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BRITISH AND EUROPEAN

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

NEW YORK-

1

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS

fMACROLEPIDOPTERAj.

BY

A. W. KAPPEL, F.L.S., F.E.S.

(assistant librarian, linnean society),

AND

W. EGMONT KIRBY, L.S.A.,

AUTHORS OF "BEETLES, BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS, AND OTHER INSECTS."

WITH THIRTY COLOURED PLATES

H. DEUCHERT AND S. SLOCOMBE.

LONDON: NEW YORK:

Ernest Nister. E. P. Dutton & Co.

Printed in Bavaria.

'oy "yUtf f^^ '^\-f^* i-'

The Letterpress, Coloured Plates, and Binding
by E. Nister, Nuremberg, Bavaria.

hxxS']

PREFACE.

Though several books have appeared on the Macrolepidoptera of Europe,
a new work with good ilkistrations and of reasonable price ma}' still be useful. It is to
fill this want that the Authors have decided upon placing the present volume before
their readers.

Space has not pemiitted them to include all the European species, but most
of those inhabiting Central Europe have been dealt with, and nearly all those of
the British Isles will be found described or figured. All the British species have
English names assigned to them, a feature which has been neglected in many books
of recent date.

The average expanse of the wings, in inches, will be found after the names
in the Index of Latin Names, so that, if the reader wishes to know the size of a
species, he can at once ascertain it by referring to that Index. Necessary intomiation
respecting structure, collecting, etc., will be found in the Introduction.

THE AUTHORS.

INTRODUCTION.

Insects are animals with a segmented body consisting of three principal parts: the
head, thorax, and abdomen. There are three pairs of legs and usually a pair of antennae
or feelers.

Most insects come from eggs, but there are also some -which are born alive and others
in which the larvae pass into the pupa-state immediately, without feeding, as in some parasitic
flies. Some crawl from the egg with a form like that of the parent, except that the wings,
and in some the legs and antennae, are wanting, whilst others appear with a worm-like shape,
either footless and headless (maggots), or provided with a head and feet (caterpillars), and
only reach maturity after passing through several metamorphoses. In the former class the
passage from the imperfect to the perfect state is gradual; in the latter four stages may be
clearly distinguished, namely: the egg, the caterpillar or larva, the chrysalis or pupa, and the
imago, or perfect insect.

This is the life-history, as it takes place in Lepidoptera or Butterflies and Moths.

The Lepidoptera form one of the seven orders of Insects, and a systematic study of
these animals involves a knowledge of all the stages of insect development.

A ANATOMY OF LEPIDOPTERA.

The bodies of butterflies and moths are compact and cj'lindrical, the head is small, and
the wings broad, with a regular arrangement of nervures, and covered with fine scales.

On each side of the head is a large globular facetted eye, and between them is the
vertex with the front or forehead before it, which is limited by the upper border of the
mouth. Above this on the front is placed a smooth horny plate, the clypeus. On the vertex
are situated the two so-called simple eyes or ocelli, which are, however, wanting in many
groups. On the front between the compound eyes are the antennae, or feelers.

The mouth-apparatus is intended for sucking up the honey from flowers or the juices
which are exuded from trees. The labrum, or upper lip, is small and often hidden by the
over-lapping clypeus. It is attached to the upper border of the mouth by a membranous
articulation, and projects over the mouth. On both sides of the mouth are rudimentary man-
dibles, the two parts of which can only be recognised in the larger species. The maxillas, or
lower jaws, are produced into a tubular tongue or proboscis consisting of two half cylinders,
which lie in apposition and together form a complete tube. This organ when not in use is
kept coiled up in a spiral, and can be extended at the will of the insect. The length of the
proboscis varies much, being very long in some species, and very short or almost absent in
others. At the base of the proboscis and at its outer side are placed the maxillary palpi,
which are generally small. The labial palpi are very variable in size and are sometimes
scarcely visible. They consist of three joints, the second of which is generally the longest and
most hairy, and the terminal ones are pointed and often very slender.

INTROD UCTION.

a.

Antennae (setiform).

e.

Compound eyes.

0.

Ocelli.

/■

Front.

c.

Collar or Prothorax

m.

Mesothora.x.

s.

Scutellum.

t.

Tegulae.

C.

Costa.

M.

Hind margin.

I.

Inner margin.

B.

Base.

A.

Apex.

H.

Hinder angle.

H,

Anal angle.

\a-

-II. Nervures.

\a-

-XI. Cells.

D.

Discoidal cell.

*

Appendicular cell.

ba.

Basal area.

ca.

Central area.

a.

Antennae (clubbed)

■ma

Marginal area.

e.

Compound eye.

h.

Half line.

f.

Front.

A-

Anterior transverse line.

/•

Proboscis.

/-,.

Posterior transverse line.

r.

Thorax.

cl.

Curved line.

V.

Coxa.

si.

Submarginal line.

w.

Trochanter.

cs.

Central shade.

X.

Femur.

E.

Reniform stigma.

y-

Tibia.

F.

Orbicular stigma.

z.

Tarsus.

G.

Claviform stigma.

C.

Costa.

/>-■

Fringes.

M.

Hind margin.

d.

Abdomen.

I.

Inner margin.

B.

Base.

A.

Apex.

H.

Hinder angle.

H,

Anal angle.

\a-

-10. Nervures.

RR

. Curved line.

d

. Abdomen.

The antennae, or feelers, vary greatly and often serve as a means of distinguishing between
different groups. They are composed of a number of separate joints (from thirty to over an
hundred), the first of which is called the basal joint and is usually stouter and longer than the
others. This joint varies much in length and form even in the same species, and in some, as
in the Bombyces, helps to distinguish between the sexes. The antennae are called clubbed,
when they are gradually thickened to the extremity, as in Papilio ; capitate, when the
thickening takes place abruptly, as in many butterflies; filiform, or thread-like, when they
are of uniform thickness throughout their length; setiform, or bristle-shaped, when they taper
towards the extremity; fusiform, or spindle-shaped, when they are thicker in the middle than
at the two ends, as in the Sphinges; moniliform, if composed of a number of short rounded
joints like a string of beads. The antennse may be covered with fine hairs. If the hairs
are regular and arranged in parallel columns they are said to be ciliated. The hairs may
be uniformly thick or arranged in pairs or in tufts.

The compound eyes occupy nearly the whole of the side of the head. They are spherical,
and are formed of a number of small facets, each of which may be regarded as a small eye:

viii INTRODUCTIOyr.

hence their net-Hke appearance. The colour varies; it may be grey, brown, red, green, black,
etc. The accessory eyes, ocelli or simple eyes as they are sometimes called, are placed on
the vertex, and are generally hidden under the scales. They do not occur in butterflies.

The thorax is composed of three horny segments fused together, with only indistinct
sutures between them. The first thoracic segment, the prothorax, is closely united to the
second and is narrow on the upper side (the pronotum) but wider beneath (the prosternum);
where there are two grooves for the articulation of the first pair of legs. The second thoracic
segment, the mesothorax, whose upper part is called the mesonotum and has a small projection
behind (the scutellum), is grooved on the sides where the fore wings are attached, the base of
which is covered by two small plates called the tegulae. The lower part is called the meso-
sternum. The third segment, the metathorax, is narrower than the second, and is called the
metanotum above, and the metasternum below. It has the hind wings on the sides, and the
third pair of legs beneath. The under side of the thorax is termed collectively the pectus.

The abdomen is formed of eight or nine segments and varies considerably in size. It
is sometimes shorter than the hind wings, but frequently projects beyond them. There are
occasionally erect hairs on the back and often similar tufts on the sides of the extremity of
the abdomen, which are called the anal tuft. On the last segment there are various appen-
dages in many species. There is occasionally an ovipositor in the female.

The wings are membranous leaf-like expansions, which are crossed by horny tubes,
called nervures or veins, and are covered on both surfaces with small scales either uniformly
distributed or unequally dispersed. The nervures really consist of two tubes, one within the
other. The outer of these is filled with blood, and the inner with air. Thus the process of
aeration of the blood is carried on in the wings. The wings are attached by a joint, the fore
wings to the mesothorax and the hind wings to the metathorax. The wings are more or less
triangular in shape, with three sides or edges, which, when they are spread out, are distin-
guished as the front margin or costa, the inner margin, and the outer or hind margin. The
angle between the costa and the hind margin is called the apex or tip, and that between
the inner and hind margins the hinder angle in the fore wings, and the anal angle in the hind
wings. The place where the wings join with the body is called the base. The form of the
wings depends upon the shape of the angles and margins, and is described as oval, rounded,
falcate, etc. The margins of the wings may be straight, curved, scalloped, undulated, or dentated.
On the hind margins there is usually a marginal line before the base of the fringes. The
fringes consist of hair-like scales placed on the free edge, and vary much in length and colour.
In some species the hind wings have long narrow appendages called tails; in others, as in the
plume moths, the w'ings are split up into several feather-like portions nearly to the base. The
position of the wings when at rest differs in different groups. They are sometimes held erect
with their upper surfaces in contact, extended horizontally, in a position midway between the
two, or pressed to the sides of the body. The fore wings may completely cover the hind wings
when at rest, or the hind wings may project over the fore wings. In the females of some of
the Bomhyces the wings are rudimentary or entirely wanting.

The shape of the wings primarily depends upon the nervures. These rise from several
main stems at the base of the wings, and run to the margins, some of them singly, others
branching. They divide the wings mto a number of spaces w-hich are called cells. The
nervure which runs nearest to the costa is called the costal nervure. It is thickest on the
fore wings. The two next which rise from the middle of the base of the wings, and are
conspicuous for their size and shape, are called respectively the subcostal and median nervures,
and enclose a large space between them called the discoidal cell. They branch several times
and are generally united at the extremity of the cell by the disco-cellular nervules. If these
branches are wanting, the discoidal cell is said to be open. Below the median nervure from
one to three slender nervures rise from the base and run to the margins without branching;
these are called submcdian or internal nervures.

IN7'R OD UCTION. ix

The nervures are numbered from behind forwards according to the order in which they
reach the hind margin. The inner-marginal nervures are numbered la, ib, and those coming
next 2, 3, 4, etc. The cells are also numbered from the inner margin to the first branch of
the median nervure, la, ib, ic, and those following 2, 3, 4, etc. Those cells which do not
reach the hind margin and are connected with the discoidal cell are called appendicular cells,
and are of less importance. By this means it is possible to indicate any part of the surface
of the wings laterally. To do this also longitudinally the wings are divided into three areas,
called respectively basal, central and marginal. The centre of the wings may be taken as
the point where the hinder end of the discoidal cell, or the part towards the hind margin, is
situated, and which is often indicated by special markings.

The arrangement of the colours on the wings shows a great variety of pattern, the chief
terms used in describing which are the following: —

Transverse lines are narrow markings which cross the wings transversely.

Half lines are similar lines which do not extend across the whole length of tlie wing.

In the Noctua and other groups the basal and central areas are bounded by simple or
multiple transverse lines, which are described as the two transverse lines, or the anterior and
posterior transverse lines.

Usually only the posterior transverse line is continued on the hind wings and may then
be called, as on the under side, the curved line.

In many species there is a half line in the basal area, and a dark stripe in the central
area between the two transverse lines and parallel with them, called the central shade. In the
marginal area there is often a pale line more or less parallel with the hind margin and bordered
on one or both sides with darker: this is called the submarginal line.

If the transverse markings on the wings are broader they are called bands. The
suffused hand is the space between the submarginal line and the posterior transverse line. The
spots are either irregular in shape or have a peculiar shape. Thus sagittate spots or arrow-
headed spots are small, pointed and triangular, and if larger are called pyramidal spots.

A Innule is a crescent-shaped spot.

The claviform stigma is an elongated, hollow spot, rounded at one end.

The orbicular stigma is a narrow ring differentiated from the ground colour. The eye-spot
is a similar ring with a central dot of a different colour to the ring, called the pupil. Eye-
spots with a double pupil have two dots in the middle.

The reniform stigma is like the orbicular but is usually kidney-shaped. Elongated black
sagittate spots often occur near the base on the submarginal line between the nervures. The
orbicular stigma is usually situated in the discoidal cell, and beyond it is the reniform stigma.
They are then called the two stigmata. When the scales are wanting or thin over the whole
of the wings, the wings are said to be clear or transparent.

Lastly we must mention the frenulum, which is found in most night-flying moths. It
consists of a spine from the costal nervure of the hind wings, which is divided into several
branches. This spine is connected with a hook on the subcostal nervure of the fore wings, on
which it is free to move up and down. Consequently if the fore wing is drawn forward it
drags the hind wing after it.

The legs, of which there are three pairs, are attached to the three thoracic segments,
and consist of five parts. A more or less globular piece fits into the socket, this is the coxa,
and with it articulates a small ring-shaped portion, the trochanter. To this is attached the
femur, which is succeeded at an angle by the tibia. To the tibia is joined the foot or tarsus,
which consists of five small joints, the first of which is usually the largest, but all are very
variable in shape and size.

The last segment bears the claws, which are often bifid. The end of the tibiae is
sometimes provided with one or two pointed appendages or tibial spines. Spurs are horny
spines at the end of the middle and hind tibiae, frequently also present in the middle of the

X INTRODUCTION.

hind tibiae. The front legs are rudimentarj- in manj- butterflies and much smaller than the
others. In moths the hind legs are sometimes imperfectly developed.

The respiratory system consists of spiracles or respiratory pores, situated on the sides
of the thorax and abdomen, but not more than a single pair on each segment. These are
connected with the tracheae, or air tubes, which subdivide and supply all parts of the body.

The heart is a tubular organ, extending from near the caudal extremity, through the
abdomen and thorax, to the head. It consists of a series of chambers, communicating with
one another by means of valves, and also at the sides with the cavity of the body. Here
there are valves also. The blood, which is a colourless fluid, is driven by the action of the
valves from all parts of the body, the alimentary canal and the inter-muscular spaces, towards
the head, whence it escapes into the cavity of the body.

The nervous system consists of a dorsal ganglion in the head and a series of ventral
ganglia in the body connected by two cords. From these ganglia the nerves pass out to the
different parts of the body.

The alimentary canal of Lepidoptera comprises a mouth, pharynx, aesophagus, sucking
stomach, proventriculus or gizzard, ventriculus or true stomach, and the intestine, which is
subdivided into ileum, colon and rectum.

The urinary organs consist of six long tubes which open into the posterior end of the
stomach by two excretory ducts.

The reproductive organs are formed of a set of tubes on each side of the body, opening
by a common orifice near the end of the abdomen.

The muscles, which are colourless, transparent or yellowish white, and of soft and almost
gelatinous consistency, are very numerous. Examined under the microscope, they are seen
to be striated, like the voluntary muscles of higher animals.

Fat is present in the bodies of insects, usuallj- in large quantity, especially about the
alimentary canal and at the sides of the body.

DEVEL OPMENT.

In the early stages Lepidoptera pass through the various forms of &gg, larva or cater-
pillar and pupa or chrysalis.

The eggs are of various forms, being round, oval, cylindrical, lenticular, or cup-shaped,
and their surface may be smooth, ribbed, or granulated. They are usually unicolorous, white,
green, bluish, brown or black, rarely banded or spotted. The eggs are usually attached by
a sticky gum-like material to the food-plant of the future caterpillar, and are arranged in
irregular masses, straight rows in a ring round a twig or singly. Most of them are uncovered,
but some are covered with hair or wool from the body of the female.

The larva is worm-shaped and consists of thirteen divisions, the first of which is the
head, the next three the thoracic segments and the remainder the abdominal segments. The
head is horny, and its upper and anterior surface consists of a horny plate which is divided
by a longitudinal furrow. The shape of the head varies: it may be round, triangular, or heart-
shaped, and sometimes with a pyramidal projection, or furnished with spines. The mouth organs
are horny and consist of a labrum, or upper lip, two pincer-shaped mandibles or upper jaws, a
jointed maxilla or lower jaw, and a labium or lower lip. The maxilla and often the labium
are provided with small palpi. On the labium there is also a remarkable organ, the so-called
spinneret, which is a tube composed of alternate horny and membranous longitudinal pieces,
which discharges the sticky substance required to form the skin of the pupa and which is
secreted by two glandular organs. The eyes of the larva) are simple and arc almost always
present ; there are usually six on each side, varying in size and arranged in a circle. The
three thoracic segments are distinguished from the abdominal segments by the different
character of the legs. The legs of caterpillars are divided into true or thoracic legs, and

INTR OD UCTION: xj

prolegs or abdominal legs. The true legs consist of five parts, and are formed of short horny
cylinders which are connected by membranes. The prolegs are either claspers, or cylindrical,
or short wedge-shaped projections which end in a broad sole. The sole is more or less
surrounded with booklets at the edges. The points are directed inwards to form an organ of
prehension. Or the prolegs may be obtuse at the end with a fleshy, wart-like protuberance;
these legs are also surrounded by hooks, with the points directed outwards; they are generally
found in larvse which live in wood or which mine leaves, and serve merely as a support.
The number and position of the prolegs varies. The terminal segment of the abdomen differs
from the others in form, being rounded, obtuse, bifid or forked, and may have various appen-
dages. The skin of the caterpillar may be bare, or provided with obtuse elevations, such as
tubercles or warts, horny spines, soft fleshy hairy protuberances, and lappets or thin flat smooth
membranous appendages, which form a single or double row at the sides immediately above
the legs. The hairs are simple, plumose, or set with recurved hooks as in the processionary
caterpillars, or are knobbed at the extremity. They are placed singly or in clusters, so as to
form tufts or pencils. Larvas grow very quickly and from time to time the skin becomes too
small and is shed; this is called moulting. The old skin bursts open and the larva emerges
with a soft new skin, which, however, soon hardens.

The pupa has a firm horny integument with an anterior immovable portion and a more
or less mobile posterior end, composed of separate rings. The anterior portion is divided into
several parts by longitudinal depressions on the upper surface. In front is the semicircular
covering of the head, which sometimes has a long or short appendage beneath, enclosing
the proboscis. Beside this are the coverings of the eyes. Next to the covering of the head
are those for the legs, antennae and thorax. Between those for the antennae and thorax are
those for the wings. Then come the abdominal segments, the last of which is obtuse or with
a pointed projection. Pupae are either bare and smooth, or provided with humps, spines or
hair. Those of butterflies have usually projecting angles and ridges, and are generally varied
with greenish, grey or golden. Some other pupae are wedge-shaped and they are usually
darkly coloured. Pupas may be suspended by a thread at the end of the body, attached by
a thread or threads round it, or they may be enclosed in a cocoon.

The worst natural enemies of larvas are the ichneumon flies, a large section of the
Hymenoptera, which play an important part in the economy of nature, by keeping down the
numbers of injurious insects. They mostly search out the caterpillars and pierce them with
their ovipositors, laying their eggs in or on them, whilst other smaller species attack the eggs.
If laid on the larva, the maggots which emerge bore their way through the skin and feed on
the substance of the caterpillar. Many leave the larva before it passes into the pupa-state,
as does the small Microgasfa; which destroys the larvae of the White Butterfly. The maggots
of this species pupate in a small yellow cocoon in which they completely enclose the larva
of the butterfly; this dies and becomes shrivelled and dried up. Others, especially large
caterpillars, may reach the pupa-state, in which case the perfect ichneumons emerge from
the pupa.

There are also flies {Diptera) which are injurious to caterpillars, especially Tachina,
which attacks the larger caterpillars in a similar manner.

Larvae are also subject to various diseases and they are frequently destroyed in large
numbers by the effects of a wet and cold season.

COLLECTING BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

Butterflies and moths are generally caught with a ring net, or occasionally with a forceps
net. The ring net (Figs. 3 and 4), in its best form, consists of an ordinary walking-stick with
a brass ferrule at the end containing a female screw, into which a screw with a large head.

xii IXTRODL'CTION.

corresponding with the ferrule, can be inserted when the net is not required. When required
for use the net can be screwed on. It consists of an iron ring of about eighteen inches to
two feet in diameter with a fine green gauze bag sewn on it, about two and a half to three
feet long and tapering nearly to a point. The ring is jointed so as to fold as shown in the
figure, and once again, so that it can be placed in the pocket. The gauze is attached to
a strip of stouter material, which is sewn round the ring. A stronger net with a stouter ring
and stiffer gauze may be used to sweep caterpillars from the grass.

The forceps net (Fig. 5) consists of a metal forceps with the two arms ending in rings,
filled up with wire netting. With a little practice it will be found easy, with this instrument,
to catch small insects, sitting on tfowers or leaves, but it is somewhat difficult to take them
out of the net. It has the advantage, however, that certain species (such as Syrichthus)
when caught with the forceps are unable to flutter about and can be easily impaled with
a pin. When this is done the forceps is opened, the pin is grasped by the point and the
thorax is pinched with the fingers or with a special forceps intended for the purpose; this

/'

?■ 3-

Fig. 4.

is pointed and is made of good steel (Fig. 6). The forceps net, however, is seldom used in
England, at least for Lepidoptera.

The collector also requires insect pins and chip boxes for small insects, as well as
collecting-boxes. All these articles can be obtained from any natural liistory dealer.

The collecting-boxes must be lined with cork or peat. One of the best is a small tin
box with a piece of cork or turf fixed in the bottom and in the lid.

A bottle of chloroform or sulphurous ether may be carried in order to kill thick-bodied
moths, which would be spoiled by pinching.

To catch small moths a number of small glasses something like short test-tubes may
be used, one moth being secured in each and brought home alive, when they may be killed by
dropping a small quantity of ether into the tube and corking it up; the moth can then be
pierced with a fine pin.

Collecting at night with the lamp or lantern is often practised with very good results.
A lamp with a round burner and a reflector is the best. This should be placed in an
elevated position with a white sheet on the ground beneath it, off which tlie moths may
be picked by the forceps net or in glasses.

The other means employed for catching night-flying moths is by "sugaring." The fact
that moths are attracted by strongly scented flowers and sweet substances first suggested the
preparation of artificial bait. A good preparation consists of beer and honey in the proportion

INTRODUCTION.

of I to 2, flavoured with any kind of fruit. The whole is well mixed and stirred to a thick

liquid and is spread on the trunks of trees, at the ejiges of woods or in avenues. A few drops

of apple flavouring or essence of valerian will increase the attractive effect. A mixture of

coarse sugar and beer boiled down to the proper con-
sistency, and flavoured with a few drops of rum, is

another favourite mixture. At dusk Noctum will be found

on the trees greedily devouring the bait. When dark,

the moths must be sought with a bull's-eye lantern and

caught in chloroform bottles, and when they are sufficiently

benumbed they may be transferred to the collecting-box.
Another attractive bait is dried apples. A number

of sHces are threaded on a string and left in a dry place

till required. Before use they are dipped in one of the

mixtures above described, and the liquid is then allowed

to dry on them. At dusk a number of strings are taken and

hung up from branches at some distance from one another.

Then the collector goes with a lantern in one hand and the

net or chloroform bottle in the other, and if some moths

are already on the pieces of apple the lantern should be

so placed as to illuminate them and the chloroform bottle held under each moth successively,

when it will generally fall in at once. In this way one string
after another is examined. When they have been used several
nights they must again be dipped in the mixture and the same
slices may be used for a whole year.

The best time of year for night-collecting is in spring and
autumn, especially the months of September and October. Windy

wsatner is most unfavourable for collecting at night, and close nights, when a storm appears

to be threatening, are the best. The worst nights of all are when there is a heavy cold dew.

Fis

FicT- 6.

COLLECTING LARV^ AND PUP^.

Larvae may be sought for on their food -plants, or dislodged by beating trees and
bushes, or they may be swept up from grass or herbage with a net. In searching for larvae
we may notice where the leaves have been eaten, are rolled up or spun together. The
excrement may also indicate the presence of the caterpillars, especially when large, like that
of the Death's Head Hawk-moth. This larva may most readily be found by looking for the
excrement under potato plants, where the leaves appear to have been eaten. Most species
have their special food-plants and mode of life. The larvae of the Swallow-tail are found on
various umbelhferous plants, those of the whites on Crucifera, those of Mclitaa gregariously
on plantain in autumn, those of Vanessa in clusters on nettle, etc., the blues generally on
the pods of papilionaceous plants, and those of the Hespevida between the leaves of their
food-plants which have been spun together. The larvae of Sesia and the Cossida feed in the
branches and roots of plants. The Psychida construct a case for themselves from pieces
of grass and dried leaves, carry it about and assume the pupa-state in it. The larvae of the
Sphingida may be detected by observing their excrement on the ground. The Lithosidie live
on lichens.

Among the NodiKS the larva of Plitsia is generally found on the lower surface of
the leaves. Many, such as the species of Xanthia, live in the catkins of willow and poplar
in spring, whilst others, like Dianthcecia, live in the capsules of pinks, etc. The larvae of
Nonagria live in the interior of reeds, and their presence may be recognised by the withering
of the leaves and upper part of the food-plant. But by far the greater proportion of Noctua

xiv INTR OD UCriON.

larvae live on the leaves and roots of low plants, and either bury themselves during the day
under the plant, or near it under stones, lumps of clay, large dry leaves, etc. The larvae of
Geotnetridce feed openly on bushes and trees and resemble dry twigs, so that it requires much
practice to distinguish them. A few, such as Phorodcsma and Enpithecia, live among leaves and
flowers which they have spun together.

Larvae which live on high trees may be obtained by beating the leaves and branches
as already mentioned. An inverted umbrella may be held beneath to receive them; a white
umbrella is the best, as the larvae can then be most easily seen. A mallet covered with
indiarubber to avoid injuring the trees is sometimes used to strike the trunks.

A sweeping-net, such as those used by coleopterists for beetles, may also be used for
collecting larvae. This mode of collecting is generally most successful about dusk.

