMICS TUNNEL Langley Research Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Aerodynamics Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility is used for aero- elastics and flutter model tests; for flutter clearance; and stores/wing flutter active control. (Use: 7 percent civil, proprietary, and cooperative; 45 percent military; and 48 percent NASA unique) . Date of Construction : 1959, modified in 1980 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $61.3 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Fundfng ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S. 68-022 0-87-9 234 Langley, UT. , U.S.A. HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL COMPLEX Langley Research Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Aerodynamics Description of Facility/Instrument : This Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Complex IS used for three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer studies. The complex includes a Mach 20 tunnel, hypersonic helium tunnels, a hypersonic nitrogen tunnel, and a Scramjet Test Facility. Date of Construction : 1952, upgraded through 1983 Construction Cost : 198^ $$ : $49 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. NatiDnality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers: UTS. Langley, DT., U.S.A. EIGHT-FOOT HIGH-TEMPERATURE HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL Langley Research Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor ; Aerodynamics Description of Facility/Instrument : This tunnel Is capable of large- scale temperature, pressure, and Mach number simulation for structures and propulsion. This facility Is also used for evalu- ating hypersonic and space structures, Ram/Scram jets and missiles, and aero/thermodynamlcs. (Use: 10 percent military and 90 percent NASA unique.) Date of Construction ; 1964 Construction Cost ; 198A $$ ; $43.6 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality (s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Natlonallty(B) of Researchers ; U.S. 235 Langley, UT. , U.S.A. EIGHT-FOOT TRANSONIC PRESSURE WIND TUNNEL Langley Research Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor ; Aerodynamics Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility conducts variable Reynolds number testing over a Mach number range In support of aerodynamic research. Date of Construction : 1953, upgraded In 1980 Construction Cost : 198A $$ : $40 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Researchers; U.S. Langley, UT. , U.S.A. 20-INCH MACH 6 WIND TUNNEL Langley Research Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor ; Aerodynamics Description of Facility/Instrument : This tunnel measures heat transfer pressures, forces and moments, skin friction equilibrium temperatures, boundary layers, and flow profiles. Date of Construction : 1958, upgraded in 1982 Construction Cost : 198 4 $$ : $38.1 million Present International Cooperation Nationality(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Nationality(8) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality(8) of Researchers: U.S. 236 Langley, UT., U.S.A. HYPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL COMPLEX Langley Research Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor ; Aerodynamics Description of Facility/Instrument : This wind tunnel complex Includes a Mach 8 variable density tunnel that can measure heat transfer, pressure, force, and flow visualization data, and a Mach 6 high Reynolds number tunnel that Is capable of fundamental aero- dynamics and fluid dynamics studies over a large Reynolds number Range. Date of Construction : 1952, upgraded in 1958 Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : $38 million Present International fipoperatlon Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Natlonality(s) of Researchers; U.S. Ames, CA. , U.S.A. LOW- SPEED WIND TUNNEL COMPLEX Ames Research Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor ; Aerodynamics Description of Facility/ Instrument ; This complex has wind tunnels to test airplane and aerospace craft, including a 40x80 wind tunnel; 80x120 wind tunnel; static stand; anechoic chamber; a 7x10 wind tunnel, and a 12-foot pressure tunnel. They are used for testing V/STOL; helicopters; propulsion airframe Integration; engines and nozzles; propulsion/ Nacelle wings in large-scale subsonic testing; static performance and noise; and airframes in tunnel scale. Date of Construction ; 1941 (modified in 1944, 1972, 1974, 1982, 1983) Construction Cost ; 1984 $$ : $260 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership ; U.S. Natlonallty(s) of Operational Funding ; U.S. Natlonality(s) of Management Staff ; U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers; U.S. 237 Ames, CA. , U.S.A. UNITARY PLAN TUNNEL COMPLEX Ames Research Center NASA " Big Science" Descriptor : Aerodynamics Description of Facility/Instrument : This facility Includes a system of tunnels: Il-foot transonic; 9X7 foot supersonic; 8X7 foot supersonic. The tunnels are used for military aircraft, missile tests, and propulslon/alrf rame Integration. (Use: ll-foot transonic tunnel; 19.9 percent civil, proprietary, and coopera- tive; A3. 7 percent military; and 36.4 NASA unique. 9X7 foot supersonic tunnel; 42.5 percent civil, proprietary, and coopera- tive; 26.8 percent military; and 30.7 NASA unique.) Date of Construction : 1955 Construction Cost : 1984 $$ : $146 million Present International Cooperation Nationallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationality(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Researchers: U.S. Ames, CA. , U.S.A. 14-FOOT TRANSONIC WIND TUNNEL Ames Research Center NASA "Big Science" Descriptor : Aerodynamics Description of Facility/ Instrument : This facility is used primarily for performance and stability and control testing of aircraft configurations. Date of Construction : 1956 Construction Cost: 1984$$ : $58 million Present International Cooperation Natlonallty(s) of Ownership : U.S. Natlonality(s) of Operational Funding : U.S. Nationallty(s) of Management Staff : U.S. Nationality(s) of Researchers; U.S. 238 Ames, CA., U.S