Looking for caterpillars at night with a lantern will also repay the trouble. Most of
those of the Noctuce emerge from their hiding places at night to feed. Many prefer low plants,
such as primroses, violets, sorrel, etc.

Pupae are either subterranean, as in most of the hawk-moths, Noctiia and Geometrida, or
enclosed in a cocoon on leaves or stalks, on the trunks of trees, or hanging free on w-alls,
branches, fences, etc., as in butterflies. Many construct a cocoon of pieces of bark, lichens
and moss which so closely resemble the trunks of the trees to which they are attached that
it requires a very practised eye to detect them. Many pupae are placed under the bark of trees
and under moss growing on them, and may be found in the winter. Some also occur in the
stems of thistles, vetches and reeds.

Turning over stones, especially in high mountainous districts, is sometimes productive.
Late in the autumn and at the beginning of winter, pupae may be found by digging with a
trowel near the trunks of trees standing alone near the borders of woods or in avenues. The
pupae which are found should be placed in a box filled with cotton-wool or moss, so as not
to shake them, and should afterwards be transferred to a suitable breeding-cage.

REARING.

The most beautiful and perfect specimens are those which have been reared, and species
which are either very scarce in the perfect state or cannot otherwise be found, may be obtained
in this manner, and the collector thus practically gains much useful and interesting information
about early stages of the insects.

Rearing from the eggs is difficult and involves much time and trouble. Eggs may
sometimes be obtained by enclosing a female in a box lined with white paper. They can
then be transferred with the paper to which they are attached to a glass jar or a jam-pot,
over which a piece of glass may be laid. As soon as the eggs begin to darken in colour
a few leaves of the food-plant should be placed in the glass, as food for the young larvae
when they emerge.

Cleanliness is of the utmost importance. Lest the delicate young larvae should be
injured in changing the food it is better to use a soft brush to transfer them to the fresh
food. This method may be employed until the larvae are so large that they can be placed in
cages. When about to moult the larvae refuse food, and must then be left undisturbed.

For rearing larvae, square boxes, or large cylindrical glasses or large wide-mouthed
bottles for those which live on low plants, may be used. The glasses and bottles must be
covered with stout gauze.

For larger caterpillars and those which live on shrubs and trees a cage is required well
made of strong wood. The best form is one like that figured (Fig. 7). In this the top and sides
consist of a frame-work fitted with wire or gauze. One side forms a door, so constructed as
to leave plenty of room on both sides for the larvae to pupate, without being disturbed in
opening and shutting it. It is better if the top is also movable, so that the larvae may be

INTR OD UCTION: xv

observed and sprinkled with water if necessar}'. The bottom must be covered to the depth

of several inches with a mixture of sifted earth and sand, and covered with moss. On one

side are placed pieces of bark, cork,

turf, or other suitable material, among

which the larvae may assume the pupa

state. The food must be renewed

at least once a da}'.

Pupae must not be removed
from their cocoons or the earth around
disturbed, as they easily die if this
be done. Those which hibernate
should be put in a cold place and
covered with moss, and towards spring
removed to a warm room.

When the butterfly or moth
emerges it must be allowed to rest
till its wings are perfectly developed,
which will probably take some hours.
It may then be transferred to a
bottle charged with chloroform or
ether, if required for the collection pj„_ -_

When the insect is dead it should

be laid on a piece of turf or cork covered with paper, and a pin passed through the thorax;
after which it must be set, as described in the next section.

SETTING.

Two methods of setting butterflies and moths are in common use, the British and the
Continental. The British setting-board consists of a piece of wood with a groove in the middle
for the body of the insect and a narrow slice of cork or turf in the groove to hold the pin.
The part of the board on which the wings rest slopes outwards and slightly downwards. The
Continental setting-board (Fig. 8) consists of two pieces of smooth flat board, with a slight

interval between them for the body of the
insect, above another board covered with
cork or turf beneath the opening. The
space between the upper and lower boards
is about an inch. Setting-boards are of
course made of different sizes for different-
sized insects. It will be observed that an
insect set by the first method is low on
the pin, with the wings sloping and almost
touching the paper of the box or drawer,
whilst those set in the Continental way
are high on the pins with the wings per-
fectly flat and horizontal. The latter method looks the best and places the specimens
further out of reach of mites.

In setting a butterfly or moth, care must be taken to pin it exactly through the middle
of the thorax, and to see that it is quite dead, for if it is still alive it will move the antennae
and wings and become spoiled. The insect is pinned with the body in the groove of the
setting-board and the wings spread out in the position seen on the plates, and retained in
the proper position by means of strips of paper or thin cardboard secured by pins as seen

Fisf. 8.

X vi INTR OD UCTIO.Y.

in the figure. Care must be taken to set both sides perfectly uniformly. A little wool or
cork may be placed under the abdomen, as it is otherwise liable to droop in the Continental
setting. The boards are kept in a setting-house. This is a high box, with a door at the side,
in which is placed a perforated metal plate to admit air. Inside are grooves into which the
boards slide. Insects will take from a week to a fortnight according to size to become
perfectly dry, but, in hot dry weather not so long.

Butterflies and moths which are so dry that the wings cannot be expanded must be
relaxed. To do this, take a box or plate filled with damp sand with a piece of turf or cork
laid on it and cover it with a bell-jar. Stick the insect on the turf or cork and leave it there for
a day or two under the jar. The wings will then become limp and the insect may easily be
set. It must not be left too long on the damp sand lest it become mouldy or discoloured,
which is especially liable to happen in the case of the blue butterflies and green Geometrida.
Instead of a box and bell-jar, a tight-fitting tin box may be used.

THE COLLECTION.

When the butterfly or moth is quite dry, it should be carefully removed from the
setting-board and placed in an air-tight box lined with turf or cork covered with white paper,
or the insects may be arranged in a cabinet with glass-covered drawers similarly lined with
cork or turf. If a cabinet be obtained for the collection the drawers should be made of
exactly the same size, so that any drawer can be taken out and transferred to a different part
of the cabinet. Some entomologists use drawers fitted with glass on both sides, with a narrow
strip of cork covered with white paper on the lower surface to receive the pins. The advan-
tage of this is that the under side of the insects can be seen without disturbing them. The
cabinet or boxes must be placed in a dry warm room, as damp is very injurious to the collection.

In arranging the collection the most perfect and the best coloured specimens are chosen,
and w-here possible both the male and female as well as the under side should be represented.
In arranging series, specimens from several localities are very interesting. One pair is not
sufficient in the case of variable species, and in these the more varieties that can be obtained
the better. On the pin of each specimen should be placed a small label w'ith the locality and
date of capture, and the generic name should be put at the top of the series, and the specific
name below that of each species. The insects should be arranged in columns, which may be
marked out with ink or with black thread.

There are various ways of protecting the collection from mites, etc. A piece of camphor
or solid naphtholine may be placed in a muslin bag in a corner of the drawer or box, or in
recesses made for the purpose. On the Continent mercurj' is sometimes placed loose in the
drawers.

Butterflies and moths which have become greasy may be placed in a box and covered
with finely ground chalk or pipeclay and a few drops of sulphuric ether poured over it. The
box is then kept closed for a few days, when the adherent powder is carefully removed with
a fine camel's-hair brush. If very greasj' the insect may be dipped into pure ether or benzole,
but the dry method is preferable, and should always be tried first.

RHOPA LOCERA : BUTTERFLIES.

Antennje simple, clubbed or capitate.

No ocelli.

No frenulum.

Both the upper and under side are usually
brightly coloured. Butterflies fly by day, and
when resting hold their wings upright, or
closed, with the upper surfaces in contact.

The caterpillars are provided with sixteen
legs. In some genera they are smooth, e. g.
Papilio; in others spiny, as in Vanessa; with
fleshy tubercles studded with hair, as in Thais;
or again woodlouse-shaped, as in Lycanida.
They live for the most part exposed on plants,
often gregariously.

The pupee are generally suspended by the
tail, hanging head downwards; some are sup-
ported by a band of silk round the body,
but are attached by the tail in addition; in
these the head points upwards. Only a few
of the pupae are met with on or in the ground.

FAMILY

PAPILIONID^.

To this family belongs the Swallow-tail,
the largest of our British butterflies. The
fore wings of the Papilionida: are broad, and
the hind wings have a long tail towards the
anal angle. The caterpillars are provided with
a bifid fleshy organ behind the head, which
they protrude when disturbed, and which emits
a strong odour. The butterflies frequent open
spaces in woods, meadows, and on hill-sides.
The pupa; are attached by the tail and by a
thread round the body.

Genus Papilio, Linn.

P. podalirius, Linn. The Scarce Swallow-
tail. PI. I. fig. I. Caterpillar la. Chrysalis ib.

This beautiful insect is common in many
parts of the Continent, and prefers hilly places.
The caterpillar lives from July till September
on sloe and whitethorn, and in the South also
on almond trees. Var. feisthamelii, Herr.
Schafi". has the ground colour of the wings
almost white. It occurs in Spain. Var.
zanclaeus, ZelL, which is white on the ab-
domen, is found in Southern Europe.

P. machaon, Linn. The Swallow-tail.
PI. I. fig. 2. Caterpillar 2a. Chrysalis 2b.

This insect seems to have been formerly
widely distributed throughout England, but it
is now almost confined to the fenny districts
which still remain in the Eastern counties,
especially Norfolk and Suffolk. It frequents
open woods and meadows in May, June, and
August. The caterpillars are black at first,
but as they grow larger become green, with
black rings spotted with red. They feed on
fennel and carrot.

P. alexanor, Esp. is found in some of the
mountains of Southern Europe.

P. hospiton, Gene, is found in the moun-
tainous districts of Corsica and Sardinia.

Genus Thai's, Fabr.

The wings are rounded and dentated, the
hind wings longer, the fore wings narrower
than in the last Genus. The caterpillars are
armed with spines, which are placed at the
extremity of tubercular elevations.

T. polyxena, W. V., PI. I. fig. 3. occurs in
South-Eastem Germany and Southern France.
It appears in the Spring. The caterpillar is
found about August feeding on Aristolochia
clematidis. There is a darker variety called
Cassandra, Hfibn. found in Italy and the South

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

of France. Another variet}', ochracea, Stand.
has the ground colour dark ochre-yellow. It
occurs in Southern Europe.

T. cerisyi, Godt. occurs in Greece and
Turkey.

T. rumina, Linn, is found in Spain and
Portugal, and the paler form var. medesi-
caste, lUig. is found in the South of France.

Genus Parnassius, Latr.

Wings broad and rounded, the inner margin
of the hind wings covered with dense black
scales. The female is provided with a horny
pouch on the abdomen. The pupae are smooth
and covered with a purple bloom. They spin
themselves up between lea\es with silken
threads. The pupa; are found on the ground,
under stones, etc.

P. apoUo, Linn. PL I. fig. 4. Larva
fig. 4a. occurs on hills and mountains through-
out Europe, except Great Britain. The cater-
pillar lives in May and June on Sedniii album,
and prefers the leaves which have been red-
dened by the sun.

P. delius, Esp., is very like apollo, but is
smaller, and the wings are generally whiter and
more thickly covered with scales. The fore
wings are less rounded and are often marked
with red spots. It is found in the higher Alps
of Switzerland and the Southern Tyrol. It
is very fond of resting on the flowers of
thistles. The caterpillar is very like that of
apollo, and is found in June on saxifrage.

P. mnemosyne, Linn. PL I. fig. 5. is
white, with black veins and spots, but no red
ones. It occurs in mountainous districts in
Switzerland, Bavaria, and the Pyrenees,
appearing in June. The larva is smoky black,
with two reddish yellow spots on each seg-
ment. It appears in April and May, and feeds
on larkspur.

FAMILY
P I E R I D ^.

These are white or yellow butterflies of
moderate size, with the wings generally roun-
ded, the hind wings being neither concave
nor dentated. They frequent meadows and
gardens, and are often met with in large num-
bers. The larvae are short, smooth, or downy.

and are great pests in vegetable gardens.
The pupae are angular, slightly compressed
laterally, and tapering to a point. They are
attached by the tail, and by a belt of silk
around the bod)-.

Genus Aporia, Hiibn.

The wings are white, with distinct black
nervures. The only European species is

A. crataegi, Linn. The Black-veined White.
PL II. fig. I. Larva la. occurs all over Europe,
appearing in June and July. It is confined
in England to the Midland and Southern
counties, and is not found in Ireland or Scot-
land. The larvffi pass the Winter gregariously
in webs on fruit-trees, whitethorn, and sloe.
They separate after moulting for the third
time, and assume the pupa state on the boughs
and trunks of trees in May and June. On
the Continent they are very destructive to
orchards. This insect is always of uncertain
appearance, and within the last few years has
become very rare, if not almost extinct, in
England, without anv apparent reason.

Genus Pieris, Schrank.

The fore wings are blackish at the tip and
rather pointed, and the under side of the hind
wings is jellowish or greenish. The cater-
pillars feed on low plants, chiefly those be-
longing to the order Crucifera;. They are often
very destructive in gardens. The pupae are
angular, and the anterior end is rather pointed.

P. brassicae, Linn. The Large White.
PL II. fig. 2. Female 2a. Larva 2b. Pupa 2c.
is abundant throughout Europe all through
the Summer. It is double brooded, and the
caterpillars are found from June to September
on cabbages, etc., often completely stripping
the leaves. They are xery much infested by
ichneumons, however, and dead caterpillars are
sometimes covered with the cocoons of these
insects.

P. rapae, Linn. The Small White. PL II.
fig. 3. Female 3a. is common everywhere from
Spring to Autumn. It is our commonest
British butterfly, and is not infrciiuently met
with in town gardens and squares. The cater-
pillar is dull green, with yellow dorsal and
transverse lateral lines, and is common in June
and September on cabbages.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

P. napi, Linn. The Green-veined White.
PI. II. fig. 4. Female 4a. Under side 4b. is
common in Spring and Summer in fields and
woods. A darlv variety called bryoniae, Ochs.
occurs in the Alps. The veins of this are
dusted with grey on the upper side, and the
whole surface is sometimes grey. The cater-
pillar is very like that of rapa, but is darker,
and has the spiracles marked with red. Like
the other species it feeds on cruciferous plants.

P. daplidice, Linn. The Bath White.
PI. II. fig. 5. Female 5a. Under side 5b. is
readily distinguished from the other species
by the green markings on the under side of
the hind wings. The female is more heavily
marked on the fore wings, and has in addition
some black spots on the hind wings, which are
wanting in the male. It is found in August
and September in waste places. The variety
bellidice, Ochs., is the Spring brood, and is
smaller. The caterpillar is greyish green, with
yellowish longitudinal lines on the back and
sides. It is found in June, and again in the
Autumn, feeding on Cruciferid and Resedacca.

P. callidice, Esp. resembles daplidice, but
has the fore wings more pointed, the spot at
the end of the discoidal cell narrower, and
the white marks on the under side of the hind
wings more elongated. The female has, on
the upper side, a broad blackish border with
elongated white marks. It is found in July
on the higher Alps, and its swift flight makes
it a rather difficult insect to catch.

Genus Euchloe, Hubn.

These butterflies have short antennae with
flattened ovoid clubs. The pupje are arched
and boat-shaped, and are attached like those
oiPieris. The caterpillars also feed on Crucifei'it.

E. cardamines, Linn. The Orange Tip.
PI. III. fig. I. Under side la. Female ib.
This pretty insect is found in Spring, in
meadows and grass-lands. It is widely distri-
buted over Europe, and is generally common
in the British Isles. When at rest it sits
with the wings closed and the fore wings drawn
down, so that the orange spot is quite con-
cealed, and when resting in this position on
an umbelliferous flower it can hardly be distin-
guished from the plant. The caterpillar is
green, finely speckled with black, and has

a whitish lateral stripe. It feeds on various
Criicifcra, especially Cardamiiie pratensis and
Turritis glabra.

Genus Leucophasia, Steph.

Delicate butterflies with narrow wings,
which are white and rounded, with the tips
of the fore wings blackish. The antennae are
rather short, and furnished with a flattened
oval club.

L. sinapis, Linn. The Wood White.
PI. III. fig. 2. Female 2a. has two broods,
appearing in April or May and in August. It
is common throughout Europe in open woods.
In Britain it is widely distributed, but is ex-
tremely local. The variety lathyri, Hiibn.
has the hind wings greenish instead of white.
Another variety erysimi, Bork. has no dusky
tips to the fore wings. Both these varieties
occur in Britain. The larva is green, with a
darker stripe on the back and a yellow one
on each side. It is found in June and in
Autunm on various leguminous plants, such
as Vicia cracca, Lotus corniculatiis, Lathyrns
pratensis, etc. The pupa is pointed in front,
and is of a yellowish green or grey colour, with
reddish brown sides.

Genus Colias, Fabr.

Yellow butterflies of moderate size, with
black borders intersected with yellow spots.
The fore wings have a black discoidal spot,
and the hind wings a larger yellowish one. On
the under side this is pearly, surrounded by a
dark ring, and often with another spot just in
front of it, forming a figure 8.

C. palaeno, Linn. PI. III. fig. 3. The
male is represented on our plate. The female
is greenish white, and has the black border
less sharply defined on the inner side than
the male. It occurs in June over peat-bogs,
and has a very swift flight. It is found in
Central and Northern Europe. The larva is
dark green, bordered with black, and appears
in May on Vaccinium uliginosum.

C. phicomone, Esp. PI. III. fig. 4. has
the wings greenish yellow. The female is
almost white, with the nervures dusted with
black. The under side of the hind wings has
a large whitish central spot, sometimes double,
and surrounded by a reddish ring ; on the

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

costa there is a red spot. It is found in July
on mountain pastures in Switzerland and the
Pyrenees. The caterpillar is dark green, with
a white lateral stripe, and is found in May
and June on Vkia.

C. hyale, Linn. The Pale Clouded Yel-
low. PI. III. fig. 5. occurs from July to
September, and is common in fields and
meadows throughout Europe. In England
it is generally scarce, and is almost confined
to the Southern counties. The larva is
dark green, with a narrow yellow and white
lateral stripe. It is found in June on legu-
minous plants, especially trefoil.

C. edusa, Fabr. The Clouded Yellow.
PI. III. fig. 6. Female fig. 6a. is commoner
in England than hyale, but like it is very
variable in its appearance, being scarce or
local for some years, and then appearing in
large numbers all over the country, as was
the case in 1877. The variety helice, Hiibn.
PI. III. fig. 7. is a pale form of the female,
found most frequently in the South of Europe,
but sometimes in England too. The larva is
dark green, with a narrow whitish lateral stripe
and yellowish spiracles. It is found in June
on various species of TrifoUitm, especially the
common clover.

C. myrmidone, Esp. resembles the last
species, but is smaller and of a brighter orange
colour with a reddish shine, with a narrower
marginal band, not intersected with yellow
lines in the male. On the under side the dark
spots near the hind margins are either wanting
or indistinct. It is found in Southern and
Eastern Europe in May and August.

Genus Gonepteryx, Leach.

The wings are broad with a prominent
angular projection ; there is an orange spot
at the end of the discoidal cell on each wing.
The body is downy. The antenna; are red
and short.

G. rhamni, Linn. The Brimstone Butter-
fly. PI. III. fig. 8. Larva 8a. Pupa 8b.
The female is greenish white, and resembles
the male, but is somewhat larger. The butter-
flies which have hibernated appear on the
first warm days of Spring, and are found in
open woods. It is fairly common in England,
but rare in Scotland and local in Irelanil.

There sre two broods, which appear from
July to October. The caterpillars are found
in May and June on buckthorn.

G. Cleopatra, Linn, differs from the last
species by having a large patch of orange on
the fore wings of the male. The female is
very like that of rhatnni. It is a South Euro-
pean species.

FAMILY

LYC^NID^.

Small butterflies with the antennas straight
with rather long clubs. The first pair of legs
is shorter than the others. The hind wings
are tailed in some species. The caterpillars
are woodlouse-shaped, short and finely haired.
The pupas are short, thick, and immobile.
They are attached by the tail and by a
silk thread round the middle, as in the last
two families.

Genus Thecla, Fabr.

The upper side is dark brown, often with
a large orange or blue mark on the fore wings
in the female. The under side is grey or
brownish, with white lines and a row of orange
spots along the border of the hind wings. The
hind wings generally have a short tail. The
caterpillars are found on trees and bushes.

T. betulae, Linn. The Brown Hair
Streak. PI. III. fig. 9. Female ga. is found
from July to September on the borders of
woods. The caterpillar is green, with dorsal
and lateral longitudinal white stripes. It feeds
upon sloe and other species of Pniiiiis in May
and June.

T. spini, W. \'. The wings are brown
on the upper side, with one or two small
orange spots near the anal angle of the hind
wings in the male. The under side is brown-
ish grey, with a white line running across
the hind wings. Along the hind margins
there is a row of orange spots, and near the
anal angle a large blue mark. It is found
from June to August, and frequents open
places in woods and roadsides. It is common
in Central Europe, but is not found in Great
Britain. The caterpillar feeds in May on
species of Pruntts.

T. w-album, Knoch. The White-letter
Hair Streak. PI. IV. fig. i. Under side la.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

is found in June and July in open woods,
and about elm trees. It likes best to settle
on flowering privet and Vihurnmn. It is found
all over Central Europe, but is not generally
common in Britain. The caterpillar is found
in May on the leaves of the common elm,
upon which it feeds.

T. ilicis, Esp. The male has the wings
dark brown. The female is lighter, and is
shot with greenish bronze, and the fore wings
have a dull orange blotch upon them. The
under side, which is of a lighter brown, has
a row of small white crescent-shaped spots
running parallel with the hind margins.
These are not conspicuous on the fore wings,
but are more distinct on the hind wings, on
which there is a row of orange spots be-
tween them and the margin. In the var. esculi,
Hiibn. the row of white spots on the under
side of the fore wings is wanting. The butterfl}'
frequents woods in May and September. It
is a Central European species, but is not
found in Britain. The caterpillar is green,
with a yellowish streak on the back and sides.
It feeds in May and August on oak bushes.

T. acaciae, Fabr. resembles the last spe-
cies, but wants the orange spot on the fore
wings in the female. The under side is paler
than the upper, and more of a grey colour,
the white line of the hind wings is more dis-
tinct than in ilicis, and the row of orange
spots shorter. It inhabits Southern Europe,
especially the South of France, in June and
July, and is most frequent in dry meadows
on hills. The caterpillar lives in June upon
sloe bushes.

T. pruni, Linn. The Black Hair
Streak. PL IV. fig. 2. Under side 2 a. is
fairly common in June and July in open
woods. It is found throughout Central Europe,
but it is excessively local in England. The
larva is green, darker above, with two rows
of long yellow spots on the back and one on
each side, and six oblique yellow stripes on
the sides. It is found in May and June on
various species of Prwius.

T. quercus, Linn. The Purple Hair
Streak. PL IV. fig. 3. Female 3 a. This
beautiful insect appears in June and July, and
frequents oak woods, where it sports about
among the oak -leaves. It is commoner in

England than in Scotland and Ireland. The
larva is reddish brown, often with a green
tinge, and has two rows of oblique black
stripes on the dorsal surface. It lives in May
and June on oak.

T. rubi, Linn. The Green Hair Streak.
PL IV. fig. 4. Under side 4a. is found in
May and August in woods and on heaths.
It is fairly common in Great Britain. The
caterpillar is green with whitish streaks on
the back, and white stripes and oblique
yellow lines on the sides. It feeds on broom,
the flower heads of the bramble, etc.

Genus PolyoiTimatus, Latr.

The upper side of these butterflies is bril-
liant orange-red in the males, often with a
violet lustre. The females vary from orange to
dark brown, with a red marginal band spotted
with black, and generally with black spots
on the fore wings, and sometimes also on the
hind wings. The under side of the fore wings
is orange, and of the hind wings grey, varying
from blue to warm brown, with numerous black
spots ringed with white. The larvae are wood-
louse-shaped, with a small retractile head, and
are covered with a fine down. They feed upon
various species of Rumex, and remain hidden
during the da^'. They construct their pupae
on the stems of plants or on the ground.

P. virgaurese, Linn. PL IV. fig. 5. is
fairly common in woods and meadows on
the Continent, but is not found in Britain.
It appears in May and August. The female
is orange-brown with a coppery lustre and
marked with black spots. The larva is dull
green, with a dark green streak on the side
of each segment, and a yellowish line along
the back. It feeds on Solidago virgaiwca and
various species of Rumcx, and is found in June
and September.

P. dispar. Haw. The Large Copper.
PI. IV. fig. 6. Female 6a. Under side 6 b.
This beautiful butterfly, formerly found in
the fen districts of Cambridgeshire and Hunt-
ingdonshire, is now, unfortunately, extinct. It
used to occur from the middle of June to the
middle of August. J. F. Stephens describes
it as common at Whittlesea Mere, but the
last specimen was taken there in 1S45. One
of the last authenticated captures was that

BRITISH AXD EUROPE AX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

of a solitary specimen at Bottisham Fen in
1S51. (Miller and Sketchley's "Fenland." 1878.

P- 594-)

P. rutilus, Wernb. the allied Continental

species, is smaller and less brightly coloured
than dispar, and has no discoidal spot on the
fore wings of the male, and two instead of
three spots in the discoidal cell of the fore
wings of the female. The under side is grey
rather than blue, and the spots are smaller.
Moreover, the orange band near the hind mar-
gin, on the under side of the hind wings, is
•narrower. It is very local in Germany and
France, but commoner towards the east of
Europe. It is found in July and August
flying in damp meadows. The larva is green
with a paler lateral stripe, and feeds on spe-
cies of Rumcx.

P. hippothoe, Linn. PI. IV. fig. 7. is fairly
common in Northern and Central Europe on
damp meadows ; it is, however, not found in
Britain. The female is brown. The larva is
green, with a darker dorsal stripe and two
paler lines on the sides. It feeds on several
species of Ritmex in June. The Alpine variety
eurybia, Ochs. is rather smaller, with the
borders of the wings in the male blacker and
narrower, and the female is darker.

P. dorilis, Hufn. The wings are dark
brown in the male, with black spots. In the
female the centre of the wings is dull coppery,
with black spots. The hind wings are dark
brown in both se.xes, with a marginal orange
band marked with black spots. The under
side is grey, tinged with yellow in the male
and with orange in the female. It is common
in Central and Southern Europe throughout
the Summer on heaths and in meadows and
dry woods. The larva is grass-green with
lighter spots and short reddish brown hairs
or bristles. It lives on Rumex acetosa from
April to July. There are three or four broods
during the year. Var. subalpina, Speyer.
is found in Switzerland. The male is without
an orange band on the upper surface, and
the under side is without any orange tinge in
either sex.

P. phlaeas, Linn. The Small Copper.
PI. IV. fig. 8. is common all over Europe on
roadsides, heaths, and fields. It is found through-
out the greater part of the Summer, there being

several broods. The caterpillar is green, usually
with a delicate purplish pink stripe on the
back and sides. It feeds on various species
of Rnmex.

P. helle, W. \". The fore wings are copper-
coloured, with black spots, and the hind
wings are dark brown with a marginal band
of copper. In the male the wings are shot
with a brilliant bluish violet. The fore wings
are bright orange on the under side, spotted
with black. It is found in Northern and
Central Europe, but not in the North-West,
and frequents damp meadows from May to
August. The caterpillar is yellowish green,
with a darker green stripe on the back and
sides. The head is yellow. It feeds on Poly-
gonum historta.

Genus Lycaena, Fabr.

These beautiful little butterflies fly in
meadows and woods in the heat of the day,
and may often be seen in large numbers on
roadsides in damp places. They are usu-
ally of a blue colour on the upper side of
the wings in the males, and brown in the
females. The under sides are grey, with
numerous eye-spots, forming a row beyond
the middle, and generally with others near
the base. Hind wings with one or two rows
of ocellated spots on the hind margin, often
enclosing an orange band. Some species have
short tails on the hind wings. The larvjE are
woodlouse-shaped, and feed chiefly on legu-
minous plants, both on the flowers and fruits.
They generally hide themselves during the
day. Most species hibernate.

L. bcetica, Linn. The Tailed Blue.
PI. IV. fig. 9. Female ga. Under side gb. is
commonest in the South of Europe, but is
occasionally taken on the South coast of
England. Its time of appearance is July and
August. The larva varies from green or olive
to reddish brown, and has a dark stripe along
the back. It lives in the pods of the conunon
pea and various other leguminous plants.

L. argiades, Pall. The Small Tailed Blue.
The male is violet-blue, the female brown
slightly tinged with violet, and blue at the
base. Both sexes have the fringes white,
and a short tail on the hind wings. The
Spring brood (polysperchon, l;!erg.) is smaller.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

■with ven- indistinct marginal spots on the hind
wings. The butterfly is found from May to
August in open woods and meadows, and is
generally common in Central and Southern
Europe. It has been taken once or twice in
the South of England. The larva is pale
green, with a darker stripe along the back,
and dark streaks and light brown and
white spots on the sides. It is found in
May and August on trefoil and other legu-
minous plants.

L. aegon, W. V. The Silver-studded Blue.
The male is deep blue inclining to violet,
with a broad black band on the hind margins.
The female is brown with an orange band on
the hind margins, more distinct on the hind
than on the fore wings. The under side is grey,
with a double row of black spots, flecked with
silver, enclosing an orange band on the hind
margins of both fore and hind wings. The
front tibiae have a horny spur. This insect
occurs throughout the whole of Europe, and is
widely distributed in England, though some-
what local. It is on the wing from May to
August. The larva is yellowish green with
a blackish brown dorsal stripe, edged with
white. It is found in May and June, and
feeds on trefoil, vetches, and other leguminous
plants.

L. argus, Linn. PI. V. fig. i. Female
la. Under side ib. is common in the greater
part of Europe, but is not found in Britain,
and frequents meadows, damp roadsides, etc.,
and on hot days may sometimes be seen in
hundreds about pools and rivulets. The larva
is dark green, with a red line on the back,
and an oblique reddish brown streak on tlie
sides. It lives from Autumn till Spring on
Genista, Mdilotus, etc. Var. aegidion, Meissn.
is the Alpine form. It is smaller, and the wings
of the male are of a deep violet colour.

L. optilete, Knoch. The male is dark
violet-blue, with narrow brown margins. The
female is brown suffused with blue towards
the base. It is found in Germany and the
Swiss Alps in boggy places in June and Jul}'.
The larva feeds on Vaccinium oxycoccits in
Autumn, and again after hibernation in May.

L. orion, Pallas. The wings are dark
brown dusted with blue in the male, and have
a row of black spots ringed with blue on the

hind margins. The fringes are spotted with
black and white. The under side is greyish
white, with rows of black spots; the hind wings
have a light orange marginal band. It is found
in Central and Southern Europe from May to
July. The caterpillar is dark green, with a
dark violet dorsal line and a black head. It
feeds on species of Sedum in July and August.

L. baton, Berg, is a Central and South
European species. The wings are, in the
male, pale lilac-blue with a black discoidal
spot, and a row of black dots along the hind
margin of the hind wings. The fringes are
black, spotted with white. The female is light
brown, dusted with blue at the base. The
under side is light grey, with a row of black
spots on the hind margins of the fore wings,
and two rows enclosing a pale orange band
on the hind wings. It is found in May and
June and again in August in dry, sandy, and
chalky places.

L. pheretes, Hiibn. Male, violet -blue
with narrow black margins. Female, uni-
form brown. Under side light grey, with
black eye-spots on the fore wings, and plain
white spots on the hind wings. It is found
in mountain pastures in the higher Alps and
the mountains of Northern Europe. The
butterfly loves to sit on the flowers of
Polygonum.

L. orbitulus, Prun. The male is pale
bluish grey, with a black discoidal dot on all
the wings, and in addition a row of dark spots
along the hind margins. The female is uni-
form brown, with only a brown discoidal
spot on the fore wings. It is local in the
higher Alps of Switzerland and Southern
Tyrol in June and July.

L. astrarche, Bergstr. The Brown Argus.
PI. V. fig. 2. Female 2a. Both sexes are
brown, with orange marginal spots, which may
be wanting, as in the variet}' allous, Hiibn.
The under side is brownish grey. The butter-
flies appear in May and August, and those
of the Spring brood are larger and of a
lighter colour than those found later. It fre-
quents dry sunny meadows and hill-sides, and
is commonest in England in the Southern
counties. The variety artaxerxes, Fabr.
PI. V. fig. 3. Female 3a. Under side 3b. has
a white discoidal spot on the fore wings, and

BRITISH AXD EURO TEA X BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS

is without the black spots on the under side.
It is found in Scotland as far as Aberdeen-
shire, and is single-brooded, appearing at the
end of June.

L. eros, Ochs. is an Alpine species. The
male is bright shining blue above, with a
broad blackish border. The female is brown.
It appears in June and August.

L. icarus, Rott. The Common Blue.
PI. V. fig. 4. Under side 4a. is widely dis-
tributed throughout Europe, and is the com-
monest of the blues in the British Isles.
' It is found from May till October in mea-
dows and on roadsides. The female is
brown, often more or less tinged with blue
at the base of the wings. The larva is green,
with a darker green stripe on the back and
a light green one on the sides. It feeds in
May and through the Summer on leguminous
plants, especially Ononis spinosa.

L. eumedon, Esp. occurs in Central and
South-Eastern Europe. Both sexes are brown,
the male being darker than the female. There
is a black discoidal spot on the fore wings
and a row of tawny spots on the hind margins
of the hind wings in the female. The fringes
are white. It occurs in July and August in
damp meadows, but is not very common. The
caterpillar feeds on the pods of Geranium pratense
and purpureiim.

L. amanda, Schn. This species, like the
last, though widely distributed in Europe,
is not found in Britain. The male is sky-
blue, with a broad black border, and the
female is brown, with three or four submargi-
nal orange spots on the hind wings. The
fringes of the wings are white. There is a
black discoidal spot in both sexes, though it
is rather indistinct in the female. On the
under side of the hind wings there are three
dark basal spots, and a tawny band on tlie
hind margins with two rows of black spots.
It appears in June and August, and is found
in open woods.

L. escheri, Hiibn. Resembles icarus, but
is larger, and without basal spots on the under
side. It is found in the Southern passes
of the Swiss Alps in July.

L. bellargus, Rott. The Clifden Blue.
PI. V. fig. 5. Female 5a. Under side 5b. is
found in Central and Southern Europe, as

well as in the South of England. It is un-
known, however, in Scotland or Ireland. The
wings of the male are brilliant glossy blue,
in the female brown dusted with blue. In
the variety of the female called ceronus, Hiibn.
the colour is blue like that of the male, but
with the orange spots on the margins as in
the ordinary females. It is found from May
to September in chalky and limestone districts.
The larva is green, with two rows of brownish
spots on the back, and a yellow stripe on
the side. It feeds in May and June and
again in the Autumn on clover and other
leguminous plants.

L. corydon, Poda. The Chalk Hill Blue.
PL V. fig. 6. Female 6a. Under side 6b. This
large and beautiful blue butterfly is found
in July and August in open places and on
hill-sides in chalky localities, and is com-
mon, where it occurs, in the South of Eng-
land, but is absent from Scotland and Ireland.
The larva is green and hairy, with a black
head, and a double row of yellowish humps on
the back, and oblique lateral stripes of the
same colour. It is found in May and June,
and feeds on vetches and trefoil.

L. hylas, Esp. PI. V. fig. 7. Female
7a. is found from May to August, on dry
heaths, in Central and Southern Europe.
The larva is dark green, with yellow streaks
on the sides, and a dark line on the back.
It feeds on the flowers of Melilolus in May
and August.

L. meleager, Esp. is bright light blue, with
narrow black margins. The female is darker,
with black nervures and broad dark brown
margins, and two deep notches near the anal
angle. The under side is like that of cory-
don, but without black spots on the fore wings.
It is found in June and July in limestone
districts in Switzerland and the South of France
and Germany. Var. steveni, Treit. In this form
the female is dark brown without an_v tinge
of blue, and the male has a distinct black
margin. It inhabits Switzerland and South
Tyrol.

L. damon, W. V. The male is pale sil-
ver}' blue, somewhat brighter than corydon,
with a dark brown border to the wings. The
female is brown with white fringes. The under
side is brownish grev, with a central row of

PLATE I.

I. Papilio podalirius, la. Larva, ib. Pupa. 2. Papilio machaon, 2a. Larva, 2b. Pupa.
3. Thais polyxena. 4. Parnassius apoUo, 4a. Larva. 5. Parnassius mnemosyne.

British and European Buttrrjlies and Moths.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

small white-ringed black spots, an elongated
discoidal spot on the fore wings, and a white
streak across the hind wings running almost
to the base. This insect is local in some parts
of West Central and Southern Europe, and
is found principally in sainfoin fields. The
larva, which is green, with a dark stripe on
the back and reddish yellow lateral lines, is
found in May on sainfoin.

L. argiolus, Linn. The Azure Blue.
PI. V. fig. 8. Female 8a. Under side 8b.
is found from April to August in open woods,
etc. It is common in Ireland as well as in
England, but becomes rarer towards the
North. The caterpillar is yellowish green or
reddish, pubescent, with a dark green line along
the back. It feeds in May and again later
in the year on the flowers of the holly, ivy,
and species of Rhamnus.

L. sebrus, Boisd. is found in the mountain
valleys of Austria and South Tyrol. The male
is violet-blue and the female dark brown. The
under side is light grey, with a row of equal
sized eye-spots.

L. minima, Fuessl. The Small Blue.
PI. V. fig. g. Under side ga. Both sexes
are dark brown, faintly tinged with silvery
blue in the male. The under side is silvery
grey. It is found from ]May to August on
hilly pastures, etc. In England it is found in
chalk or limestone districts. The larva is dark
green with an orange-red dorsal stripe, edged
with yellow, and an oblique yellowish streak,
edged with orange, on the side of each seg-
ment. It feeds in June and August on various
vetches.

L. semiargus, Rott. The Mazarine Blue.
PI. V. fig. lo. Under side loa. is found all
over Europe, but is rare and local in Britain.
It frequents pasture lands near woods from
May to August. The female is uniform
brown, with a narrow discoidal spot on the
fore wings.

L. cyllarus, Rott. is light blue, with a
reddish shine ; the female is dark brown,
slightly blue at the base. The under side is
light grey, with the black spots on the fore
wings much larger than those on the hind
wings, and the base of the hind wings metallic
green. It is found in mountain meadows in
the greater part of Europe from May to August.

The larva feeds on various leguminous plants,
such as Mdilotus and Genista.

L. iolas, Ochs. This is the largest Euro-
pean Blue. It occurs locally in Germany and
France, and rarely in Switzerland. It is violet-
blue, with a black border, narrow in the male,
broad in the female, and a submarginal row
of black dots on the hind wings.

L. alcon, W. V. occurs in July and August
in Central and Southern Europe. The male
is dark blue, with a narrow dark brown
border. The female is dark brown, dusted
with blue at the base of the wings. The
under side is ashy grey, tending to brown. It
is found on moors and meadows in June, and
is rather local.

L. euphemus, Hiibn. though found through-
out the greater part of Central Europe, is
absent from Britain. Both sexes are light
blue, with a brownish black border, broader
in the female than in the male. There is a
narrow black discoidal spot on both fore and
hind wings, and a central row of black spots.
The under side is ashy grey, with the spots
arranged as on the upper side, and a marginal
row of black spots in addition. It is found
in July on moorland pastures.

L. arion, Linn. The Large Blue. PI. V.
fig. II. is very similar to the last species. It
has a wide range, but is very local in Eng-
land, being found chiefly in the South -Wes-
tern and Midland counties. This butterfly
varies somewhat in size and marking. It fre-
quents meadows and open places in June and
July. The larva feeds on wild thyme.

L. areas, Rott. is dark brown, dusted with
blue in the male, with a central row of elong-
ated spots. The under side is uniform greyish
brown with a central row of round black spots
in light rings. The insect is found in marshy
meadows in France, Germany, and the Alps. It
is fond of resting on the flowers of Sangnisorha
officinalis, the fruits of which are the food of
the larva. The caterpillar hibernates.

FAMILY

E R Y C I N I D ^.

Small bright-coloured butterflies, largely
represented in the Tropics of America, but
by only one species in Europe. The antennae

10

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

are short and clubbed, the eyes elongated
and hairy. The first pair of legs is imper-
fectly developed in the male. The larvae are
•\voodlouse-shaped, like those of the Lycanida,
but more elongated. The pupaj are attached
by a silk thread round the bodv.

Genus Nemeobius, Steph.

N. lucina, Linn. PI. VI. fig. i. Under
side I a. is common in open woods in Central
and Southern Europe in May and June, and
again in August. The butterfly is fond of
resting on bushes. The larva;, which hide
themselves during the daj-, are found from
June to September on the leaves of primulas and
other similar plants. The pupa hibernates.

FAMILY

APATURIDyE.

These are large and beautiful dark coloured
butterflies, banded with white. The first pair
of legs is imperfectly developed in both sexes.
The discoidal cell of both fore and hind wings
is open. The antennae are long and thick.
The larvae are slug-shaped, with non-retractile
horn-like appendages. The pupae are thick,
with the back arched, and two projecting points
on the head. They are suspended by the tail.

Genus Apatura, Fabr.

Large butterflies with broad wings, shot
with blue or violet in the male. The fore
wings have the hind margins rather concave,
and are marked with white. The hind wings
are crossed by a broad white band. The larvae
are thick, with a bifid tail, and two horns on
the head. They hibernate when young, and
live singly on their food plant, weaving the
leaves together as a protection. The butter-
flies fly in open woods and frequent damp
roads and decomposing animal matter.

A. iris, Linn. The Purple Emperor. PI. VI.
fig. 2. Female 2 a. Under side 2b. Larva
2 0. Pupa 2d. is one of the largest and hand-
somest of our British butterflies. It is unknown
in Scotland and Ireland, and its range in
England is restricted to the oak woods of the
Midland, Eastern, and Southern counties. It
appears from the end of June to the middle
of July, and frequents glades in woods. It is

an insect of powerful flight, and will soar high
into the air, and after fluttering for some time
may alight high up on a tree, or more rarely
may descend to the ground and settle in a
muddy place or on some kind of filth or
carrion. The larva is found in May or June,
and feeds on poplar and sallow. The chrysalis
is found hanging to the leaves. The dark
variety lole, Schiff. has the white spots and
bands almost absent. This variety is rare,
but is found more frequently in some years
than others.

A. ilia, W. \'. is found in most parts of
Central Europe. It is distinguished from the
last species by the white band on the hind
wings being nearly straight on its outer edge,
and by the pattern of the under side being
less distinct. The orange ring on the fore
wings near the anal angle is visible also on
the upper side, which is not the case in iris,
and the hind margins of the wings in the
female are more indented. The caterpillar is
very like that of iris, but more of a j'ellow-
ish green colour, and the horns on the head
are edged with black in front. It feeds on
various kinds of sallow and poplar (e. g. Po-
puliis tycmiila) in May. The pupa is more
whitish.

FAMILY

N Y M P H .\ L I D .^.

Middle-sized or large butterflies, black or
dark brown on the upper surface, with a row
of white spots on the fore wings, and a broad
white band on the hind wings. The imder
side is rusty red, varied with dark brown, and
of a similar pattern to the upper side. The
caterpillars are cylindrical, and have spines or
fleshy tubercles armed with bristles.

The pupae are suspended by the tail.

Genus Limenitis, Fabr.

Middle-sized or large butterflies. The
caterpillars are cylindrical, with excrescences
or with branching spines on the back.

L. populi, Linn. PI. \TI. fig. 3. Larva
3 a. Pupa 3b. This large and beautiful insect
is found in Central Europe, except Britain,
and is very common in some years. Like
the Purple Emperor, it flies high, and is

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

fond of settling on moist places, especially
woodland paths, and is most easy to catch in
the forenoon. Later in the day it soars among
the tree tops, and alights on the higher branches.
The hibernated larva is found in May on
Popultis tremula, and passes into the chrysalis
on the leaves. It is easy to find, as it is
always suspended from the middle of a leaf,
and stands out prominently against the sky.
The young caterpillars hibernate among masses
of dead leaves which they have spun together,
and may be found thus in the Winter or Spring.

L. Sibylla, Linn. The White Admiral.
PI. VI. fig. 3. Under side 3a. Larva 3b. Pupa
3c. is everywhere commoner than the last spe-
cies. It is very local in the Southern counties of
England. The butterfly frequents shady woods
in June and July. Occasionally varieties are
met with in which the white band and marks
on the wings are partially or completely ab-
sent. We have figured two such varieties on
PI. VII. (figs I & 2). The caterpillar has
a number of small branched pink spines on
the back. It is hatched in August, and after
hibernating appears in May on Lonkera xy-
losteum. The clu'ysalis is green, with silvery
spots, and is suspended from the under surface
of the leaves.

L. Camilla, Fabr. is very like sibylla,
but the ground colour is deep black, with a
bluish lustre, and a row of bluish dots near
the hind margin. The under side is reddish
brown, with a single submarginal row of black
dots. This species is found in woods and
bushy places on the Continent south of 51",
and is common in the Tyrol. The butterfly
appears in June and July. The larva is dis-
tinguished from that of sibylla by the white
dots on the head and the larger fleshy tubercles.
It also feeds on honeysuckle in May.

Genus Vanessa, Fabr.

These are handsomely coloured butterflies
of medium or large size, with broad wings.
The hind margins are concave, and deeply
dentated, or with prominent angular projections.
The hind wings are produced in the middle
of the hind margins. The under surface is
usually pale, and streaked with brown. The
larvae are cylindrical, covered with long
branching spines, and live, mostly, gregariously

on nettles. Some species, however, live singly
among leaves spun together. They are gene-
rally double-brooded. The pupae have two
points on the head, and generally metallic spots
on the sides. The butterflies frequent gardens
and woods, and feed upon the juice of trees.
Some species hibernate.

V. levana, Linn, is a small butterfly, which
frequents moist woods in many parts of Central
and Southern Europe, but is not British.
The wings are fulvous, with several rows
of small black spots at the base, and larger
ones near the centre and at the apices, where
there are one or two white spots in addition.
The under side is varied with brownish red
and violet, with paler yellow lines and nervures.
The laiva is black, with black or brown spines,
a pair of which are situated on the head, a
character by which the young caterpillars can
be distinguished from those of V. urtica. They
feed gregariously on nettles in June and
August. Var. prorsa, Linn. PI. VII. fig. 4. is
the Autumn brood of levana. The wings
are brownish black, wdth an interrupted white
central band on the fore wings, and a well-
defined central band on the hind wings. The
nervures are yellowish white. The larvae
feed in the Autumn on nettles, and the pupag
produce levana in the Spring. A form inter-
mediate between levana and prorsa has been
described as porima, Ochs. It is considered
to be developed in consequence of the Autimin
pupffi being retarded by cold weather.

V. c-album, Linn. The Comma Butter-
fly. PI. VII. fig. 5. Under side 5a. Larva 5b.
has a wide range, but is very local in Britain,
being most common in the Midlands. The
butterfly appears in the Spring and again in
August, and frequents hedgerows and hop-
fields. The larva lives singly in June and
August upon nettle, hop, hazel, elm, cur-
rant, etc.

V. polychloros, Linn. The Large Tor-
toiseshell. PI. VIII. fig. i. Larva la. Pupa
lb. is found in the Midland and South-Eastern
counties of England, but appears to be ab-
sent from Scotland and Ireland. It is met
with from June to September, and is fond of
sitting on the trunks of trees and sucking
the sap. The larva feeds gregariously on
nettle, elm, poplar, willow, etc.

BRITISH AND EUROPi AN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

V. vau-album, W. V. has the wings deeply
dentated. Upper side deep fulvous, with black
spots similar to polychloros, a dark brown stripe
on the hind margin and a white spot in front
of the costal angle. The under side is brown-
ish, with a white V-shaped mark in the middle.
It is found in Eastern Europe in August
and September. The larva is brown, with an
ochre-yellow dorsal stripe divided by a dark
line, a yellow lateral line, and yellow spines
tipped with black. It lives gregariousl}' on
Populus tvemula in the Summer.

V. xanthomelas, W. V. PI. VIII. fig. 2.
is very like the last species, but is distin-
guished by the wings being more angular and
deeply dentated, and of a redder colour.
There is a whitish spot near the tip of the
fore wings. It appears in July in wooded
places in the Eastern parts of Europe, and
is common in Austria. The larva is bluish
black, dotted with white, and has a white
lateral and dorsal stripe and black spines.
It feeds gregariously on willows in May
and June.

V. urticae, Linn. The Small Tortoise-
shell. PI. VII. fig. 6. Larva 6a. Pupa 6b. is
one of our commonest British butterflies,
and is found from early Spring to Autumn
in gardens, fields, waste places, etc. The
larva feeds, in June and July, gregariously on
nettle. The pupa is to be found hanging on
fences or walls.

V. io, Linn. The Peacock Butterfly.
PI. VIII. fig. 3. Larva 3a. is also of general
distribution in the British Isles as far as the
South of Scotland. It appears, like the
other species, with the first warm days of
Spring, and frequents gardens, woods, and
lanes. The larva lives in large communities
on nettles in May and June.

V. antiopa, Linn. The Cambcrwell
Beauty. PI. VIII. fig. 4. Larva 4a. This
beautiful insect is found over the greater part
of the Northern Hemisphere, in gardens and
on river banks. It is rare in England, but
specimens are recorded from nearly every
county. In some countries, as in Switzerland,
it is as common as the Peacock or Red
Admiral. Hibernated specimens may be met
with in the first warm days of Spring, but
its proper time of appearance is in Autunm.

The larvae occur in July on willow and birch;
they are gregarious in their habits.

V. atalanta, Linn. The Red Admiral.
PI. VIII. fig. 5., one of our most showy
butterflies, occurs more or less commonly all
over the British Isles. It is found from July
to October in woods, meadows, and gardens.
The larva is greyish green sprinkled with black,
with a- yellowish lateral stripe, and black or
brown spines. The head is black and rather
shiny. It feeds on nettle in May and June
and again in the Autumn.

V. cardui, Linn. The Painted Lady.
PI. VIII. fig. 6. is found all over Europe, and
indeed in every part of the world except in
the extreme North. In Britain it is generally
distributed, but usually is not abundant, and
is much commoner in some years than others.
It frequents flowery meadows, woods, etc.
throughout the Summer. The larva is black,
the spines paler, with black tips and branches.
There is generally a yellowish stripe on the
back and sides. It lives in communities, on
thistles, nettles, etc., during the Summer and
Autumn.

Genus Melltsea, Fabr.

Small or middle-sized butterflies, fulvous
on the upper surface, with rows of square black
spots. On the under surface the fore wings
are paler, with dark spots or markings. The
hind wings are brown or brownish red, with
three dark-edged light bands, which may be
replaced by spots on the hind margin. The
larvae are cylindrical, with spinj- tubercles, and
live gregariously under a fine web, on low
plants. The pupae are short and thick. The
butterflies frequent meadows near woods and
waste flowery places in Spring and Summer.

M. Cynthia, Hiibn. is found in the higher
Alps of Switzerland in July and August. The
male is bluish white, with two marginal
rows of orange spots, bordered with brown, on
the fore wings and two similar orange spots
in the discoidal cell, with a short brown bantl
beyond them. The hind wings have a single
row of orange spots on the hind margins, each
with a black dot, and there is a brown patch
at the base, enclosing two white spots. The
female is like the male, but dull fulvous instead
of wliite.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

13

M. maturna, Linn, frequents open woods
in liill}- districts in Central Europe, but is not
a British insect. The wings are darl< brown,
with rows of yellow and orange spots, and an
orange band near the hind margin. The under
side is orange, with a yellow central band,
■divided on the hind wings by a narrow black
line. Between the central band and the
base of the wings are several yellow spots,
and on the hind margins a row of small yellow
lunules, edged with black on their inner side.
The butterfly appears in May and June.
The larva is black, with sulphur-yellow spots,
arranged in rows on the back and sides, and
black spines. It feeds in June on young ash
trees, and after hibernation also on low plants.
The larvae, which at first live in commu-
nities, are found afterwards singly.

M. aurinia, Rett. The Greasy Fritillary.
PI. IX. fig. I. Underside la. frequents damp
meadows in which the devil's-bit scabious
grows, and is widely distributed, though local,
in the British Isles. Some variations of
colouring exist, and Scotch specimens are
said to be smaller and darker than English
ones. The caterpillar is black, with white
dots, and has a white lateral stripe and yel-
lowish bristles, tipped with black. The head
is black, and the legs reddish brown. It lives
gregariously on the devil's-bit scabious (Scabiosa
succisaj in April.

M. cinxia, Linn. The Glanville Fritillary.
PL IX. fig. 2. Under side 2 a. is found in
Europe generally, but is extremely local in
England, being restricted to a few localities
on the South coast, including the New Forest
and the Isle of Wight. It frequents weedy
places in June and August. The larva is black
and hairy, with white transverse dots and black
spines. The head and legs are reddish brown.
It feeds on Plantngo, Veronica, and Hieracium
in May and August.

M. phoebe, Knoch. PI. IX. fig. 3. Under
side 3 a. is found in Southern and Central
Europe, except the North-West. It bears a
close resemblance to the last species, but is
larger and more reddish in colour, and without
the row of black dots on the hind wings.
It frequents open woods in July. The larva
is greyish black, spotted with white, and with
a light coloured lateral band, and black spines.

It feeds on Cent anna and Plan f ago in May
and June.

M. didyma, Ochs. is a Southern and Cen-
tral European species, but is not found with
us. The wings are reddish fulvous in the
male, with rows of black spots, duller in the
female. The black spots on the hind margins
are separated. The hind wings are sulphur-
yellow beneath, with black spots and two ful-
vous bands. The larva is bluish, dotted with
white, and has yellowish lateral stripes, and
white and tawny spines. It feeds in Summer
on Veronica and Planiago.

M. dictynna, Esp. is found in open woods
and meadows in Central Europe, but like the
last species does not occur in Britain. In the
male the fore wings are dark brown above,
with three rows of fulvous spots, and the hind
wings black, with two rows of fulvous spots.
In the female the fore wings are fulvous, with
black bands, and the hind wings black, with
three rows of pale yellowish spots. It is found
from June to August. The larva is greyish
black, with light blue dots and reddish brown
spines, tipped with black. The head is black,
with two light blue spots. It feeds on Plan-
tngo and Melanipyrnm in May and June.

M. athalia, Rott. The Heath Fritillary
frequents open places in woods, especially
where the herbage is stunted and where heath
grows. It is found throughout Europe, but is
extremely local in England and Ireland, though
common wherever it is found. The colour is
deep brownish fulvous, with three black bands,
and black at the base. Beneath, the fore
wings are tawny, with a row of black spots
running across the wing near the middle ; the
hind wings are reddish brown, with two bands
and some spots near the base, of a pale yellow
colour. The larva is black, dotted with white,
and has light brown spines. In feeds on
Planiago and Mclampyrum in May.

M. aurelia, Nick, which is found in
many parts of Central Europe, closely resembles
the last species, but is smaller and lighter in
colour. The larva is black, with small white
dots and pale yellow lateral spots. The head
and spines are black. It feeds on Melampyrnm,
Veronica, and Planiago in June.

M. parthenie, Borkh. is smaller than
athalia, with fewer black markings, and narrower

14

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

dark brown lines. It is found in Central and
Southern Europe.

M. asteria, Freyer. is the smallest Euro-
pean species of Melitaa. It is distinguished
by having no marginal black line on the light
band of the hind wings. It is found in June
and Julv on the higher Alps.

Genus Argynnis, Fabr.

Middle-sized and large butterflies with a
fulvous colour and black spots, which are
usually separated, but which may occasionally
■ run together, forming bands. The hind wings
have pale yellow spots at the base on the
undei- "jide, and a central band of the same
rolour, divided by the nervures, and bordered
with dark and pale lunules on the hind
margins. Between these and the central band
is a row of black dots or dark spots with a
light centre. The pale spots aro. more or
less silver}- or pearly in colour, and the three
largest species have the spots replaced by
silvery bands. The larva are cylindrical, with
six rows of hairy spines. They usually hiber-
nate and live till Ma}' on species of violet,
hiding generally among the leaves by day.
The pupae are angular, with the buck concave,
and are suspended by the tail. The butter-
flies fly in open places in woods throughout
the Summer, and are fond of resting on thistle-
heads.

A. aphirape, Hiibn. is ochre-yellow, red-
dish in the male. The hind wings are red-
dish fulvous beneath, with a row of triangular
submarginal spots, whitish in the female, with
a slight silvery tinge. It is a local species,
which frequents marshy places in some parts
of Central and Eastern Europe. The larva
is silvery grey, with a lighter dorsal line, a
white lateral stripe, and short white spines.
It lives in May on Polygonum bistorta and Viola
palustris.

A. selene, W. V. The Small Pearl-bor-
dered Fritillary. PI. IX. fig. 5. Under side
5a. is generally distributed in Britain, but
is less common and more local than the
next species, though in Scotland the reverse
holds good. It frequents open woods and hill-
sides in JunCj appearing about ten days later
than eiiphrosyne . The caterpillar is black, with
whitish bands on the back and sides, and

short light brown spines. It feeds in May
on several species of Viola.

A. euphrosyne, Linn. The Pearl-bor-
dered Fritillary. PL IX. fig. 4. Under side
4 a. is one of the commonest woodland
butterflies in England, but does not appear to
be found in Ireland. It is very like sclcne, but
the hind wings are light red on the under
surface, and there is only one silvery spot in
the central band, and the black dot in front
of this is smaller and stands on a pale yellow
spot. It appears in May and August. The
caterpillar is black, with two white dorsal lines
and bluish white lateral stripes, as well as
short black or yellow spines. It lives through
the Winter at the roots of herbage in woods
or under fallen leaves, and may be found on
species of Viola in the Spring and Autumn.

A. pales, W. V. is bright fulvous, with
black spots, and blackish at the base. The
hind wings are yellow beneath, variegated
with rusty red and green, with triangular sil-
very spots and a marginal row of spots of
the same colour. It is found in June and
July on elevated meadows in the Alps of Swit-
zerland, the Tyrol, and Bavaria. The cater-
pillar is grey, with a lighter streak along the
back, and yellowish sj^ines placed on black
elevations. They feed on violets in May and
June. Var. arsilache, Esp. is larger and of a
brighter colour, with the black spots better
defined and larger. The under side of the
hind wings is varied with bright rusty red.
It is found at lower elevations than pales.
Var. napaea, Hiibn. In this the male is
tinged with sulphur-yellow on the under side.
The female is greenish on the upper surface.
It is found in the same localities as pales.

A. dia, Linn, is found in woods and bushy
places in many parts of Central and South-
Eastern Europe in July and August. The
under side of the hind wings is cinnamcn-
brown, variegated with yellow towards the
margins. There are several light spots near
the base, and three triangular silvery spots
in the central band, which is itself pale yel-
low. The space between this band and the
row of silvery spots on the hind margins is
purplish, and also contains a few silvery spots
and a row of round black spots. The larva
is dark grey with a whitish dorsal line, edged

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

with black, a double reddish lateral line, and
yellow spines. It feeds in April and May on
violets.

A. amathusia, Esp. is found in July in
the mountain pastures and woods on the Alps
and in some parts of Germany. The hind
wings are cinnamon-brown beneath, varied in
the marginal half with yellow. The median
band is irregularly zigzag, and bounded by
a dark line externally. On the hind margin
is a row of large black angular marks, boun-
ded with yellow triangles externally, and be-
tween these and the central band is a row of
round black spots. The larva is blackish,
with black dorsal and lateral stripes and yel-
low spines, which are longest on the anterior
segments. It feeds in May on Pulygonum and
violets.

A. thore, Hiibn. is a scarce and local
species, occurring in the mountain meadows
of the Alps of Switzerland and Bavaria in
June and July. It is distinguished by the
extent of the black markings on the upper
surface. The hind wings are yellowish brown
beneath, varied with rusty red on the margi-
nal half, and with a light 5-ellow central band.
Between this and the hind margin is an
incomplete light bluish grey line, and on the
margin itself spots of the same colour.

A. daphne, W. \\ is a Southern species
found in the elevated woods of Switzerland
and the Tyrol in June and July. The hind
wings are yellow, greenish at the base, and
the central band is yellow. Outside this the
wings are purplish red, with a row of black
spots, a yellow dorsal stripe, yellow lateral
lines, and dark yellow spines. It feeds on
Rtibus idaits and on violets.

A. ino, Esp. is a good deal smaller than
the last species, but very like it. The dark
marks near the hind margins run into the
marginal spots. The central band on the
under side of the hind wings is edged with
brown, and the space between this and the
margin is purplish, dusted with brown, with
a row of distinct pale-centred spots. The
butterfly is common in July on peat bogs and
damp meadows in most parts of Europe ex-
cept Britain. The caterpillar is grey with a
brown head, lateral and dorsal stripes, and

sulphur-yellow spines. It feeds in May and
June on Sanguisovba and Spiraa.

A. lathonia, Linn. Queen of Spain Fri-
tillary. PI. IX. fig. 6. Under side 6 a. This
common Continental species is very rare in
England, occurring principally on the South
coast. It is recorded to have been once
caught at Killarney. The butterfly frequents
sunny meadows, lanes and gardens, open
woods, etc. It is double-brooded, and is
found from ]\Iay to September. The larva is
brownish grey, with a white dorsal stripe, and
two brownish yellow lateral lines. The spines
and legs are yellow, and the head brown. It
feeds singly on Viola arvensis tricolor and on
Cynoglossum. The pupa is golden-brown, marked
with grey, with a row of metallic spots on the
back. Var. valdensis, Esp. is very rare, and is
distinguished by the silver spots on the under
side being confluent. It has been taken in
Britain.

A. aglaia, Linn. PI. IX. fig. 7. Female 7a.
is fairly common all over Central Europe,
especially frequenting open woods and heathy
places. It appears in July and August, and
is fond of sitting on flowering thistles. The
larva is black with two pale yellow stripes on
the back, and reddish brown spots on the
sides. It feeds in May and June on dog vio-
lets (Viola canina.) The pupa is dark brown.
\'ar. charlotta, Haw. is distinguished by
the larger size of the spots on the under side.
It is confined to Britain.

A. niobe, Linn, is found throughout Eu-
rope, and has been reputed British, but on
doubtful authority. The upper side is very
like that of the last species, but the female
is somewhat duller-coloured. On the under
side the hind wings are light yellowish with
a slight tinge of green, varied with brown,
with large pale yellow or silvery spots at the
base, and two rows of similar spots between
the middle of the wings and the hind margins,
together with a row of smaller brown spots
with silvery centres. The nervures of the
fore wings are not thickened in the male, as
in adippc. The female has a small white
spot at the tip of the fore wings. The cater-
pillar is brownish, with a black dorsal stripe
edged with white, and a black lateral stripe,
and between these a row of white spots. The

i6

BRITISH AND EUROPEAX BCTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

spines are pale. It feeds on various species
of Viola in May and June. \'ar. eris, Meig.
is the most common form of the species. It
is without the silvery shine on the spots on
the under side of the hind wings. Var. pe-
lopia, Borkh. has the wings verj' dark on
the upper surface.

A. adippe, Linn. The High Brown Fritil-
lary. PI. X. fig. i. Female la. Under side ib.
is found in many localities in open woods and
on uncultivated hill-sides in July. It occurs
in most parts of England, but less commonly
than paphia or aglaia, and is absent from
the fauna of Scotland and Ireland. The larva
is reddish brown, with a white dorsal stripe
and rusty brown spines and warts. It feeds
on violets in May and June. Var. cleodoxa,
Ochs. is paler, with the silver of the pale
spots on the under surface ill-defined or ab-
sent. It has occasionall}- been taken in
England, but is more of a Southern variet}',
being common in Switzerland, Italy, and the
Southern Tyrol.

A. paphia, Linn. The Silver-Washed
Fritillary. PI. X. fig. 2. Female beneath 2a.
Larva 2b. Pupa 2c. is common in open spaces,
or on the outskirts of woods throughout Europe.
It is more or less common in every county
of England and Wales, and has been reported
from various parts of Ireland. In Scotland
it appears to be rare. The butterfly occurs in
July, and is fond of resting on the flowers of
bramble and thistle. The female is much
duller than the male, and the nervures are
not marked with black lines, ^^"e have figured
the under side of the female, that of the male
differs in having the silver marking less distinct.
The caterpillar feeds on violets, raspberries, etc.,
in May. Var. valesina, Esp. PI. X. fig. 3. is a
dark greenish brown form of the female. The
under side resembles that of the type, but the
ground colour is more reddish, and the apex
deeper green. It is most commonly met with
in the South of Europe, but occurs in England,
in the New Forest.

A. pandora, W. V. PI. X. fig. 4. (Under
side of Female) resembles paphia, but is
greenish fulvous on the upper surface in both
sexes. Two of the nervures are thickened
from the base to the middle in the fore wings
of the male. On the under side the fore

wings are pink with black spots, and the apex
j-ellow with green spots. The hind wings are
deep green, with a narrow silvery median
stripe, and another near the hind margin.
Between these are dark-ringed silvery spots.
The butterfly inhabits woods and bushy
places in the South of Europe, and occurs as
a rarity in Southern Germany. The larva is
purplish brown, with black dorsal marks and
yellowish spines. It feeds on violets in May.

FAMILY

S A T Y R I D ^.

Middle-sized or large butterflies, widely
distributed and numerous throughout Europe ;
amounting to nearly one third of its butterfly
fauna. They are mostly dull-coloured, com-
monly with black spots in pale rings near
the hind margins. The front legs are rudi-
mentary in both sexes. One or more of the
principal nervures at the base of the fore
wings is generally swollen or inflated. The
larvas are without spines, and are short and
finely pubescent. The head is rounded and
the anal extremity forked. They live on various
grasses at night, remaining hidden during the
day. The pupae are short and thick, and are
suspended by the tail. Most species of this
group inhabit hilly and wooded places.

Genus Melanargia, Meig.

Antennae gradually thickened into a fusi-
form club. They are middle-sized butterflies,
with rounded wings, slightly dentated on the
hind margins. The colour is white with black
markings. The under side is yellowish instead
of white, witli black zigzag lines towanls the
margins, and one eye-spot in front of them
near tlie apex. The hind wings have a row
of eye-spots near the hind margins, whicli
sometimes show through on the upper surface.
The larvae are thick and spindle-shaped, with
a rounded head and fine scanty pubescence,
and are found in the Spring till May. Only
one species is found in England, though several
inhabit the South of Europe.

M. galathea, Linn. The Marbled White.
PI. X. fig. 5. Under-side 5a. Larva 5b. Under
side PI. XI. fig. I. This butterfly is common
throughout Central and Southern Europe. In

PLATE II.

I. Pieris cratagi, la. Larva. 2. Pieris brassicae, 2a. Female, 2b. Larva, 2c. Pupa. 3. Pieris rapae,
3a. Female. 4. Pieris napi, 4a. Female, 4b. Under side. 5. Pieris daplidiL-e, 5a. Female, 5b. Under side.

British and European Butttrflies and Moths.

BRITISH AXD ECROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

ir

England it is very local, occurring principally
in the Southern and Midland counties, but is
often met with in large numbers where it
occurs. It often confines itself to a single field,
and is not found anywhere else in the neigh-
bourhood. It may not be found in Scotland or
Ireland. The larva is green or 3-ellowish, with a
reddish brown rounded head and dark dorsal
and lateral stripes. The body ends in two
points. It feeds in May on Phlenm pratensc and
other grasses. The pupa is smooth and yellow-
ish, with two conspicuous black spots, and long
wing-cases.

Genus Erebia, Dalm.

Small or middle-sized dark brown or black
butterflies, with black eye-spots, centred with
white, generally placed on a rusty red band.
The under side is lighter, especially in the
females, often with the basal half darker than
the rest. The caterpillars usually taper towards
the anal extremity, and are scantily pubescent.
They live on grasses, and only come out to
feed at night. The larvas of many species
are still unknown. The butterflies have their
headquarters in the Alps ; some species are
found in the lowlands, but most of them are
only found at considerable elevations.

E. epiphron, Knoch. PI. XI. fig. 2. Under
side 2 a. is found in June and July in moun-
tainous districts in most parts of Central Eu-
rope. Var. cassiope, Fabr. The Mountain
Ringlet is more widely distributed, and occurs
on some of the mountains of the Lake District
of England, as well as on various mountains
in Scotland and Ireland. It differs from the
type in being smaller and lighter coloured,
with small black dots instead of eye-sjsots.

E. melampus, Fuessl. is dark brown above,
lighter beneath, with a fulvous band on the
fore wings, divided into oval spots, with a small
black dot in the centre. The hind wings have
three or four fulvous spots, smaller than those
on the fore wings, each containing a black dot.
The butterfly occurs in July and August on high-
lying meadows in Switzerland and the Tyrol.

E. eriphyle, Freyer. is distinguished from
the last species by having the middle fulvous
spot on the hind wings beneath placed nearer
the base. It is found in July and August in
Switzerland and Styria, but is scarce and local.

E. arete, Fabr. Fore wings dark brown,
with a fulvous band, usually with two black
dots or small eyes near the apex. The hind
wings are dark brown beneath in the male,
lighter in the female. It is common in July
and August in Southern Tyrol and Styria.

E. mnestra, Hilbn. has brown wings, with
a fulvous band, in which, on the fore wings,
are two small dots or eye-spots in the female.
The hind wings are dark brown, with four
fulvous spots on the under surface in the male,
lighter and without the spots in the female.
This butterfly occurs in high-lying meadows
in Central Europe, in the Swiss Alps and the
Southern Tyrol, etc. It ilies in July and August.

E. pharte, Hiibn. PI. XI. fig. 3. has all
the wings brown, with a band of five fulvous
spots on the fore wings, and four ill-defined
spots on the hind wings, which are generally
wanting in the female. There are no eye-spots
or dots in either sex. The under side is dark
brown in the male, and dusted with greyish
yellow in the female. This insect is found in
damp meadows in the Alps of Switzerland and
Bavaria in July.

E. manto, Esp. is dark brown with a
rusty red band of submarginal spots on the
fore wings, which are paler in the female,
with one or two black dots. The hind wings
have three or four rusty red spots in the
male, but are plain in the female. The under
side of the fore wings is brown, with a rusty
red band of spots as above. In the female
the colour is lighter and the bands yellowish,
and there are one or two dots on the fore
wings. This butterfly is found in July and
August in the mountainous parts of Switzer-
land, the Tyrol, etc.

E. ceto, Hiibn. Dark brown above, with
broad submarginal rusty brown spots, each
containing a black dot, centred with white in
the female. It flies in July and August, and
inhabits Alpine meadows in Switzerland,
Southern Tyrol, and Northern Italy.

E. medusa, Fabr. The wings are dark
brown on both sides, with submarginal rows
of light brownish spots, each containing a black
eye-spot centred with white. These eye-spots
are of the same size both above and below
on the hind wings. The butterfly is fairly
common in May and June in open woods in

BRIT/SH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND AJ07I/S.

hilly districts in Central and Southern Germany
and in Switzerland. The larva is light green,
with a darker dorsal band edged with white,
and a whitish lateral line just above and below
the spiracles. It feeds in April and May on
P.inicum sanguinale. Var. hypomedusa, Meyer-
Diir. is smaller and has fewer eye-spots. It
occurs on the Austrian Alps and in Northern
Switzerland.

E. oeme, Hiibn. All the wings are dark
brown without ixny fulvous bands, but there
are two small rusty red spots lioth on the
fore and hind wings ; these sometimes have a
white dot in the centre. The under side is
like the upper, but the spots on the hind wings
are larger. The butterfly is common in July
on damp meadows in the Alps of Switzerland
and Bavaria. Var. psodea, Freyer. is larger,
and has the reddish spots confluent. The
eye -spots in these are larger than in the
type. It inhabits the Alpine regions of Austria
and Styria.

E. stygne, Ochs. is dark brown, with a
fulvous submarginal band containing bluish
white spots ringed with black The under side
of the fore wings is dark brown, with a fulvous
submarginal band containing three eye-spots.
The hind wings are uniform dark brown in
the male, and yellowish brown in the female,
with an indistinct lighter submarginal band.
The butterfly is found in July in mountain
meadows in Switzerland, Southern Tyrol, and
the Pyrenees.

E. nerine, Frcycr. resembles the last
species closely, but is larger, and the fore
wings arc fulvous beneath, except on the costa
and hind margin. The hind wings have a
wliitish streak near the submarginal band. The
female is lighter than the male, and has a
yellowish white central band on the under side
of the hind wings. It is found in Jul\' ami
August in South-Eastern Germany and the
Tyrol. The female appears later than the male.

E. evias, Lef. T'ore wings with a rusty red
submarginal band containing black eye-spots
with wliite pupils. This band is broad beneath,
and is marked as above. The under side of
the hind wings is dusted with white, with
a light band containing four small black dots.
It is found in Southern Tyrol and in Switzer-
land. In the Valais it appears as early as May.

E. glacialis, Esp. Fore wings dark brown,
with a dull fulvous submarginal band. The
hind wings are uniform dark brown, with a
trace of a s\ibmarginal fulvous band in the
female. On the imder side the fore wings are
fulvous, except the hind margin and costa,
which are brown ; the hind wings are uniform
dark brown. It is found in July, and is one
of the highest-flying species in the Alps of
Switzerland and the Tyrol. Var. alecto,
Hiibn. is without the fulvous markings. It is
also found in tlic Swiss Alps, but at a lower
elevation than the type. Var. pluto, Esp. is
a \ery dark form of the male, which is almost
completely black on both surfaces.

E. lappona, Esp. inhabits the higher Alps
of Switzerland and the Tyrol, as well as the
Pyrenees. It is also found in Scandinavia,
and derives its name from Lapland. It is
dark greyish brown above, with a broad ful-
vous band on the upper half of the fore wings,
containing four black dots, of which the tw'O
upper are close together and farther from the
hind margins than the others. On the under
side the fore wings are fulvous, with grey hind
margin and costa. The hind wings are bluish
ashy grey marbled with dark brown, and with
a somewhat darker central band bounded by
dark brown zigzag lines, outside which tliere
are generally four small black dots. It appears
from June to August.

E. tyndarus, Esp. smaller than the last
species, is dark brown shot w-ith green, with
an indistinct fulvous submarginal band on the
fore wings, narrowing towards the inner margin,
and generally \\'\i\\ confluent white-centred
black dots near the apex. On the hind wings
the submarginal hand is represented by a few
fulvous spots. On the under surface the fore
wings are fulvous, sufluscd with grc}' on the
hind margins, and with one or two small black
dots near the apex. The hind wings are ashy
grey, marbled with biown lines. It is found
at a high elevation in Switzerland and Southern
Europe. Var. caecodromus, Guen. is without
fulvous bands and eye-spots.

E. gorge, Esp. is about the same size as
the last species. The wings are broad and
dark brown in colour, with fulvous submarginal
bands on both fore and hind wings, with two
or three black rings centred with white, two

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

19

of these being near the apex on the fore wings.
These rings are more clearly defined in the
female than in the male. The fore wings are
fulvous beneath, with greyish brown margins,
and the eye-spots at the apex as above. The
hind wings are dark brown, lighter in the
female, marbled with grey, and with a gre>ish
irregularly zigzag submarginal band. The
butterfly is found in July and August in the
higher Alps, the Tyrol, and the Pyrenees.

E. goante, Esp. is larger than f;oi'o;i- ,
and is dark brown, with submarginal fulvous
bands, lighter in the female than in the male,
which taper towards the hinder angle in the
fore wings. At the apex of the fore wings
are two contiguous white-centred black rings,
and there are two smaller ones near the hinder
angle. The hind wings have three similar rings
of equal size. On the under S'de the fore wings
are fulvous, the marginal portion being lighter
than the rest, and the hind margins dark
brown. The rings are as above. The hind
wings are dark blackish brown, marbled with
lighter brown, and are crossed by two irregular
whitish bands, outside which are spots corres-
ponding to those on the upper surface. It is
found in July on the Alps of Switzerland and
Southern Tyrol.

E. pronoe, Esp. is dark blackish brown,
with a bluish green shine. The fore wings
have a dull fulvous submarginal band, with
two black rings with white centres near the
apex, and another near the hinder angle. The
hind wings have a submarginal row of three
fulvous spots, containing white-centred black
rings. The fore wings are fulvous, suffused
with grey on the margins, and having eyes as
above. The hind wings are dark brown,
suffused with grey at the base and on the
submarginal band, which is bounded on both
sides by a dark zigzag line. There are gene-
rally no eye-spots. The butterfly occurs in
July and August, and is common in Switzer-
land and the Bavarian Alps at a moderate
elevation.

E. aethiops, Esp. The Scotch Argus.
PI. XI. fig. 5. Female, under side, 5a. is
widely distributed throughout Central Europe,
and occurs on low ground as well as in the
mountains. It is common in Scotland and
the North of England, but is not found

south of Yorkshire. It appears from July to
September. The larva is light green, with
a brown dorsal stripe, and a light lateral
stripe with a brown spot on each segment
below it. It lives on grasses (Poa) in May
and June. The pupa is yellowish, with black
streaks. It is found on the bare ground or
under stones.

E. ligea, Linn. Under side PI. XL fig. 4.,
resembles cethiops ; the hind wings are sinuated,
and the fringes marked with white and brown.
The under side of the fore wings is as in
athiops, but the fulvous band is of uniform width
throughout. The hind wings are dark brown,
with a submarginal row of black eye-spots
cenired with white and surrounded by a ful-
vous ring; within these is a more or less
complete irregular white-centred band. The
butterfly is found in July and August in wood-
land meadows in Central Europe. It has been
reported to have been taken in the Isle of
Arran, but this is almost certainly an error, and
it cannot be regarded as a British species.
The larva is green, with a brown dorsal
and whitish lateral stripe, and an orange-co-
loured head. It feeds on grasses in April and
May. The pupa is light brown with blackish
markings.

E. euryale, Esp. is very like the last
species on the upper surface. On the under
side the fore wings are like ligea, but lighter;
the hind wings are dark reddish brown, with
a light submarginal band, in which are two
or three small black dots, sometimes centred
with white, but not surrounded by a fulvous
ring. There is sometimes a trace of a white
streak near the costa. It is common in Alpine
meadows in July and August.

Genus CEneis, Hiibn.

Antennae short, wings rounded, with the
hind margins slightly, if at all, sinuated. Ner-
vures of the fore wings slightly dilated towards
the base. The colour is dark or light ochre-
ous. There is a more or less distinct sub-
marginal band of lighter colour, containing black
spots, sometimes centred with white. The
under side is lighter than the upper, and has
the submarginal band and spots as above.
The hind wings are marbled beneath, and are
sometimes marked with a dark central band.

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

and have the nervures dusted with lighter.
The fringes are dark brown, chequered with
white. Most of the species are Arctic, and
only one is found in the Alps.

CE. aello, Hiibn. is greyish brown, with a
broad ochre-yellow submarginal band, a black
eye-spot with a white centre near the apex,
and one or two similar spots lower down.
The hind wings have an eye-spot near the
anal angle, and often one or two others above
it. The fringes are dark brown and white.
On the under side the fore wings are as above,
but lighter; the hind wings are dark brown,
speckled with white towards the base, with a
whitish submarginal band and white nervures.
It occurs in July in the Alps of Switzerland
and the Tyrol at a considerable elevation.

Genus Satyrus, Latr.

Middle-sized and large butterflies, with
wings varying from dark to light fulvous,
having a white, brown, or fulvous submarginal
band, which may be indistinct or completely
wanting. There is a round spot near the
apex of the fore wings, usually centred with
white, and generally one near the anal angle
of the hind wings. The under side of the
fore wings is somewhat lighter than the upper,
and that of the hind wings is marbled with
grey. The fringes are sometimes chequered
and sometimes unspotted. The hind margins
of the fore wings are rounded, often waved
and slightly dentated ; in the hind wings they
are more distinctly dentated. The costal
and median nervures are dilated towards the
base. The antennae are long and clubbed.
The larvae are smooth and stout, tapering
towards the ends, and have light or dark
longitudinal stripes. They conceal themselves
during the day, and come out at night to feed
on various grasses. They hibernate and
assume the pupa state in a cavity in the
ground or under stones. The butterflies are
found in the Summer, usually in hot dry places,
where they love to bask on tree-stems or on
the ground.

S. hermione, Linn, has the wings dark
brown above, with dentated hind margins. In
the male there is a brownish grey submarginal
band on the fore wings, near the apex of
which is a large black spot with a wjiite

centre, and there is another between the second
and third median nervules. The hind wings
have a white submarginal band, and between
this and the hind margin is a small black
ring with a white centre, placed between the
second and third median nervures. The female
is larger than the male, and has the submar-
ginal band of the fore wings yellowish white,
and there is a row of black lunules on the hind
wings outside the white submarginal band.
The under side of the fore wings is dark
brown with a yellowish band, and with the
apical eye-spot as on the upper side. The
hind wings are greyish, marbled with black
and dark brown, with a white submarginal
band bounded internally with a black zigzag
line; between this and the base there is another
similar zigzag line. The eye-spots are as
above. The butterfly is found in rocky woods
in Switzerland, Southern Germany, and Central
and Southern France. It appears in July and
August. The larva is reddish grey, with light
grey dorsal and lateral stripes. The head is
yellow, streaked with black. It may be found,
after hibernation, in May, feeding on Helens
lanatiis and other grasses.

S. alcyone, Schiff". somewhat resembles
hermione, but is smaller, and the female differs
only from the male in that the markings
are more distinct. The submarginal band is
more distinct in the male than in hermione,
and is whitish in colour, with two eye-spots;
the hind wings have a similar band, and
sometimes an indistinct spot near the anal
angle. The under side of the wings is very
like hermione, but the white submarginal band
is more distinct, and suffused with brown
along its hind margin. The basal half of the
wings is dark brown. This butterfly is found
in Central and Southern Europe, and has a
much wider range than the last species. It
appears in July and August, and is particularly
fond of pine woods.

S. circe, Fabr. PI. XI. fig. 6. is one of
the largest European butterflies. It is fairly
common in woods in Central and Southern
Europe, appearing in Jul)- and August. The
under side is brown, mottled with grey, and
crossed by a whitish band, as on the upper
surface. On the fore wings between the band
and the base are two white spots, with a blade

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

21

one between them, and in a line with tliese
on the hind wings is a narrow wliite band,
passing from the costa half across the wdng.
The caterpillar is smooth and green, with
a black dorsal stripe edged with white, fol-
lowed by lines of light grey, dark brown, and
ochre-vellow, the last above the legs, and
containing tlie black spiracles. The head is
white, with six dark brown dashes, and there
are two small projections at the anal extremity.
It feeds on Bromiis, Loliinn, Anthoxanthum, and
other grasses in May and June.

S. briseis, Linn, is smaller than the last
species. The wings are greyish brown, with
dentated margins ; the fore wings with the
costa yellowish white; and a submarginal row
of six yellowish white spots, in the first and
fourth of which is a large black eye-spot,
usuall}' centred with white, and in the third
sometimes a small black dot. The hind
wings have an unspotted central wiiite band.
On the under side the fore wings are greyish
brown, with a broad submarginal band, and
the same spots as above, and half-way be-
tween the band and the base is a large black
spot. The hind wings are yellowish grey,
mottled with dark brown, with an indistinct
lighter central band, bounded externally by a
brown zigzag line. The butterfly is found in
Central and Southern Europe, and appears in
Jul}' and August, frequenting rocky hill-sides
and heaths. It is fond of sitting on stones,
from which it can scarcely be distinguished.
The larva is 3-ellowish gre}% with a double
dark line on the back and a light grey lateral
stripe. It feeds in Autumn and Spring on
various grasses, especially on Sesleria cceruka.
The pupa is greyish brown, rounded in front
and pointed behind. It is formed in a hollow
in the ground.

S. semele, Linn. The Grayling. PI. XI.
fig. 7. Female 7 a. is common in July and
August on the edges of woods and in rocky
or heathy uncultivated places. It is fond of
sitting on the trunks of trees, when it resembles
the bark. The caterpillar is light brown, with
a black interrupted dorsal stripe and brown
lateral stripes edged with white. There are
six black stieaks on the head. It feeds on
grasses in Autumn and Spring. This butterfly
occurs throughout Europe. It varies somewhat

in the intensity of its colouring in different
localities.

S. arethusa, Esp. is dark brown, with a
submarginal row of orange-tawny spots, divided
by brown lines. The fore wings have a large
round black spot near the apex, and another
spot near the hinder angle in the female ; there
is sometimes a small spot near the anal angle
of the hind wings. The female is paler in
colour than the male. The under side of the
fore wings is tawny, with the apex and hind
margin dark grey, and the spots as above,
except that they have white centres. The
hind wings are grey, mottled with dark brown,
with a lighter central band, bounded by dark
brown zigzag lines. It appears in July, and
is found in the South of German}- and France
and in Switzerland, in grassy places.

S. statilinus, Hufn. is blackish brown,
with an indistinct submarginal band slightly
lighter than the ground colour, containing in
the fore wings two round black spots, with
tw'o small white dots between them, and in
the hind wings a small black dot near the
anal angle, and several white ones, forming a
row above it. The hind wings are deeply
dentated. The under side of the fore w-ings is
greyish brown, with a yellowish band bounded
internally by a white streak and a black line.
The hind wings are light brow"nish grey, dusted
with dark brown. The central white band,
which is somewhat indistinct, is bounded inter-
nally by a zigzag line, and between this and
the base is another similar line. The spots
are the same as on the upper surface. The
butterfl}' is found on rocky mountain sides in
Central Europe, but not in Britain.

S. dryas, Scop. Female PI. XI. fig. 8.
Larva Sa. This butterfly is found in Central
Europe, but not in Britain, and appears in
July and August. It is especially abundant
in boggy places and in rocky woods. We have
figured the caterpillar, which feeds in May on
A vena dafior.

S. cordula, Fabr. is common in July in
rocky places in Southern Tyrol and in the
Alps of the Valais. The male is like that of
dvyas, but with smaller spots. The female is
lighter than the male, and has large ochre-
yellow rings surrounding the spots on the
fore wings, and a faint yellowish band on the

2*

BRITISH AND EUROFEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOIIIS.

hind wings. On the under side in the male,
the fore wings have a yellow ring round the
apical eye-spot, whilst the hind wings are
dark grey, with whitish nervures and a white
central band bounded by a zigzag dark brown
line. There is a similar line near the hind
margin, and two black spots near the anal
angle. In the female the fore wings are light
fulvous beneath, with the black spots as above,
and the hind wings grey, with a light central
band and whitish nervures.

Genus Pararge, Ilabn.

Moderate-sized butterflies, having rounded
wings with dentated margins and chequered
fringes. The fore wings are slightl}-, if at all,
sinuated, and have the costal and median
nervures dilated at the base. In colour the
wings are dark brown, ochre-brown, or violet-
brown, with yellow spots and bands, so distri-
buted that the dark brown only appears
in transverse lines and along the nervures.
The fore wings have always at least one black
ej'e-spot near the apex, generally centred
with white, and in one species there are five
submarginal spots. The hind wings have a
submarginal row of two, three, or four eye-
spots, each surrounded by a large j-ellow ring.
On the under side the fore wings are ful-
vous, with the costa, hind margin, and apex
brownish gre\', and the eye-spots as above.
The hind wings beneath are brownish or dark
grey, with a submarginal row of black eye-
spots surrounded by yellow rings, and a central
and two submarginal dark lines. The antennae
are black, ringed with white, and terminate
in a long oval club.

P. maera, Linn. The male is dark brown,
with a submarginal row of fulvous spots on
the fore wings, in which there are a large and
a small-pupilled black eye-spot near the apex.
The hind wings have two or three black eye-
spots surrounded by fulvous rings near the
nnal angle. The female has the fore wings
fulvous, only the base, costa, and hind margin
being brown, and there is a brown streak
running from the costa to the hind angle. Near
the apex is a bipupilled black eye-spot. The
hind wings are as in the male, but lighter in
colour. On the under side the fore wings are
fulvous except towards the costa, apex, and

hind margin, which are brownish grey. Tha
eye-spots are as above, and are surrounded
by bright j'ellow rings. The hind wings
are brown or reddish grey, crossed by zig-
zag brown lines, and with a light grey sub-
marginal band containing seven black eye-
spots centred with white and enclosed in
yellow rings. This butterfly is a common
Continental species, and is double- brooded,
appearing in May and August. The larva is
light green, with a fine white pubescence
a dark dorsal and whitish lateral lines. The
pupa is darker or lighter green, with two rows
of whitish or yellowish tubercles. Var. adrasta,
Hiibn. is deeper in colour, with the fulvous
band of the upper side more extended, and the
hind wings darker grey beneath.

P. hiera, Fabr. is very like the last spe-
cies. The wings are dark brown with dark
lines crossing them from the costa, and ful-
vous marginal spots, enclosing near the apex
a large eye-spot, and often two small spots
close to the large one. The hind wings have
a submarginal row of black spots surrounded
by fulvous rings and centred with white. The
under side is like niara, but darker. The butter-
fly appears in May and June, and inhabits the
Alps of Switzerland and the mountainous
districts of Bavaria.

P. megaera, Linn. The Wall Brown. PI. XI.
fig. g. Female 9 a. is one of the commonest
British butterflies, being found all over the
Kingdom. It is double-brooded, and appears
in May and August. It frequents lanes and
roadsides, and Lves to bask on sunny banks
and walls. The caterpillar is apple-green, with
dark dorsal and lateral stripes. It lives on
grasses in May.

P. segeria, Linn, is dark brown with ful-
vous spots, and a while-centred black eye-spot
near the apex of the fore wings. The hind
wings have a submarginal row of w'hite-
centred black eye-spots, each with a fulvous
ring around it. The under side of the fore
wings is Hke the upper, but paler, and the
hind wings yellow, varied with brown and
violet. It appears in April and August, and
inhabits Soutiiern Europe. Var. aegerides,
Staud. The Speckled Wood. PL XI. fig. 10.
Female loa. This form is commonly met
with in Central Europe. It is found more or

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

23

less abundantly throughout the British Isles,
except in the North of Scotland. It dilTers
from the type in having the ground colour
darker and the spots both above and beneath
yellowish white instead of fulvous. The
butterfly appears in April and August. Ac-
cording to Dr. Lang, it occurs in many
parts of Central France as the Spring brood,
being succeeded in the Autumn by the typical
ageria. The larva is bright green, finely pu-
bescent, with dark green dorsal and lateral
stripes, and flesh-coloured spiracles. It feeds
on grasses in July and in the Autumn. The
pupa is angular, and green or brownish in
colour.

P. achine, Scop, is dull brown, somewhat
lighter in the female than in the male. The
fore wings have a submarginal row of five
round black spots, each ringed with yellow.
The hind wings have a similar row of spots,
of which the central ones are the largest.
The under side is lighter, with three narrow
dark lines on the hind margins. The central
band of the fore wings is yellow, that of the
hind wings white. The spots on the under
side have white centres, and each is encircled
by a \-ellow ring. The butterfly is found in
oak woods in Central Europe in June and July,
but is not considered a very common species.
The female is fond of resting on trees, and
is difficult to find. The caterpillar is green,
finely pubescent, with several dark dorsal and
lateral lines and yellowish legs. It feeds on
Loliiim, and is full grown in May.

Genus Epinephele, Hiibn.

Middle-sized butterflies with rounded and
slightly dentated wings. The subcostal and
median nervures are dilated at the base. The
fringes are not chequered. The wings are
dark brown above, usually with fulvous bands
in the female. There is one eye-spot near
the apex of the fore wings, and sometimes
another lower down. The hind wings are
usually without eyes on the upper surface.
The under side of the fore wings is fulvous
or greyish yellow, with or without a more or
less distinct band. The hind wings are greyish
brown or greyish yellow beneath, sometimes
with a lighter band, and eyes encircled with
yellow. The antennae are gradually produced

into a narrow club. The larva; are finely
pubescent, grey or green, with longitudinal
stripes and a globular head. They feed on
grass in Spring. The pupae are brown and
rounded, with two projections at the head.
They are suspended by the tail.

E. lycaon, Rott. The male is dull brown,
with a round black spot near the apex of the
fore wings. The female is lighter, with a light
fulvous band on the fore wings, containing a
white-centred black spot near the apex, and
another smaller blind spot below this. The
hind wings have a faint liglit submarginal band.
The fore wings are ochre -yellow beneath,
with dark brown costa and hind margins, and
the spots as above. The under side of the
hind wings is greyish brown and without
spots. The butterfly inhabits Central Europe,
but not the British Isles. It appears in July,
and frequents woods. The larva is apple-green,
with a dark green dorsal stripe and a white
and yellow lateral one. It feeds on grasses in
Ma}- and June. The pupa is green or brown,
with white longitudinal lines.

E. janira, Linn. The Meadow Brown.
PL XII. fig. I. Female la. This maybe said
to be the commonest of all our British butter-
flies. It abounds in every meadow when the
grass is ready for cutting. Its range does not
extend high up the mountains. The cater-
pillar is green or yellowish, with fine white
hairs, a dark green dorsal and narrower lateral
stripe, and white legs. It feeds on various
grasses, especially the common meadow grass.
It emerges from the egg in Autumn, and hiber-
nates among the roots of the grass till Spring.
The chrysalis is pale green, with several brown-
ish spots and streaks.

E. tithonus, Linn. The Large Heath.
PL XII. fig. 2., Female 2a. is a common British
butterfly. It appears in July and August, and
is found commonly in the neighbourhood of
hedges or bushes, especially those overgrown
with bramble. The larva is grey, green, or
brownish, with a darker dorsal and light lateral
line. The head is greyish brown. It feeds
on grasses, especially Poa annua, in May. The
pupa is green or gre)', with a few blackish
streaks on the wing-cases.

E. hyperanthus, Linn. The Ringlet. PL
XII. fig. 3. Under side 3a. is common through-

24

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

out Europe in damp woods and shady places.
In the British Isles it is somewhat local, but
common where it is found. It appears in June
and Julj'. The larva is reddish grey, finely
pubescent, with a brown dorsal stripe, indistinct
on the first four segments, and a white lateral
stripe above the grey legs. The head is red-
dish brown with darker stripes. It feeds on
grasses (Poa annua. Milium effustim, etc.) till
May. The pupa is oval, light brown with
darker streaks. Var. arete, Miill. PI. XII. fig. 4.
has the eyes on the under side reduced to
white spots. It is occasionally taken in Britain,
but less ccmmonly than on the Continent.

Genus Coenonympha, Hiibn.

Small or medium-sized butterflies, with
rounded wings and long light-coloured fringes.
The subcostal, median, and submedian ner-
vures are all dilated at the base. The colour
of the wings is more or less fulvous, v.ith
brown margins. On the fore wings there is
usually an apical eye-spot, and sometimes one
near the hinder angle. On the under side the
hind wings are greyish brown, yellowish
grey, or greenish, witli a submarginal row of
ocellated spots, and with or without a whitish
band. On the hind margins of all the wings
there is a pale or dark line. The antennae have
black and white rings and elongated clubs.

C. cedipus, Fabr. is uniform dark brown,
without eyes on the fore wings, but with a
row of three or four faint black spots ringed
with pale yellow, and often centred with white.
The under side is paler, with a marginal lead-
coloured line. The fore wings have two small
eye-spots, and the hind wings a row of large
eye-spots centred with white and surrounded
by yellow rings. The base of the hind wings
is bounded by a dark line. The butterfly
frequents moist woods and meadows in June,
and is found in Northern Switzerland and
Southern Germany and France.

C. hero, Linn, is found throughout Central
Europe, except Britain, flying about bushes in
moist woods in June and July. The wings
are dull brown, the hind wings with a row
of four black spots, often ocellated and sur-
rounded by an orange ring. The female is
lighter than the male, and has one or two
orange-ringed spots on the fore wings, similar

to those on the hind wings. The under surface
of the wings is brown; the fore wings with
an orange hind margin enclosing black dots ;
and a lead-coloured submarginal line. The hind
wings are dark at the base, with a submarginal
row of five black eye-spots with blue centres
and orange rings, bounded externally by a lead-
coloured line, and internally by a white line.

C. iphis, Schiff. has the fore wings brown,
lighter in the female than in the male, and
the hind wings dull brown in both sexes. The
outer parts of all the wings are darker, except
for a light line near the hind margins, most
distinctly marked in the female. On the under
side, the fore wings are as above, but lighter,
with a small e_ve near the apex, and the apex
and hind margin greyish yellow. The hind
wings are greyish brown towards the base,
with an interrupted white band, and a row
of submarginal eyes, surrounded by yellow
rings. On the margin is a leaden line,
here and there replaced by a dark line. The
butterfly is common in damp meadows and
woods in Southern and Eastern Europe. It
appears in June and July. The larva is green,
with a dark dorsal line, and feeds on grasses
in May.

C. arcania, Linn, has the fore wings
bright fulvous, with a broad brown marginal
band, and the hind wings uniform brown, except
for a fulvous patch near the anal angle. The
under side of the fore wings is bright fulvous,
with a black-centred eye-spot in a yellow ring
at the apex, and a lead-coloured marginal line.
The hind wings are light brown, with a yellow-
ish white central band and a submarginal row
of l)lack spots in yellow rings. The himl
margins are reddish, with a lead-coloured mar-
ginal line. The butterfly appears in May and
June, and is fairly common in woods on the
Continent, but is not found in Britain. The
larva is green, with a darker dorsal line and
a yellowish lateral line. It feeds on Mclica
ciliaia and other grasses in May.

C. satyrion, Esp. This is much smaller
than the last species. The fore wings are
greyish brown in the male, and yellowish in the
female. The under side resembles that of arcania,
but is duller. The fore wings are greyish
brown or fulvous, with a grey apex and hind
margins. The hind wings have the white band

PLATE III.

W

r-

lb. / „^-

■5>

la.

m

I. Euchloe cardamines, la. Under side, ib. Female. 2. Leucophasia sinapis, 2a. Female.

3. Colias palaeno. 4. Colias phicomone. 5. Colias hyale. 6. Colias edusa, 6a. Female. 7. var. helice.

8. Gonepteryx rhamni, 8a. Larva, 8b. Pupa. 9. Thecla betulae, 9a. Female.

Brihsk and European Butterjiies and Moths.

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

25

of equal width throughout, with the eye-spots
placed on it, and the submarginal band is
reddish. It is found at a high elevation in the
Swiss Alps and in the Tyrol.

C. pamphilus, Linn. The Small Heath.
PI. Xll. fig. 5. Under side 5a. is very common
everywhere, flj'ing in meadows, lanes, etc.,
from May to September. The caterpillar is
green, with a dark dorsal and white lateral
stripe. It feeds nearly all the Summer on
grasses, especially Cynosuvus cristatus. The
chrysalis is green, with three black longitudinal
stripes on the wing-cases.

C. tiphon, Rott. The Marsh Ringlet is
larger than the last species. The fore wings are
light fulvous or brownish, and greyish towards
the margins. The hind wings are darker. There
is a round dot near the apex of the fore wings
surrounded by a 5rellow ring, and on the hind
wings there is a submarginal row of similar
dots, also surrounded with yellow. The under
side is bright fulvous, with greyish yellow apex
and borders. The apical ej'e-spot is centred
with white, and there may be another similar
spot below it. The hind wings are brownish,
suffused with yellow, greyish j'ellow on the
margins, with a submarginal row of eye-spots
in yellowish white rings, and a central whitish
streak beginning at the costa. The butterfly
is found in moist mountain meadows, including
the Northern parts of the British Isles, and
is local, but common where it is found. It
appears in May and July. The larva feeds
on Carex. Var. philoxenus, Esp. PI. XII.
fig. 7. Under side 7a. only occurs in the North
of England and in Holstein. It differs from
the type in having larger and more numerous
eye-spots. Var. laidion, Bkh. PI. XII. fig. 6.
is a form peculiar to Scotland and Ireland.
It has the eye-spots of the under side ab-
sent or very small.

FAMILY

HESPERID^.

Small butterflies with a short, stout body
and large head. The wings are small, with
thick nervures, and when at rest the hind wings
are held horizontally and the fore wings ob-
liquely. The colour of the wings is brown,
greyish brown, or fulvous, with or without
spots. The fore wings are triangular and

somewhat pointed, and have the discoidal cell
closed only by a fine nervure. The antennae
are placed wide apart. They are gradually
expanded into an elongated club, generally
curved. The legs are all fully developed, and
the posterior tibiae are furnished with four
spurs, except in Carterocephalus, in which there
are only two. The larvae are cylindrical,
smooth or pubescent, with a large globular,
slightly grooved head, and a slight constriction
between the head and the body. They live
in rolled-up leaves, which they spin together,
and the pupae are enclosed in a slight cocoon.

Genus Spilothyrus, Boisd.

Body short and stout, and extending only
slightly beyond the hind wings. The terminal
joint of the palpi is smooth and short. The
club of the antennae is short and pyriform, not
curved. The fore wings have the costa curved
in the male. The wings are marked with trans-
parent spots. The fringes are not chequered.

S. alceae, Esp. Larva PI. XII. fig. 8a.
This butterfl}' is generally distributed in Central
and Southern Europe, but is not found in
Britain. It appears in May and August, and
frequents lanes. The butterfl}' is dark brown,
with four transparent spots on the outer part
of the fore wings, and a dark central band.
The hind wings have three dark bands. The
under surface is like the upper, but lighter,
and is marked with several central white
spots. We have figured the caterpillar, which
feeds in June and September on the leaves
of mallow.

S. altheae, Hiibn. is very like the last
species, but has more of a greenish shade, and
there are two white spots on the middle of
the hind wings. The under side is more green-
ish gre}^ with distinct light-coloured nervures.
It is found in May and August in Central and
South-Eastern Europe.

S. lavaterse, Esp. is light greenish grey,
the fore wings with a central band of white
spots, bordered with dark brown on the inner
side, and there are a few white spots near
the apex. The hind wings have a dark central
and basal band and white spots. The under
side is like the upper, but very pale, almost
white. The butterfly appears in July and
August, and is common in Southern Germany,

26

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

Switzerland, Austria, and South Tyrol. The
caterpillar is bluish grey, with a blackish dorsal
line, and a similar line on the side, bordered
with two pale yellow stripes. It feeds on
mallow and on Siachys recta in May.

Genus Syrichthus, Boisd.

Similar to the last Genus, but with white,
opaque, spots on the wings, and a tuft of hair
on tlie hind tibiag of the males.

S. carthami, Hiibn. is dark brown, with
the fringes chequered with black and white.
The fore wings ha^e a row of white spots
e.\tending from the tip to the hind margins,
and several other spots near the base. The
hind wings have an indistinct lighter central
band, and sometimes a row of elongated spots
near the hind margins. On the under side
the fore wings are brownish in the middle,
grey on the margins, with the spots as above.
The hind wings are greenish grey beneath,
with light grey hind and inner margins, and
dark spots on the hind margin. There is a
white central band, and three confluent white
spots at the base. There are one or two
white spots on the hind margins. The butterfly
is found in the South of France and German\\

S. alveus, Hiibn. is dark brown, and very
like carthami, but smaller. The under side of the
fore wings is grey suffused with a darker shade,
and has the white spots as above. The hind
wings are whitish, with a dirty grey central
and submarginal band, and the base of the
same colour. It is widely distributed over
Central Europe, but is not found in Britain.
It appears in May and August. Var. fritillum,
Hiibn. is a small form in which the under
side is whiter than in the type. \'ar. cirsii,
Ramb. is also smaller, and has two bands of
white spots on the hind wings. Var. carlinae,
Ramb. is smaller and darker than the type.
All these varieties are found in Central Europe.

S. serratulae, Ramb. closely resembles
alveus. It is brown, with small white spots on
the fore wings. The hind wings are imiform
brown, with one or two indistinct light spots
near the costa. On the under side the lore
wings are brownish with white spots, as above.
The hind wings are grey with two rows of spots
on the outer half, and one or two near the base.
The butterfly appears in July, and is found in

Central and Southern Europe. Var. csecus,
Freyer. is smaller, and without spots on the
upper surface. It occu-s in the .^Ips of Switzer-
land and Austria.

S. cacaliae, Ramb. resembles the last
species, but the white spots on the fore wings
are replaced by small dots. The hind wings
have a faint light central band. The under
side of the fore wings is reddish grej', with
the white spots as above, but Ir.rger. The
hind wings are like those of scrratula. The
butterfly appears in July, and inhabits the Alps
of Switzerland and the Tyrol, being found at
a high elevation.

S. andromedae, Wallengr. is similar to
cacaltcs, but the spots on the upper side are
larger and more sharply defined, and the under-
side is brighter coloured. It inhabits the higher
Alps and the Tyrol.

S. malvae, Linn. The Grizzled Skipper.
PI. XII. fig. g. is the only species of the Genus
found in Britain. It is common in the South
and Midland parts of England, local in the
North of England and in Scotland, but appa-
rently absent from Ireland. It frequents broad
wood paths and open places in and near woods,
and is often found in abundance in old quar-
ries. It usually appears in May in England,
but there is a second brood in August on the
Continent. The under side is like the upper,
but paler, and with the spots larger than
above. The hind wings are greenish or
brownish, with an indistinct marginal row of
white spots, one or two larger white spots
on the costa, and a few dots of the same
colour at the base. The larva is }'ellow-
ish brown, with a faint reddish tinge on the
back. The head is dark brown, and the dorsal
and lateral stripes darker than the ground
colour. It feeds on strawberry, raspberry,
Agrimonium, and Comaium. The pupa is brown,
with light blue spots and blackish marks.
Var. taras, Meig. PI. XII. fig. lo. is a
form in which the spots of the fore wings are
large and confluent. It occurs everywhere
with the type, but much more rarely.

S. sao, Hiibn. is dark brown, with che-
quered fringes, and a marginal row of small
white spots. On the fore wings there is an
indented central row of larger white spots, and
a large discoidal spot. The hind wings have

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

27

a broad central white band. The under side
of the fore wings is paler, spotted as above,
with yellowish brown borders. The hind wings
are reddish brown, with a submarginal row
of small white spots, a larger central row, and
three small ones at the base. The butterfly
is found in May and July in Central and
Southern Europe, the Hartz Mountains, Bo-
hemia, Bavaria, etc.

Genus Nisoniades, Hubn.

AntennEE with a fusiform hooked club. The
fore winss with a fold on the costa in the
male and the marginal fringes not chequered
with black.

N. tages, Linn. The Dingy Skipper. PL
XII. fig. 8. (Female) is widely distributed
throughout Europe, and is common in many
parts of the British Isles. It frequents hill-
sides, rough fields, and open places in woods,
and likes to sit on the ground or on low flowers
in the heat of the sun. With us it is most
common in chalk and limestone districts. The
butterfly appears in May, but on the Continent
there is another brood in August. The larva
is dull green, with a brown head, yellow dorsal
and lateral lines, and yellow spiracles. It feeds
on Erxnoium campestre, Lotus comic itlatus, and
Ibcris in May and September.

Genus Hesperla, Boisd.

Body thick, reaching beyond the hind wings.
Terminal joint of the palpi obliquely raised.
Hind tibiae with four spurs. Small butterflies,
mostly fulvous in colour, usually with a black
line just below the discoidal cell of the fore
wings in the male. The larvae have the neck
constricted and the anal plate projects beyond
the claspers. They are single-brooded, and
hibernate as larvae, feeding in Spring on
grasses. They make a slight cocoon between
leaves for the pupa.

H. thaumas, Hufn. The Small Skipper.
PI. XII. fig. II. Fem:.le iia. The underside
of the hind wings is uniform greenish ashy,
with the inner margin fulvous. It is common
in the South of England and in the County
of Wicklow in Ireland, but does not occur in
Scotland. It frequents lanes and pastures from
June to August. The caterpillar is green, with
a darker dorsal and whitish lateral stripes. It
feeds on grasses in May and June.

H. lineola, Ochs. The Scarce Small
Skipper closely resembles the last species, but
the club of the antennae is orange, with a black
tip, and the streak on the fore wings of the
male is straighter and less distinct. The under
side of the hind wings is more uniform, being
without the fulvous inner margin as in thaumas.
This butterfly appears in July, and is less widely
distributed than thaumas in Britain. The larva
feeds on grasses.

H. actaeon, Esp. The Lulworth Skipper.
PL XII. fig. 12. Female 12a. frequents dry
places among hills in Central Europe in July
and August. It is found in a few localities
on waste ground near the sea on the South-
West Coast of England, but is not known to
occur in any other part of the British Isles.
The caterpillar is pale green, with a dark
dorsal line edged with yellow, and two yel'ow
lines on each side. It feeds on Brachy od'u i
pinnatum, Triticum repcns, and Poa annua at nignt.

H. sylvanus, Esp. The Large Skipper.
PL XII. fig. 13. Female 13a. frequents lanes,
heaths, rough pastures, etc., in June and
August. It is abundant in most parts of Eng-
land, but local in Scotland, and very rare in
Ireland. The under side resembles that of
the next species, which we have figured, but
is paler, and the spots yellowish and indistinct.
The larva is pale bluish green, with a darker
dorsal stripe and brown head. It feeds on
grasses in May.

H. comma, Linn. The Pearl Skipper.
PL XII. fig. 14. Female 14a. Under side 14b.
is found in July and August. It is unknown
in Scotland and Ireland, but common in some
localities in England, especially in the chalk
districts of the South and East. The larva
is olive-green with a linear white spot on
each side of tlie tenth and eleventh segments.
The head is black. It feeds on Coronilla and
other Leguminosa.

Genus Cyclopides, Hubn.

Antennae with the club short and not curved.
Body slender. Fore wings broad. Hind wings
with the hind margin not nmch curved. The
only European species is : —

C. morpheus. Pall. This butterfly is dark
brown above, with a light yellow spot on the
costa of the fore wings, and another rather

28

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

less distinct below it. Between these and the
hind margin are a few indistinct light spots.
The female has the spots more distinct than
the male, and sometimes has an extra one in
the discoidal cell. The hind wings are uni-
form dark brown in both sexes. On the under
side the fore wings are dark brown, with a
marginal row of small yellow spots, and several
similar ones near the apex. The hind wings
are pale orange, with two rows of large white
oval spots in dark brown rings, and one or two
similar ones at the base. It frequents damp
meadows near woods in many parts of Central
Europe, but does not occur in Britain. The
larva feeds on grasses in May.

Genus Carterocephalus, Lederer.

Body stout. Terminal joint of the palpi
curved. Posterior tibifc with only two spines.
Marginal fringes dark, except at the tips, where
they are yellow. The butterflies are single-
brooded. The larvae feed on grasses.

C. palaemon. Pall. The Chequered Skipper.
PL XII. fig. 15. Under side 15a. appears in
May and June. It frequents open glades and
woodland paths, and is local both in England

and on the Continent. In England it is found
chiefly in the Midlands, and is unknown in
Scotland and Ireland. The caterpillar is
cylindrical, dark brown or grey, and finely
pubescent, with two yellow dorsal stripes. The
head is round and black, with an orange band
behind it. It feeds on Plantago major and on
grasses in April.

C. Sylvius, Knoch. The fore wings are
light fulvous in the male, with a marginal
row of small black spots, and four larger black
spots between these and the base. In the
female there is a dark brown marginal band
replacing the small spots, and the other spots
are larger and confluent. The hind wings are
dark brown in both sexes, with fulvous spots
arranged almost as in palamon. The under
side of the fore wings is light fulvous, and
the hind wings greenish grej', both with spots
as above. The butterfl]/ appears in May
and June in woods in North Germany, includ-
ing Brunswick and the Hartz Mountains,
and in North-Eastern Europe. The larva is
dirty flesh-colour, with reddish dorsal and
lateral lines and black spiracles. It feeds on
grasses in April and May.

HETEROCERA: MOTHS.

Moths are distinguislied from butterflies
principally by the shape of the antenna;, which
are fusiform, filiform, setiform, or pectinated, and
never in European species clubbed as in butter-
flies, the nearest approach to this being in the
Genus Zygana. Moths generally fly at dusk or at
night, and when at rest hold the wings horizon-
tally or drooping over the bod}'. Most of them
have a terminal tuft on the abdomen. There
are four great groups of the larger moths : namely
Sphinges, Bombyces, Nodiur, and Geometra.

SPHINGES.

AntennjE thickened gradually towards the
extremity. Body stout. Fore wings long and
narrow, the hind margin shorter than the inner
margin. Hind wings much smaller than the
fore wings, and held erect or sloping when
at rest.

FAMILY

SPHINGID.^i.

Large and medium-sized moths with a thick
body and powerful wings. The fore wings
elongated and pointed, with eleven or twelve
nervures and a free nervure on the inner
margin. The antenna; in the male with two
rows of bristles, those of the lower row being
slightly hooked. The palpi large and broad,
arched externally, and thickly set with scales
and hairs. Proboscis generally long and
horny, and hidden between the large palpi.
Eyes large ; no ocelli. These moths generally
fly at dusk, but some fly by day, and have
a very powerful flight. The larvEE are cylin-
drical, smooth or granulated, and generally
with a horn on the last segment but one.

Genus Acherontia, Ochs.

This Genus is distinguished by the very
broad abdomen, which is not much pointed
at the extremity. The antenna; are hooked
at the tip, and are slightly thicker in the
middle than at the ends. The head is broad,
and the eyes very prominent. The proboscis
is short and thick. The hind tibiae are cylin-
drical, with two pairs of spines.

A. atropos, Linn. The Death's Head
Hawk Moth. PI. XHL fig. i. Larva la. is
widely distributed over Europe. In the
British Isles it varies in abundance in
different years, but is seldom very common.
It usually appears in September or October,
or else in June from hibernated pupae. The
moth flies late at night, and sucks the juices
of trees. It is very fond of honey, but prefers
to rob the hives rather than collect it from
flowers. Not only is the moth able to emit
a sound, but also the larva and pupa. The
sound made by the moth resembles the squeak
of a mouse, and that made by the pupa is
somewhat similar ; how they are produced has
been a subject of much discussion. That
produced by the caterpillar is rather of a
grating character, and is probabl}' caused by
the friction of its jaws. The larva is found in
the Summer, feeding chiefly on potato-leaves.
Other plants on whicli it sometimes feeds
are Lycium harbaviim, Datura, jasmine, Eiionymus,
and Solannni (nightshade). It is found most
abundant!}' in potato fields, where it may be
discovered hiding in the daytime, by looking
for the excrement. It assumes the pupa state
in the ground, and does not generally survive
if removed from it.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

Genus Sphinx, Ochs.

Fore wings long, narrow and pointed, with
the hind margins slightly rounded. The antennae
stout with the tip curved. The abdomen
tapering to a blunt point. The hind tibiae
with two pairs of spurs, the outer pair longer
than the inner. The proboscis is long and
horny. These moths fly about various flowers.
The larvae are smooth, with a rounded head
and a horn directed backwards.

S. convolvuli, Linn. The Convolvulus
Hawk Moth. PI. XIII. fig. 2. Larva 2a. is
generally rather scarce in the British Isles,
but is found in large numbers in certain years,
as in 18S7. On the Continent it is widespread
and commoner. It is found in August and
September, flying about flowers, and we have
ourselves, at dusk, seen them m swarms, in
gardens near the Rhine. The caterpillar hides
by day, and feeds at night on species of Con-
volvulus and on wild balsam. The chrysalis is
reddish brown, with the tail darker; the sheath
of the proboscis projects in a large curve, and
the recurved end is folded back on the thorax.

S. ligustri, Linn. The Privet Hawk IMoth.
PI. XIII. fig. 3. Larva PI. XIV. fig. i. Pupa
I a. is common in the Southern counties of
England, as well as on the Continent. In the
North of England and in the South of Scot-
land it is rare. It flies about tubular flowers,
such as jasmine and honeysuckle, at night, and
is frequently found in gardens in May and June.
The larva feeds on privet, Syringa, and Splraa,
from July to September. The pupa is dark
brown, with the proboscis-sheath lying close
to the breast.

S. pinastri, Linn. The Pine Hawk Moth.
PI. XIV. fig. 2. Larva 2 a. Tliis moth is al-
most confined to the fir woods of Suffolk in
England, though it has been met with very
rarely in other parts of the country. It is
common throughout the greater part of the
Continent, and frequents pine woods in May,
being found sitting on tree-trunks. The larva
feeds in July and August on fir and pine.

Genus Deilephila, Ochs.

Proboscis much shorter than in Sphinx.
The wings somewhat raised when the insect
is at rest. Larvae cylindrical, tapering towards
the head, with ocellated spots on the sides.

They undergo their metamorphoses between
leaves and moss on the ground. Pupae without
a proboscis-sheath. The insect often remains
two years in pupa before emerging.

D. vespertilio, Esp. Fore wings unico-
lorous bluish grey, slightly whitish at the base,
and with a small black and white spot in the
middle. Hind wings flesh-colour, with a marginal
black band, very narrowly bordered outside
with flesh-colour. Under side of the fore
wings greyish brown, ligliter in the middle,
hind wings flesh-colour. Antennae white above,
brownish beneath. Tegulae not bordered with
white. Abdomen with no white spots above,
but with three alternating white and black spots
on the sides. It is found in Southern Tyrol
and Switzerland. The larva is ashy grey,
slightly tinged with green, and varied with
black and brown, with two flesh-coloured
spots on all the segments except the first and
last. Head bluish-grey. Sides and belly pale
rosy grey ; legs rosy, stigmata yellow. There
is no horn. It feeds on Epilohium rosmarinifoUum
in June and September.

D. hippophaes, Esp. Fore wings pale
grey; base dusky; a black mark like a note
of interrogation near the centre of the costa;
outer portion of the wings with the usual dark
green stripe, bounded by the grey hind margin,
but the inner side of this is clearly defined
by a nearly straight line. Hind wings black,
with a central red band, having a white spot
at the anal angle; hind margins broadly red.
The moth is found in the South of France
and Switzerland and in South Europe gene-
rally. The caterpillar is dark green, with white
lateral lines and an orange horn. It feeds on
Hippophae fhamnoides in August and September.

D. galii, Rott. The Madder Hawk Moth.
PI. XIV. fig. 4. Larva 4a. Pupa 4b. is on the
wing from May to August, and is found in
many parts of Britain, especially near the coast,
but is rare with us, although the commonest
of our three species. The larva feeds on Galium
and Euphorbia in August and September.

D. euphorbiae, Linn. The Spurge Hawk
Moth. PL XIV. fig. 3. Larva 3a. appears in
May and August, and is extremely rare in
England, though common on the Continent.
The caterjiillar feeds on species of Euphorbia
in July and August.

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

31

D. livornica, Esp. The Striped Hawk
Moth. PI. XIV. fig. 5. appears sporadically
in England, and has been taken occasionally
in Scotland and Ireland. It is on the wing
in May, June, and September, and is commoner
in Southern than in Central Europe. The larva
is yellowish green, with a black head and pink
dorsal and 5'ellow lateral lines, between which
is a row of black dots edged with pink and
•white. On the lateral line are pink spots.
The horn is reddish below and black above.
The larva feeds on vine, fuchsia, etc., in July.

Genus Choerocampa.

Fore wings long and pointed. Hind wings
short, with a projection at the anal angle.
Larvae tapering to the head, with ocellated
spots on the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments.
Head retractile. There is usually a horn on
the twelfth segment.

C. celerio, Linn. The Silver Striped Hawk
Moth. Pi. XV. fig. I. is occasional!}' taken in
England, but is commoner in the South of Europe.
It is migratory, and is not infrequently found
on ships at sea. It appears in May and June.
The larva is brown, with a j'ellow stripe above
the legs, and two black ocellated spots, encircled
with yellow, on either side of the fifth and sixth
segments. The horn is long and slender. The
pupa is reddish brown, with the head, wing-
cases, and back dark grey.

C. elpenor, Linn. The Elephant Plawk
Moth. PI. XV. fig. 2. Larva 2 a. is common
in May and June, flying about strongly scented
flowers. The larva feeds in Jul}' and August
on Epilohiiiiu , Galium, Fuchsia, etc.

C. porcellus, Linn. The Small Elephant
Hawk Moth. PI. XV. fig. 3 is widely distri-
buted and common over the greater part of
Europe, including many places in the British
Isles. It appears in May and June, and flies
about flowers at dusk. The caterpillar is dark
grey or brown, with round black spots on the
sides of segments four to six; those on the
fifth and sixth segments are ocellated. There
is no horn, but only a slight prominence. It
feeds on Galium, Epilobium, and Lythrum in July,
and hides itself under the food-plant by day.

C. nerii, Linn. The Oleander Hawk Moih.
PI. XV. fig. 4. This handsome insect has
very rarely been taken in Britain. It is scarce

in Central Europe, and is only a casual visitor
north of the Alps. It appears in July and
August. The caterpillar has a green or brown
head, the next three segments yellow, and the
remaining ones green, except the last, which
is j'ellow. The horn is short and curved back-
wards. It feeds gregariously on oleander from
July to September.

Genus Smerixithus, Ochs.

Antenn£E not terminated in a hook or
bristle, gradually thickened to beyond the
middle, and then narrowed to a point. Head
and eyes large. Proboscis small and soft.
Fore wings with the hind margins irregularly
sinuated and more or less deeply dentated.
When resting the hind wings are horizontal
and the fore wings directed backwards.

S. tiliae, Linn. The Lime Hawk Moth.
PI. X\T. fig. I. Larva la. is fairly common in
the South and South-East of England, and
is one of the commonest hawk moths in the
suburbs of London. It appears in May and
June, and varies much in colour and markings.
The larva feeds on elm and lime in July
and August.

S. quercus, Fabr. Fore wings tawny
grey, with several transverse reddish brown
lines running across them; the wings suffused
with reddish brown outside the outer ones and
inside the inner ones. A reddish brown pa-
rallelogram on the inner margin near the anal
angle, and a round spot of the same colour
above it. Hind wings fawn-colour, with an
irregular white mark, and two dark spots
below it, near the anal angle. It appears in
June, and is found in Central Europe, but not
in Britain. The larva is green, with seven
oblique streaks, darker than the ground colour,
and bordered below with white. The horn is
yellowish, tipped with pale blue. The head
is bordered on each side with a rosy line,
edged within by a white one. It feeds on
young oak-leaves from June to November.

S. ocellatus, Linn. The Eyed Hawk Moth.
PI. XV. fig. 5. Larva 5a. Pupa 5b. is fairlv
common in the South of England, and is found
occasionally in other parts of the British
Isles. It appears in May and June and again
in August. The moth may sometimes be found
in the forenoon sitting on willows or in their

32

BRITISH AKD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

immediate vicinity. The larva feeds on willow,
poplar, apple, etc., in the Autumn.

S. populi, Linn. ^The Poplar Hawk Moth.
PI. XV. fig. 6. Pupa 6a. is common in most
parts of the British Isles where poplar trees
grow. The larva is very like tliat of oullatus,
but more slender and of a more yellow-
ish green, often with large reddish brown
lateral spots. It feeds on poplar and willow
from July to October. Hybrids between ocel-
latiis and populi have occasionally been bred in
confinement.

Genus Pterogon, Boisd.

Antennas clubbed, longer than half the
length of the wing. Proboscis horny, and
longer than the head and thorax together. Body
covered with dense woolly hairs. The hind
margins of the wings are dentated. Larvae
with a round head, and a conspicuous oval
spot, centred with black, in place of a horn.

P. proserpina. Pall. PI. XVI. fig. 2.
flies at the end of May and in June in South-
Central and Southern Europe. The larva is
dark bluish grey, varied with black. Belly
and sides pale rosy white. Stigmata red.
Prolegs flesh-colour. Horn replaced by a
shining round plate, marked with a red or
orange-coloured ocellated spot centred with
black. It feeds on Epilohium, Qiiwthera, and
Lythrum. When rearing the larvae, it is neces-
sary, when full-grown, to place them in strong
sunlight. The pupa is reddish brown with
darker sides.

Genus Macroglossa, Ochs.

Small hawk moths with short fore wings,
some species with transparent wings. Antennee
and proboscis as in the last Genus. Abdomen
flattish, with depressed hair, and a tuft of
hair on the sides of the last four segments
and at the extremity of the body. They fly
in the daytime, darting from flower to flower.
The larvEe are finely granulated, with a globular
head and a straight horn above the anus.
They pupate on the ground between dried
lea\-es, moss, etc., which they spin together.

M. stellatarum, Linn. The Humming-
Bird Hawk Moth. PI. XVI. fig. 5. Larva 5a.
is common everywhere throughout the Summer.
It flies in the sunshine, especially in the after-

noon, and sucks up honey from the flowers.
The larva feeds on Galium in July and August.
The moth hibernates.

M. fuciformis, Linn. The Broad-bordered
Bee Hawk Moth. PI. XVI. fig. 3. Larva 3 a.
Pupa 3b. is generally distributed in the South
of England, and is local in other parts of the
Kingdom. It appears in May and June, and
frequents flowers in the neighbourhood of
woods in the daytime. The larva feeds on
honeysuckle in July and August, and the insect
passes the Winter in the pupa state. The
names of this and the following species are
transposed by many entomologists who follow
Ochsenheimer.

M. bombyliformis, Esp. The Narrow-
bordered Bee Hawk Moth. PI. XVI. fig. 4.
is commoner in the Northern Counties of Eng-
land, and especially in Scotland and Ireland.
It is on the wing in May and June. The
larva is green, with a white line on each side,
on which is a I'eddish brown ring on each
segment. It feeds on Knautia arvcnsis and
Scahiosa columbaria in July. The pupa is formetl
in a loose cocoon on the surface of the ground.

FAMILY

S E S 1 1 D .-E.

Fore wings long and narrow, with dark
margins. Hind wings clear. The fore wings
with 12 or 13 nervures, with an internal nervure,
which is generally very short. The costal
nervure is not branched. The hind wings
with a frenulum and seven or eight nervures,
and three separated internal nervures. The
ocelli are large, and the proboscis is horny, the
palpi three-jointed, scalv, and pubescent, pro-
jecting beyond the head. Antennas with the
terminal half thickened, with finely ciliated
branches in the male. Tibioe furnished with
long spines, the hind pair with four. They are
small moths, resembling various Hymenoptera
and Diptera, which has suggested most of their
specific names. They fly in the sunshine
about flowers. In the morning the newly-
emerged moth may sometimes be found sitting
on tree-trunks or on leaves. The larvro are
vermiform , almost colourless ; the head
darker, with strong horny mandibles. On
the first and last segment there is a horny

PLATE IV.

I. Thecla w-albura, la. Underside. 2. Thecla pruni, 2a. Under side. 3. Thecla quercus, 3a. Female,

4. Thecla rubi, 4a. Under side. 5. Polyommatus virgaureae. 6. Polyommatus dispar, 6a. Female,

6b. Under side. 7. Polyommatus hippothoe. 8. Polyommatus phteas. 9. Lycana bcetica, 9a. Female,

9b. Under side.

British and European Butterflies and Moths.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AKD MOTHS.

a

plate. They have sixteen legs, and live in
the bark, pith, or root of trees and shrubs.
They assume the pupa state in a cocoon com-
posed of particles of wood. The pupa itself
is long and slender, with short, strong tooth-
like projections on the abdominal segments.
By means of these it extricates itself from
its cocoon before the emergence of the imago.

Genus Trochilium, Scop.

Antennse shorter than half tlie length of
the costa of the fore wings, thickened towards
the extremity, with a tuft of hair at the end,
and pectinated beneath with short ciliae in
the males. Proboscis short and soft. Fore
wings clothed with scales on the nervures
and margins only. Nervures 3 and 4 of the
hind wings rise from a common stalk. Ab-
domen rather stout, pointed at the extremity,
not tufted.

T. apiforme, Linn. The Hornet Clearwing
of the Poplar. PI. XVI. fig. 6. is widely
distributed in Europe, and is common in many
parts of England, especially in the Eastern
Counties. It is found in June, sitting on the
trunks of poplars. The larva is yellowish white,
and bears a close resemblance to a large soft
maggot. It lives in the trunk and root of the
poplar, and its presence is shown by the saw-
dust projecting from small holes in the bark.

T. crabriforme. Haw. The Hornet Clear-
wing of the Osier. Wings transparent, with
light brown margins and nervures. Under
side as above, but lighter at the costal margin.
Antennas black. Palpi pale yellow. Head brown
and neck yellow. Thorax black. The first
and second abdominal segments are dark brown,
the third yellow, and the fourth dark purple,
the rest of the segments being yellow, edged
with black, except the last, which is tipped
with orange or purple. The legs are orange-
coloured. It appears in June, and is common
in many parts of the British Isles. On the
Continent it is rare and local, but does occur
here and there in Central Germany and Holland.
The larva, which is whitish, with brownish
spiracles, feeds on willow and sallow, when
young in the bark, but afterwards in the
solid wood.

T. melanocephalum, Dalm. Fore wings
transparent, with tawny margins and nervures.

and a black discoidal spot; the hind wings
transparent with brown nervures. Antennae
tawny; palpi yellow, nearly black at the base.
Head black, with a tuft between the antennae.
Collar black, bordered with yellow. On both
sides of the scutellum is a large yellow spot.
Abdomen is blue-black, with narrow yellow
rings, and the terminal segment is yellow
above and brown beneath. Tibiae and tarsi
orange. This is a rare and local species, found
only in North-Eastern Germany and Scandi-
navia. The larva lives in the trunk and branches
of the aspen. The pupa is elongated and of
a light reddish brown colour.

■ Genus Sciapteron, Staud.

This Genus is distinguished by the following
characters: The antennae are provided in the
male with long, fine, comb-like lamellae. The
fore wings are densely covered with scales, so
that there are but few transparent spaces. The
Genus is represented by a single species only
in Europe.

S. tabaniforme, Rott. The Dusky Clear-
wing. Fore wings entirely covered with brown
scales, dusted with yellow, with the exception
of a narrow linear transparent spot in the
discoidal cell and near the inner margin.
Beneath the basal portion is yellow, the outer
brown, and the discoidal spot orange. The
hind wings are transparent, with a bluish spine,
with brown margins and nervures, and a black
discoidal spot. The antennae are black, tipped
with orange. The orbits are white in front.
The head and neck are black, with a yellow
band behind ; the thorax blue-black, with two
small yellow spots over and two similar spots
under the base of the wings. The abdomen is
blue-black, with four yellow rings in the male
and three in the female. The apical tuft is yellow,
with two yellow longitudinal stripes beneath,
which are found also on the upper side in the
female. The femora are blue-black, the hind
pair with whitish hairs. The tibiae are yellow,
blackish on the outside, with yellow spines.
The moth appears in June, and is widely distri-
buted in Europe, though it is rare in many
places. It is now one of the greatest rarities
in Britain, though it was formerly somewhat
more common. The caterpillar lives in the
stem, branches, and root of the black poplar.

3

34

BRITISH AND EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

Genus Sesia, Fabr.
Antenn;e slightly thickened towards the
extremity, with a slender tuft at the end, more
or less strongly bipectinated and ciliated in
the males. Palpi depressed, scaly, with the
terminal joint half the length of the second.
Proboscis long and horny. Abdomen narrowed
at the extremity, with an anal tuft. Fore
wings with twelve nervures, with the margins
of the wings and a transverse band beyond
the middle densely scaled. There are three
transparent areas between the opaque parts
of the wings, one in the discoidal cell, a second
above the inner margin, and a third opposite
the hind margin; the two latter, however, are
more or less obliterated by scales.

I. Species in which the tniiisparent space on
the inner margin of the fore vings reaches at least
to the central hand.

S. scoliaeformis, Borkh. The Welsh
Clearwing. It is so called because it was first
taken in Britain near Llangollen in North
Wales; a few specimens have also been found
in Scotland. It is generally distributed in
Central Europe, though local and rare. The
wings are transparent; the fore wings with a
black costa and broad hind margins of the
same colour. The central band is broad and
almost triangular, with the apex projecting
into the inner transparent space; the outer
transparent space is composed of six cells.
On the under side the costa and hind margins
are yellow. The head is blue-black, with a
small white spot in front of the eyes, and a
reddish collar; the antennae blue-black, with
yellow tips in the female. The tegulae are yellow
near the base of the wings. The thorax is blue-
black above, with a few white hairs behind.
Abdomen blue-black, with two narrow yellow
rings and an orange anal tuft. Tibiae black
and yellow, with yellow spines. It is on the
wing in June and July. The caterpillar is
found in the bark of old birch trees, and less
frequently in the wood.

S. spheciformis, Schiff. The White-barred
Clearwing. Fore wings with the opaque por-
tions blue-black above. Central band with
the inner edge almost straight, dusted with
yellow, as is also the outer edge. The outer
transparent space is composed of five or six
cells. Head blue-black; collar black on the

upper side. The thorax has a narrow yellow
stripe on each side and a small yellow spot
on the middle of the scutellum. Abdomen
blue-black, with triangular yellow spots on the
first and second segments. Anal tuft black
in the male, varied with yellow beneath. Tibiae
blue-black, the front pair yellowish at the end.
Tibial spines yellow. The moth, which appears
in June and July, is widely distributed in Central
Europe, though not common. In the British
Isles it is very rare. The caterpillar feeds in
the stems of birch, alder, and ash.

S. andrenaeformis, Lasp. The Orange-
tailed Clearwing is blue-black, with no yellow
on the thorax, but with two narrow abdominal
bands and an orange anal tuft. It has been
occasionally taken in England, Austria, and
Hungary, but is rare everywhere.

S. cephiformis, Ochs. Fore wings with
blue-black margins and central band; costa
yellowish beneath. Hind wings with black
borders and nervures. Head black, with a
white spot in front of the eyes, and bounded
by a yellow line bcliind. Antennaj black. Te-
gulae bordered with yellow on the inside. There
is a yellow tuft at the end of the scutellum.
Abdomen blue-black, with four yellow rings in
the male and three in the female. Anal tuft
black in the male, yellow in the female.
Femora blue- black, the first pair yellow at the
extremity. Tibiae yellow in the middle and at
the end. The moth is on the wing in June, and
is scarce in Germanj- and South-Eastern Europe.
The caterpillar lives in the branches of the
juniper, and, it is said, also in those of the
pine. Its presence is shown by excrescences
on the twigs.

S. tipuliformis, Linn. The Currant Clear-
wing. PI. X\T. fig. 7 is common in gardens,
among currant and gooseberry bushes, upon
which it is fond of sitting and sunning itself.
It is widely distributed on the Continent of
Europe, and is common in most parts ot the
United Kingdom, though scarce in Scotland.
It appears in June. The caterpillar lives in
the pith of currant bushes (Ribes rubnini and
nigrum), and ft'cds in a downward direction.

S. conopiformis, Esp. Fore wings with
the opaque parts black, dusted with bright
coppery red, the hind margin broadest, and
the central band concave externally. The

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

35

outer transparent area is square. Hinil wings
with blue-black margins and nervures, dusted
with red beneath. Head and antennae blue-
black; back of the head yellow. Collar blue-
black, edged with yellow beneath : tegulse
bUie-black, edged with yellow internally, and a
yellow transverse line behind the scutellum.
Abdomen blue-black, with a yellow anal tuft
in the male and a blue-black one in the female.
Femora and tibiae black, the front of femora
being yellow on the inner side. It is rather a
scarce species in Central Europe, found sitting
on the trunks of oak trees. It appears from
Maj- to July. The larva feeds in diseased
oak trees.

S. asiliformis, Rott. The Yellow-legged
Clearwing. Fore wings Avith the opaque part
blue-black, dusted with orange, and with a
yellow spot at the base. Central band bright
orange, with straight edges, bordered with black
on the inner side. Marginal band concave
internally. The outer transparent space is
large and broad, and is composed of five cells.
The hind wings are black on the margins and
nervures and yellow on the costa. The head is
black, with white spots in front of the eyes,
and is bordered with yellow behind. Antennae
blue-black. Tegulae yellow on the inner side.
Thorax blue-black, yellow behind. Abdomen
blue-black, with yellow lateral spots. Anal tuft
l)lack in the male, yellow in the female, below
and at the sides of the opposite colours. Tibiae
yellow, with the base black. It appears in
June and July, and is distributed over Central
and Southern Europe. It is found in many
parts of England where oaks are plentiful.
The larva feeds in the stumps of oak trees.

S. myopaeformis, Bork. The Red-belted
Clearwing. Fore wings with the opaque part
blue-black, sometimes dusted with yellow ex-
ternally. On the under side the margins and
central spot are thickly dusted with orange-
The hind wings have the costa and triangular
spot dusted with orange beneath. Head
blue-black, with a white spot in front of the
eyes. Thorax black, with large yellow spots
on the under side in front. Abdomen blue-
black, with a broad central vermilion ring.
Anal tuft black in the male, yellow in the
female. Legs steel-blue. The moth is common
in gardens and orchards in many parts of

Great Britain, including the suburbs of London,
and is fond of sitting on fruit trees and shrubs.
It appears in June and July. The larva feeds
in the bark of apple trees.

S. culiciformis, Linn. The Large Red-
belted Clearwing. PL XVI. fig. 8. is distin-
guished from myopaformis by its larger size and
by having the inner margin of the fore wings
reddish towards the base. It is widely distri-
buted in Northern and Central Europe, and is
common in birch-woods in many parts of the
British Isles. The larva feeds in the inner
layer of the bark of birch trees, and especially
in stumps, often gregarious!}'.

S. stomoxyformis, Hiibn. Fore wings
with the opaque portions blue-black, slightly
dusted with orange ; central band broad; costa
yellow. Thorax black, with the inner margins
of the tegulae orange. Abdomen blue-black,
with a red belt across the middle. Anal tuft
blue-black, with the sides white beneath. Legs
blue-black, the front tibiae spotted with orange
above. It is a rare insect, which is found in
Southern and Eastern Europe in June and July.

S. formicaeformis, Esp. The Red-tipped
Clearwing. Fore wings with blue-black ner-
vures, the costal and inner margins brilliant red,
the hind margins with a broad vermilion band
traversed by black nervures, and bounded
externally by a narrow black band. The outer
transparent space is composed of five cells.
Tlie hind wings have the margins black. The
abdomen is blue-black, with yellow sides, and
a broad central vermilion band above and
two beneath. The anal tuft is edged with
white at the sides. The front tibiae are white
on the inner side, the others white in the
middle and at the end, and all the spines are
white. The moth is found in many parts of
Europe, but is extremely local. It was at one
time common in the neighbourhood of London,
on willows and osiers. It appears from May
to August. The larva feeds in the stems and
stumps of osier, and assumes the pupa state
in Spring.

II. Species in which ihe tvanspavcnt space of
the fore wings does not extend to the transverse
band, and is generally more or less thickly covered
it'ith scales, especially in the female.

S. ichneumoniformis, Fabr. The Six-
belted Clearwing. Fore wings with the opaque

36

nRiriSH AXD EUROPKAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MoTI/S.

portions dark brown, the inner and hind mar-
gins bordered on the inner side with orange,
and the discoidal spot also. The transparent
spaces are large and oval, and the outer one
is composed of five cells. The imder side is
yellow. Hind wings with dark brown nervures
and margins, dusted with yellow. Fringes
greyish brown. Head black, pale yellow in
front of the eyes, and with the hinder edge
yellow. Antennae black, orange beneath, broadly
whitish near the tip in the female; often orange
at their base. Abdomen black, with a yellow ring
at the hinder end of each segment. Anal tuft
black mixed with pale yellow. Femora black,
the first pair yellow externally. Tibiae orange,
black at the base and before the tips. It appears
in July and August, and is found flying about
flowers. It is conunon on the Continent and
in many parts of Britain. The caterpillar feeds
in the roots of Ononis spinosa, Laihvrus pyatcnsis,
and AnthyUis vidncravia.

S. masariformis, Ochs. Fore wings with
black margins and a yellow spot at the base.
Costa tipped with white. The round transparent
space is expanded beyond the middle, with
yellow nervures. Front golden-^-ellow, with black
scales in the middle. Antenna; black, dusted
with golden-yellow on the outer side. Abdomen
with round yellow spots on the back of the
third and fifth segments, and yellow hinder
margin ; segments 4 to 7 orange in tlie middle
and at the sides. Anal tuft yellow. The moth
is found throughout Southern Europe.

S. empiformis, Esp. Fore wings broadly-
purplish black on the margins and median
nervure, lightly dusted with yellow, and with
broad hind margins. There is a long trian-
gular transparent area extending from the
median nervure to the base, a round one beyond
this, and a row of smaller ones on the hind
margin. Hind wings transparent, with purplish
black marginal hue and nervures. Head blue-
black, with the tip and inner part mixed with
golden-yellow. Collar black above, yellow
beneath. I^ack with three yellow longitudinal
lines. Abdomen blue-black, with yellow scales
in the middle line, the second, fourth, and
sixth segments with a broad yellow or white
ring on the upper side above, yellow beneath.
Anal tuft black on the upper side, with a
yellow longitudinal stripe on each side; and

in the male a similar stripe in the middle,
beneath. Legs black, thickly clothed with
yellow hair. Tibiae j'ellow, the hind pair broad
towards the base and steel-blue near the ex-
tremit}-. It inhabits Central Europe, but not
Britain, and is found on Artemesia and other
flowers on hot forenoons in June and July.
The larva feeds in the roots of cypress spurge,
and is easy to rear in Spring.

S. astatiformis, Herr-Schaft". is distin-
guished from the last species by the slender,
uniformly thick abdomen, which is dusted
with yellow, and the usual absence of the
longitudinal line in the male. It inhabits
Bavaria, Austria, and other parts of Southern
Europe. The larva feeds in the roots of
Euphorbia.

S. triannuliformis, Freyer, an East Eu-
ropean species, resembles the last, but the
antennae are not suffused with yellow. The
front orbits and the front coxas are white.
The abdomen has a row of yellow spots on
the upper surface, and is not dusted with
yellow. The larva feeds in the root of Rnmex
acefoiti'ur.

S. muscaeformis, View. The Thrift Clear-
wing. Opaque portions of the fore wings dark
brown, dusted with white, with the transparent
spaces narrower than usual. Nervures and
the broad marginal line of the hind wings
black or brown. Head blue-black, with scat-
tered orange hairs, and two white spots behind
the eyes. Antennas blue-black, palpi and
collar white. Thorax with three white longi-
tudinal stripes. Abdomen with a white spot
on the middle of each segment, and the hind
margm of the second, fourth, and sixth segments
white. Anal tuft brown, with two white streaks
at the sides. TibifE with two white bands. The
moth is widely distributed in Central Europe,
but is local on the coasts of the British Isles.
It is on the wing from June to August, and
on the Continent frequents especially sunny
jieaths and sandy places, flying about Calluna,
but in Britain it is only found in rocky places
on the coast. It feeds in the root of thrift,
and is full-grown in Sjjring.

S. afiinis, Stand, is similar to the last
species. Tlie antennae are blue-black. In tiie
female only the fourth and sixth abdominal
segments are margined with white ; in the

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

,37

male the seventh and in part the second have
also a white margin. It is found in Bavaria
and the Tyrol in May and June, flying over
Helianthcmuni vnlgarc.

S. leucopsiformis, Esp. is one of the
smallest of the Genus. The opaque parts of
the fore wings are dark brown in the male
and black in the female, with three faint
white lines in the broad outer border. The
transparent area in the discoidal cell is ver}'
short, and the outer space consists of only
three cells. The marginal line and nervures
of the hind wings are dark brown, the latter
being white on the under side. The head is
blue-black, with a yellow hind margin; the
antennae blue-black, with the basal joint yellow-
ish. The collar is shining black, with wliitish
scales; the tegulse are black, with the inner
side broadly white. The thorax with a narrow
white central dorsal line. The abdomen is
dark brown in the male, black in the female,
the hind margin of the fourth segment white,
with a white line along the middle, inter-
rupted behind. Anal tuft black, varied with
white on the under surface. Femora dark
brown, tibije brown, the hind pair white ex-
ternally. Tarsi brown. This moth is very
local in some parts of Germany, e. g. in the
neighbourhood of Berlin, as well as in Austria.
The caterpillar feeds in the root of the spurge.

S. chrysidiformis, Esp. The Fiery Clear-
wing. Fore wings with the costa and hind
margin black, central band large, inner margin
and outer transparent space orange-red. Hind
wings bordered with black. Body black, ab-
domen with two pale yellow rings. Anal tuft
orange-red, with black sides. It is found in
Southern and Western Europe, but in England
is almost confined to the Kentish coast. It
is on the wing in June and Julv. The lar\a
feeds in the root of sorrel and dock, and is
full-grown in May.

Genus Bembecia, Hiibn.

Tliis Genus is represented by only one
species in Europe. It is distinguislied from
Sesia by the slightly fusiform antenna-, wliich
do not terminate in a tuft, and are pectinated in
the male, and slightly dentated in the female.
The proboscis is short and slender, while the
abdomen is thicker than in Sesia, and of uni •

form thickness tliroughout ; with raised scales
on the third segment, and a short broad tuft
on the last segment.

B. hylaeiformis, Lasp. Fore wings grey-
ish brown on the margins and across the
centre, suffused with bright orange towards
the base. On the median nervure is a black
transverse spot, and on the inner margin a
smaller one. There is a triangular elongated
transparent spot in the discoidal cell, and a
square spot composed of three smaller ones
beyond the first. The hind wings are wholly
transparent, with dark brown margins and
nervures, and brown fringes. On the under
side the fore wings are suffused with golden-
yellow at the base and towards the hind
margins. The antennae are reddish purple
on the outer side. The back of the head
is golden-yellow, and there is an oblique
golden line at the sides of the thorax before
and behind the base of the wings. The
abdomen is blue-black, the base of the first
and second segments, and the hind margins
of the fourth, fifth, and sixth (and the seventh
also in the male) yellow. The anal tuft is
also yellow in the male, yellowish brown in
the female. The legs are orange, the femora
and tarsi almost black, and the tibiae with
two black rings. The moth is widely distri-
buted in Central Europe, but is not found in
Britain. It is on the wing from June to August.
The larva is whitish, with a brown head. It
lives in the roots of raspberries. The pupa
is chestnut-brown.

FAMILY
THYRIDID.E.

All the wings short and broad, with uni-
form colours and markings, with the hind
margins indented. Fore wings with twelve
nervures, and a simple submedian and costal
nervure. Hind wings with eight nervures, a
simple costal nervure, and two simple inner
marginal nervures. No ocelli. Antenna slightly
fusiform in the male, almost setiform in the
female. Palpi large, prominent, and bristly,
the terminal joint nearly bare. Proboscis homy
and well-developed. Abdomen with a long
anal tuft in the male. These moths fly in
the sunshine about umbelliferous flowers.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

The caterpillars are stout and smooth, with
a few small hairs. They live on the leaves
of Clematis, and the chrysalis is enclosed in a

slight cocoon.

Genus Thyris, 111.

T. fenestrella, Scop. Wings dark brown,
with numerous orange dots. In the centre of
the wings are two square milk-white trans-
parent spaces, which are larger in the hind
wings, and extend towards the base. There
is often a third spot near the inner margin,
in a line with the others. The hind margins
of all the wings have two indentations, in wliich
the fringes are white. On the under side the
wings are lighter brown, and the dots more
yellow and more suffused, the white spots
being as above. The head is brown, varied
with orange. The abdomen is dark brown,
with two white rings. It is found in Southern
and South-Central Europe, but is local. The
moth appears in June. The caterpillar feeds
gregariously on the leaves of Clematis vitalba
in July and August.

fa:*iily
ZYG^NIL).^.

Small moths with long wings; the fore
wings with eleven or twelve nervures and
two simple submedian nervures , the hind wings
with eight nervures and three inner submedian
nervures. Antenna; fusiform or clubbed, some-
times almost thread-like ; ocelli present ; ab-
domen cylindrical. These moths fly in the
sun around flowers, and rest upon them with
their wings sloping over the abdomen. The
larvae are short, more slender behind, with
a retractile head, and slightly pubescent. The
pupse have a tough oval or fusiform cocoon.

Genus Aglaope, Latr.

Small moths with the antennae ciliated
in the male. Palpi short. Wings rounded.
Abdomen short, not projecting beyond the
wings. Legs slender, the hind tibiae with
terminal spines only. The female has an ovi-
positor. The only European species is:

A. infausta, Linn. Wings blackish, thinly
scaled. On the fore wings the costa is red

from the base to the middle, and the hind
wings have the basal half red. Antenme black,
strongly pectinated in the male. Collar red.
The moth is on the wing in June, and inhabits
some parts of France and of the Rhine pro-
vinces of Germany. It is found flyitig about
sloe and whitethorn bushes. The caterpillar
is violet, with a broad yellow dorsal and a
whitish lateral line. It feeds on sloe and
whitethorn in May.

Genus Ino, Leach.

Fore wings uniform bright green or blue.
Hind wings grey, rounded at the tips. All the
nervures of the fore wings separate. Body
rather slender, sessile. Proboscis spiral, well-
developed. Antennae bipectinated in the males.
Larvae with bristle-bearing tubercles. Pups
in an elongated cocoon. In order the more easily
to identify the species they are divided into
two groups.

I. Antenna: pointed at the extremity.
I. pruni, W. V. PI. XVI. fig. g. is common
in most parts of Europe, but is not foimd in
Britain. The fore wings are dark brown, with
a metallic-green lustre ; the hind wings dark
brown. Head and back bright metallic green.
The moth appears in June. The larva is
retidish or yellow, with a dorsal row of black
spots, and black spiracles and legs. It feeds
on sloe, heath, etc., in May.

I. globulariae, HCibn. The Scarce Green
Forester. Fore wings coppery green, with a
bluish shine. Head and back bluish green.
It resembles the next species, but is larger,
and may readily be distinguished by the an-
tennae. The larva is black, with a yellow
dorsal stripe, on which stand green triangular
spots. On the sides are red spots, edged above
with blue, and above the legs there is a light
and a dark green line. It feeds on Centaurea
scabiosa and Globularia in May and June. This
species is widely distributed in Central Europe.
In England it is extremely local, being confined
to a few localities in Kent and Sussex.
11. .Antenna: terminatins in an obtuse club.
I. statices, Linn. The Green Forester.
PI. X\T. fig. lo. Fore wings bright green,
hind wings dark grey. Antennae with an obtuse
club in the male, before which they cease to
be pectinated. It is found in June and July

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

in woodland pastures, and is common all over
Europe. In Britain it is found in many loca-
lities, but is local. Tlic caterpillar is ashy
grey, with a black dorsal stripe, bounded on
either side by a yellow one, succeeded by a
red one. It feeds on Rinnex and Glohuhiria in
May and Jime.

I. geryon, Hubn. The Cistus Forester
is very similar to tlie last species, but the
fore wings are shorter, of uniform breadth,
and more or less golden-green in colour. The
antennae are shorter and thicker. The moth
is common in Central Europe ; in Britain it
is almost confined to the chalk districts of the
South of England. The larva is brown, lighter
above, with a fine white median line. It feeds
on Helianthemitm vulgare. Var. chrysocephala,
Nick, is an Alpine form, in which the wings
are duller and less thickly scaled.

Genus Zygaena, Fabr.

Fore wings usually black, violet-blue, or
metallic-green, with six red spots (rarely re-
placed with yellow or white). These are ar-
ranged in pairs: at the base, in the centre, and
near the hind margin, and are numbered i,
2, 3, etc., from above downwards and from
within outwards, so that the upper basal spot
is No. I, the lower No. 2, the upper central
spot No. 3, and so on. Some species have
only five spots, whilst in others they are fused
together, forming three transverse stripes or
one large one. Hind wings generally red,
with the hind margins sometimes black. The
antennae are cylindrical, thickened towards the
end. Abdomen black, stout, and more or less
densel}' hair}', occasionally ringed with red.
Hind tibiae with median and terminal spurs.
The larvae are short, thick, and finely pubescent,
and generally feed on papilionaceous plants.

Z. minos, W. V. The Transparent Burnet.
PI. XVI. fig. II. is found in Central Europe,
including the Western coasts of the British
Isles. It frequents hill-sides and woodland
meadows, and is generally abundant where it
is found. The larva is pale yellow, with two
rows of black spots. It feeds on Trifolium,
Veronica, Genista, Pimpinella, etc. The cocoon
is arched, and brownish j'ellow in colour.

Z. brizae, Esp. resembles the last species,
but is somewhat smaller, and the hinder streak

is rounded instead of being securiform. The
collar and tegulae are not edged with white.
This species mhabits the Tyrol and Eastern
luirope.

Z. scabiosae, Esp. Fore wings dark brown,
thinly scaled, with three longitudinal red
streaks, rounded on the outer side, of which
the uppermost does not extend to the costa.
The basal spots are much produced, spot 2
sometimes connected with spot 4. Spot 5 is
long, sometimes interrupted in the middle.
The hind wings are red, with black borders,
broadest at the apex. The antennas are gradu-
ally thickened towards the extremity, and
pointed. The head and body are black. It
is found in June and July, especially in hilly
districts, throughout the greater part of Eu-
rope. The larva is golden-yellow, with a white
pubescence, and two rows of black dorsal spots.
The head is black, with white markings. It
feeds on clover in May. The pupa has a
golden-yellow cocoon.

Z. achilleae, Esp. PI. XVI. fig. 12. is dark
blue or greenish grey, with five carmine spots,
the fifth of which is large and kidney-shaped.
The antennae are short, stout, and obtuse. The
collar and tegulae are generally bordered with
white, and the abdomen has sometimes an in-
distinct red belt. It is common in some parts
of Central and Southern Europe. The larva
feeds on Astragalus and Coronilla.

Z. cynarae, Esp. Fore wings dark blue,
thinly scaled, with five red spots, of which
the first is long and pointed, the second long
and rounded externally, the third round and
much smaller than the fourth, which is trian-
gular, and the fifth small and indistinct. The
hind wings are red, with blue-black borders,
broad at the apex. The antennae are gradually
thickened into a club, obtuse at the end. Ab-
domen with a red belt. The moth is common
in some parts of Central and Southern Europe.

Z. exulans, Hoch. The Mountain Burnet.
Fore wings blue-black, thinly scaled. Spot
I is long and pointed, and extends to spot
3; spot 2 is smaller and triangular; spot 3
is much smaller than 4, which is square ;
while 5 is smaller still. All the spots are
reddish. The hind wings are dull red, witli
narrow blackish borders. The antenna; termi-
nate in an obtuse club. The abdomen is

40

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

densely hairy, and is not belted. It is found
in July at a high elevation in the Swiss Alps,
the Pyrenees, Bavaria, and Southern Tyrol.
In Britain it is found onl\' among the moun-
tains of Braemar in Aberdeenshire, on an
elevated spot about 3000 feet above the sea-
level. The larva feeds on Azalea procinuhais.

Z. meliloti, Esp. The New Forest Burnet.
Fore wings narrow and rounded at the apex,
blue-black, with five pale carmine spots. Spots
I and 2 are elongated and of equal length-
spot 3 is the smallest; and 4, which is square,
largest; whilst spot 5 is small and nearly round.
The hind wings have broad blue-black borders.
The abdomen is not belted with red, except
in the Alpine varietj^ stentzii, Freyer. Antennte
graduall}' thickened and pointed at the end.
It is common in Central Europe, but very
local in England, being almost confined to the
New Forest. It appears in Jul}', and frequents
woods and marshy places. The larva is pale
green, with a black head and whitish dorsal
and lateral stripes, the latter spotted with
_\ellow and black. It feeds in Ma}^ and June
on various low-growing leguminous plants. It
pupates in a tough yellow cocoon.

Z. charon, Hiibn. Fore wings steel-blue,
shading into violet on the costa. Spot 3 is
small and oval, spot 6 divided. The hind
wings are not emarginate at the anal angle.
It is found in the Alps of Switzerland and the
Southern Tyrol.

Z. trifolii, Esp. The Broad-bordered Fi\e-
spotted Burnet. PI. XVL fig. 13. Larva 13 a.
Pupa 13b. is rather variable, from the liability
of the spots to coalesce. It appears in June
and July, and is widely distributed in Europe,
though in Britain it is somewhat local. The
larva feetis on the root of Lotus coynictdatus
and Anthyllis vidneraria, eating out the whole
of the root and killing the plant.

Z. lonicerae, Esp. The Narrow-bordered
Five-spotted Burnet. Resembles irifolii, but is
somewhat larger; spots 3 and 4 are smaller
and more distinctly separated, and the fore
wings are broader beyond the middle. It is
one of the commonest of the Burnets, and is
widely distributed in Britain as well as on
the Continent. It ajijuars in July, and fre-
quents woods, dry meadows, and sunny hill-
sides. The larva is yellowish white, with

three rows of black spots on the back, and a
similar row above the legs. The lateral line
is composed of dark yellow spots. The female
larva is pale green, with a whitish dorsal stripe.
It lives on various kinds of clover in May.
The cocoon is elongated and straw-coloured.

Z. filipendulae, Linn. The Six-spotted
Burnet is one of the most widelv distributed
of the family. The fore wings are dark green
above, with six carmine spots, of which the
third and sixth are oblique. The sixth is the
largest, and is occasionally confluent with the
fifth. The hind wings are deep red, with narrow
black borders. Antenna; thickened near the end,
but terminating in a pointed extremity. It is
plentiful in Central Europe, and is found all over
tlic British Isles, but is commonest in the South
(1 England. It is on the wing in July and
August and sometimes in June, and is parti-
cularly common in chalky districts and on hill-
sides. The caterpillar is yellow, with two row s
of black dorsal spots, and a smaller row on
each side. The head and legs are black. It
feeds on clover, trefoil, and other low plants
in May. The cocoon is elongated and of a
sulphur-yellow colour. \'ar. chrysanthemi,
Esp. has the red colour of the hind wings and
of the spots on the fore wings replaced by
coft'ee-brown. In another variety found near
Cambridge they are yellow.

Z. angelicae, Ochs. Fore wings steel-blue,
with carmine spots. The first and second are
o\al and of equal size, the fifth is large and
pointed towards the hind margin, and there
is occasionally a sixth spot. On the imder
side of the fore wings the spots are connected
by an indistinct reddish suffusion, and the
spots are not sharply outlined. The hind
wings are bright carmine, with a rather broad
black border. This moth is found in July in
Eastern and Southern Germany, Austria, etc.
The larva is yellow, finely dotted with black,
hairy, with two rows of black spots on the
back and one on the sides. It feeds on Tri-
foliiim alpcstrc and vwntanum, Lotus, Coronilla, etc.

Z. transalpina, Esp. Fore wings dark
blue, with six deep red spots, arranged in ad-
jacent pairs. Spots 3 and 6 are smaller than
4 and 5, and spot 6 is divided by a black
nervure. The basal spots are shorter than in
filipcnduLe, and spots 3 and 4, which are often

PLATE V.

I. Lycsena argus, la. Female, ib. Under side. 2. Lycasna astrarche, 2a. Female. 3. var. artaxerxes.
3a. Female, 3b. Under side. 4. Lycaena icarus, 4a. Under side, 5. Lycaena bellargus, 5a. Female.
5b. Under side. 6. Lycaena corydon, 6a. F'emale, 6b. Under side. 7. Lycajna hylas, 7a. Female.
8. Lyca;na argiolus, 8a. Female, 8b. Under side. 9. Lycaena minima, ga. Under side. 10. Lycaena
semiargus, 10a. Under side. i'. Lycaena arion.

British and European Butterflies and Moths'.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND jirOTIIS.

4'

connected, are less obliquely placed. The
hind wings are broad and of a deep red colon',
with a broad black hind margin, which merges
into the ground colour in the middle and at
the apex. The antennae are long and gradu-
ally thickened, but terminate in a point. It
is common in Julj- in Alpine districts in
Southern Europe. The larva is greenish, with
a blackish dorsal line, and a yellow lateral
stripe with triangular black spots between. It
lives on Astragalus.

Z. ephialtes, Linn, varies much in colour
and markings. It is blue-black, with five or
six red, yellow, or white spots on the fore
wings and one or two on the hind wings.
Tlie antennae are thickened towards the ex-
tremity, and again narrow to a point, which
is white or yellowish. The abdomen has a
complete red belt. The larva feeds in May
on Coronilla, Mniicago, and Trifolium pyatcnsc. Its
range comprises Central and Southern Europe,
except the West. Var. coronillae, Esp. has
six white spots on the fore wings, the two at
the base yellow, and a white spot on the hind
wings. The abdominal belt is yellow. Var.
trigonellae, Esp. PI. XVI. fig. 14. is like the
last, but with five spots on the fore wings. Var.
seacus, Esp. has five or six spots, and yellow
hind wings broadly bordered with black. It
occurs only in Austria and Hungary. Var.
peucedani, Esp. has six red spots on the
fore wings and a red spot on the hind wings.
The abdominal belt is also red.

Z. fausta, Linn. PI. XVI. fig. 15. is found
in July and August in Southern and South-
Eastern Europe, especially in mountainous
districts. The larva is light green, with a red
cervical band, edged with white in front, and
red claspers. There is a brownish dorsal line
and a white lateral stripe, on which is a row
of black spots, with white ones below them.
The head is black. It feeds on Ornithopiis
perpusillus and Coronilla minima.

Z. carniolica. Scop. Fore wings shining
green, with six red spots edged with white,
the second of which is much larger than the
first. Spots 3 to 5 are round, 4 is larger than
3 and 5, and spot 6 is long, narrow, and sub-
marginal. The fringes are white. It is found
in July in South and in some parts of Central
Europe. Teh larva is pale green, with a white

dorsal and lateral stripe, with yellow dots upon
it, and a row of black triangles between them.
It feeds on Oncbiychis saliva, Astiagalus, and
Coronilla. Var. berolinensis. Stand, has no
white border around the red spots, and the
abdomen is perfectly black.

FAMILY

S Y N T O M I D .E.

Small moths with long abdomen and small
hind wings, which have only five or six ner-
vures. Fore wings triangular, spotted with
white, with eleven or twelve nervures and a
subniedian nervure. All the wings are coloured
alike, with transparent spots. Antennas long
and filiform. Palpi smaU, and distinctly arti-
culated. No ocelli. The legs are long and
slender. The larvae have sixteen legs, and
warts bearing tufts of hair; they hibernate.

Genus Syntomis, Latr.

Fore wings with rounded angles and i-^
nervures; hind margin as long as the inner
margin. Hind wings small, with five nervures
and two subniedian nervures. Abdomen long,
with light -coloured rings. Palpi small, erect,
the first joint longer than the others.

S. phegea, Linn. Wings shining blue-
black, with white transparent spots on the
fore wings, arranged one near the base, two
in the middle, and three near the hind margin.
The hind wings with three spots in the male,
and two in the female. Antennse blue-black,
with white tips. Abdomen blue-black, with
yellow rings on the first and fifth segments.
It flies in June and July in open woods in
South and Central Europe, but is very local
North of the Alps. It varies much in the
size of the spots, which may in extreme cases
be more or less confluent on the one hand,
or completely ab;^c■nt on the other. The larva
is black, with tufted tubercles. It feeds on
sorrel, dandelion, plantain, etc. It hibernates
and forms its pupa in a slight cocoon, partly
composed of hairs.

Genus Naclia, Boisd.

Small yellowish brown moths, the fore
wings with eleven, the hind wings with six
nervures. The abdomen yellow, with black

42

BRITISH AND EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

spots on the back. The palpi are placed hori-
zontallj'. The hind margin of the fore wings is
as long as the inner margin.

N. ancilla, Linn. Fore wings greyish
yellow, with two elongated whitish semitrans-
parent spots on the hind margin and another
on the inner margin. In the female there is
an additional spot on the costa and on the
inner margin. The hind wings are in the
male uniform greyish yellow; in the female
with brown hind margins and discoidal spot.
The abdomen is yellow on the back, with a
row of black spots; beneath it is blackish.
The moth appears in July and August, and is
widely distributed in Central and Southern
Europe, but is not generally abundant. The
larva is black, with tufts of brown hairs, and
yellow dorsal an 1 lateral lines. It feeds in
April on lichens j;rowing on oaks, and en moss.

N. punctata, Fabr. Fore wings brown,
with two central white spots and three dots
on the hind margin ;. The hind wings yellow,
with broad brown hind margins. The abdomen
is yellow, with a row of black spots above.
It appears in June and July, and inhabits
Southern Europe. The larva is brownish and
densely hairy. It feeds on lichens in Spring.

B O M B Y C E S.

The following are the distinctive characters
of this group. The antennae are filiform, often
deeply pectinated in the males. The wings
are usually broad. The larva; are either smooth
or pubescent, and the pupae are formed in
variously shaped cocoons.

FAMILY

NYCTEOLID.^.

The position of these moths is somewhat
doubtful, some authors placing them among
the Nodiitr, whilst others regard them as be-
longing to the Bomhyces. They are small moths,
mostly flying at night. The bod}' is slender.
The tegulae are rounded in front, and hairy.
The proboscis is horny, the legs slender,
with smootli hairs. The hind wings do not
quite reach to the end of the abdomen. The
larv£E have fourteen or sixteen legs, and are
finely pubescent. They undergo their meta-
morphoses in a firm, boat-shaped cocoon.

Genus Sarrothripa, Curt.

Antennae simple. Palpi very long. Fore
wings with the costa and inner margin strongly
arched towards the base, broader behind, with
the apex rectangular, and a very short curved
hind margin. Hind wings contracted above
the middle. The larvae are slender, with six-
teen legs, and a few long hairs. They live
in leaves which they have spun together.

S. undulana, Hiibn. The Large Brown
is very variable both in colour and markings.
It is grey or brown, varied with lighter or
darker, with two fine double transverse lines
on the fore wings, and a central spot surrounded
by lighter. The transverse lines are much
waved, fine, black, and sharp; the anterior is
almost straight, the posterior curved round
the central spot; the subterminal line is in-
distinct and whitish, suffused with blackish
towards the base. Sometimes there is a thick
black basal streak in cell i b. It feeds on
Salix and oak in June. The larva is green,
with yellowish incisions and lateral lines. It
feeds on Snlix and oak in June.

Genus Earias, Hiibn.

Fore wings broad and triangular, with a
strongly arched costa and a straight, slightly
oblique hind margin. The colour is green.
The hind wings are rounded, and almost reach
to the end of the abdomen. The palpi are
smoothly scaled. The larvae taper towards the
tail, and feed on the leaves of willows and
poplars, which they spin together.

E. vernana, Hiibn. has the fore wings light
green, with two dark transverse lines, which
converge on the costa and hind margin. Tlie
hind wings and body are white. It is found
in j\Iay in woods and meadows, jirincipally
in Eastern Europe. The larva feeds on Popitlus
alba in the Autunm.

E. chlorana, Linn. The Cream-bordered
Green Pea. Fore wings green; hind wings
and abdomen white. The costa of the fore
wings is also broadly white. It has an ex-
tended range throughout a great part of Europe,
and is common in meadows in May and again
in the Autumn. The larva is double-brooded,
and lives in the leaves of willows, which it
spins together.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUiTERELIES AXD MOTHS.

^y,

Genus Hylophila, Hiibn.

Fore wings broad, somewliat expanded
posteriorly, willi oblique sinuated hind margins.
Palpi with a short or long rounded terminal
joinf. The larvae feed on trees. The pupae
have a firm boat-shaped cocoon.

H. prasinana, Linn. The Green Silver
Lines. Fore wings green, with red-edged
transverse lines and a yellow- abdomen in the
male, and with whitish transverse lines and
abdomen in the female. The moth is common
and widely distributed in woods throughout
Europe. It is on the wing in May. The
caterpillar is yellowish green, with a deep yellow
lateral line, and a red-edged anal plate and
red prolegs. It is found from July far into
the Autumn, feeding on beech and oak. The
cocoon is reddish yellow.

H. bicolorana, Fuessl. The Scarce Green
Silver Lines is found in oak woods in Central
and Southern Europe in June and July. The
fore w-ings are green, with two transverse lines.
The hind wings and abdomen are white. The
larva is yellowish green, with two yellow dorsal
lines, commencing on the fourth segment, and
the anal plate edged with the same. It feeds
on oak in May and June.

FAMILY
L I T H O S 1 1 1) .-E.

Rather small moths, with eleven or twelve
nervures on the fore wings, which vary some-
what in their arrangement; the hind wings
with eight nervures. The antennae are ciliated.
There are no ocelli. The palpi are small and
horizontal. The posterior tibiae have two
spurs. The body is slender, and does not
extend beyond the anal angle of the hind
wings. These moths mostly fly by night, but
some fly in the daytime. The larvte, which
have sixteen legs, hairy warts, and a small
round head, feed on lichens, etc. The pupa;
are short and obtuse, and are enclosed in a
slight cocoon.

Genus Nola, Leach.

Palpi projecting beyond the head, with
raised scales. Fore wings broad, with the last
nervure but one detached, running from the

subcostal nervure to the costa, with rather
pointed apices and considerably curved hind
margins. Nervures 3 and 4, as well as 6 and
7, have long stalks, and 4 may be wanting.
The antennae of the males are distinctly cili-
ated and sometimes pectinated. They are
small moths, which fly mostly at night, and
may be found sitting on the trunks of trees in
the daytime. The caterpillars are fusiform,
and live on bushes. The cocoon of the chry-
salis is boat-shaped.

N. togatulalis, Hiibn. Fore wings light
grey, with a sharp zigzag transverse line,
and a broad black arched line across the
middle. It is found in July in sandy places
among young oaks in Southern and South-
Central Europe. The larva feeds on low-
growing oaks in June.

N. cucuUatella, Linn. The Short Cloaked
Moth is smaller than the last species, and is
distinguished by the dark base of the fore
wings. The moth is common in most parts
of Europe in June and July. The larva, which
is yellowish grey with a white dorsal line,
feeds on sloe and fruit trees in May.

N. cicatricalis, Treit. Fore wings grey,
narrow, and verv pointed, with oblique hind
margins. Hind wings darker grey. It is a
South European species.

N. strigula, W. V. The Small Black
Arches. The fore wings are light grey, varied
with brown; the hind wings brownish grey.
It is widely distributed in Central and Southern
Europe, and appears in June and July. The
larva is yellowish ,or pinkish, with a black
transverse spot on the eighth segment. It
feeds on lichens, especially those growing on
oak, in ]May.

N. confusalis, Herr-Schaff. The Least
Black Arches is very like the last species.
The hind wings are greyish white. It is
common in Western Europe in June and July.
N. albula, W. V. Fore wings white, with
golden-brown undentated transverse lines, the
posterior in the centre of the wings forming
three irregular curves. Hind wings pale grey,
with darker margins. It is found generally
distributed in Europe, but is not common.

N. centonalis, Hubn. is very variable in
colour and marking. The fore wings are
white, with brownish borders; the hind wings

44

UR/nSH A.VD ECROPJiAX BVTTERFLrES AXD MOTHS..

dark grey. It is found in many parts of
Europe, especially in dry sandy places in
pine or birch woods. The moth is rare in
England.

N. cristatula, lllibn. is distinguished from
the last species by its browner colour. It is
found in Southern Europe in June and July.
The larva is brownish yellow, with a dark
dorsal line and black sagittate spots, and
with separate long hairs. It feeds on Mentha
aquaiica in i\Iay.

Genus Ntidaria, Stcph.

Fore wings liroad, thinlv scaled, without
an appendicular cell, rounded at the ape.x.
The proboscis is rudimentary or absent. They
are small delicate moths, which sit upon walls,
tree-trunks, etc., with their wings expanded.
The larvas are set with short hair, and feed
on lichens growing on trees and walls.

N. senex, Hiibn. The Round Winged
Muslin. Fore wings pale yellow, with a brown
central area and two rows of dots on the
nervures, one in front and the other behind
the middle of the wings, and a brown dotted
submarginal line. The hind wings are paler,
with a brown central spot and a row of sub-
marginal dots. The moth is found in damp
grassy places in Central Europe, hiding itself
in the grass during the daytime. The larva
is dark ashy gre}-, very hairv, and feeds on
grass and Jnngcrmannia in June. The cocoon
is brownish.

N. mundana, Linn. The INIuslin Moth.
Fore wings yellowish grey, iridescent, with
two zigzag transverse lines, a brown central
spot, and the hind margins darker. The an-
tennae are brownish, the rest of the body and
the hind wings whitish. It appears in July in
Northern and Central Europe. The caterpillar
is pale grey, with two rows of yellow dorsal
spots and a blackish transverse spot on the
eighth segment. It feeds on lichens growing
on rocks and trees.

N. murina, Esp. Fore wings narrow,
jiale mouse-colour, with two rows of black
dots on the nervures, and some dots at tlie
base, one in the discoidal cell and two on the
transverse nervure. The hind wings are grey-
ish white. It is found in July in Southern
Europe. The caterpillar is light grey, with

two jellow dorsal rows of spots and yellowish
grey warts. It feeds on lichens.

Genus Calligenia, Dup.

Like the last Genus, but with the proboscis
better developed and the fore wings more
densely scaled and more pointed. The only
European species is :

C. miniata, I'orst. The Red Arches. Fore
wings orange, with broad scarlet costa and
hind margin, black longitudinal spots on the
nervures towards the hind margin, a black
sinuated line beyond the middle, a slight
indistinct line in front of it, and a black thin
streak on the costa at the base and towards
the tip. The hind wings are rose-colour, with
an orange-yellow submarginal line. The an-
tennae and body are orange, and the under
side of the abdomen black. The moth is
common in damp woods throughout Northern
and Central Europe in June and July. The
larva is pale brown, with thick tufts of long
black hairs tipped with grey. It feeds on
lichens growing on trees and fences in May.
The pupa is enclosed in a cocoon formed of
loosely woven hairs.

Genus Setina, Schrank.

All the wings with the same colouring ami
pattern. Fore wings triangular, with twelve
nervures, the hind margin almost as long as
the inner margin. Hind wings with eight
nervures, with 5, 7, and 8 rising from a com-
mon stalk, and 8 from the costal or discoidal
cell. The antennae are strongly ciliated in the
males and less so in the females. The colour
of the wings is yellow, the fore wings with
two rows of black spots in front of, and behind
the middle, and a row on the hind margins
between the nervures, or else only two black
dots, one in the middle of the costa and the
other towards the inner margins. In Alpine
forms the black colour is more pronounced,
especiall}- along the line of the nervures, being
due to the confluence of the black spots. The
moths sit with their wings sloping. They fly
in the daytime. The larvae are short and
stout, with bushy hairs and a small head. They
hibernate and feed on lichens.

S. irrorella, Linn. The Dew Moth. Wings
ochre- vellow, thinlv scaled. Fore wings with

BRITISH AND EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

45

three transverse rows of small black dots, the
middle row consisting of five dots ; hind wings
without dots or with only a few small ones.
The antennae are black, the collar, tegulse,
scutcllum, and anal tuft orange, whilst the
other parts are black. It is widely distributed
throughout Europe in open woods and weedy
places in July and August. The larva is black,
with square yellow dorsal spots, and elongated
lateral spots. It feeds on lichens, and is full-
grown in May. Var. signata, Borkh. has the
middle row of spots confluent. Var. andereggi,
Herr-Schafl'. has black nervures, and is found
in high-lying Alpine meadows.

S. roscida, Hubn. Wings yellow, the fore
wings with three rows of black dots, the outer
row being strongly curved. The antennae,
head, thorax, and abdomen are black; the
collar, tegulae, and anal tuft yellow. It is the
smallest member of the Genus. The moth
is on the wing in May, June, and July, and is
common in Central and Southern Europe,
except the North-West, in hilly districts. The
larva feeds on lichens. Var. melanomos,
Nick, is darker, with black lines. It inhabits
the higher regions of the Alps.

S. kuhlweini, Hiibn. is orange-yellow.
The fore wings with three transverse rows of
black dots, the hindermost being the longest.
The hind wings have a similar row of dots
on the hind margins. The head and a small
spot on the collar are black. It is mostly an
East European species. The larva is blackish,
witli yellowish dorsal and lateral lines. It
feeds on lichens growing on stones in May.
Var. alpestris, Zell. is larger, with thicker
antenna?. It inhabits the Southern Alps.

S. aurita, Esp. is distinguished from the
last species by not being suffused with black
beneath. The hind wings are black, and the
collar, tegulae, and anal tuft yellow. It is found
in the Alps in July. Var. ramosa, Fabr. has
a broad black line in place of the anterior row
of dots. It is common in high-lying mountain
meadows in Southern Tyrol.

S. mesomella, Linn. The Four-dotted
Footman. Fore wings whitish, with yellow
costa and fringes, and black dots near the
middle of the costa and inner margin. Hind
wings dark gre}-, with yellowish hind margins.
Antennae, head, collar, and tip of the abdomen

yellow; the abdomen itself grey. The fore
wings are yellow in the female. It is widely
distributed throughout the greater part of
Europe in woods in June and July. The larva
is black, with short thick tufts, and feeds on
lichens till May.

Genus Lithosia, Fabr.

Fore wings long and narrow, with twelve
nervures. The hind margin about half as long
as the inner margin. There is no appendicular
cell. Nervure 2 rises from the niiddlc (f the
discoidal cell; 3 and 4 rise from a common
stalk; 7 and 8 together from 6; g and 10 from
the discoidal cell. Hind wings with nervure
5 absent; 3 and 4 and 6 and 7 rise together.
The antennae are ciliated. The palpi are small
and horizontal. The fore wings are uns'iotted.

L. muscerda, Hufu. The Dottetl Foot-
man. Fore v.'ings ashy grey, with the costa
lighter, and several black dots near the inner
margin, and a row of four similar dots extend-
ing from the costa to the hinder angle. Hind
wings yellowish grey. The antennae and body
are ashy grey. It is found in damp woods
in Central Europe in July and August. In
Britain it is confined to one locality in Norfolk-
shire, Horning Marshes. The larva feeds on
lichens growing on alder.

L. griseola, Hiibn. The Dingy Footman.
Fore wings leaden grey, with a silky lustre.
A narrow yellow costal line, and yellowish
grey fringes, lighter towards the base. The hind
wings are yellowish grey, with the fringes lighter.
The antennze are dark grey. The head, collar,
and tip of the tail are pale yellow. Abdomen
and thorax grey. The moth is widely distributed
throughout Europe in woods in June and
Jul)'. The larva is black, with two interrupted
red dorsal lines, and a red spot in front, bisected
by a black stripe; short black tufts and a
few longer hairs in front and behind. It feeds
on lichens growing on oak till May. Var.
flava, Haw. is a pale ochre-yellow form, found
unlv in England.

L. deplana, Esp. The Buff Footman. The
wings are whitish grey in the male, with the
hind margin darker, and with ochre-yellow
fringes. Fore wings with a yellowish shine on the
base and extremity of the costa. The female
is reddish grey, with yellow fringes, and a

46

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

yellow costa, narrowing towards the apex of
the fore wings. The antennas are dark grey;
the head and thorax yellow. The abdomen
is ashy grey, darker in the female, and tipped
with yellow. It is widely ilistributed in Central
Europe, but is rare in Britain. It appears in
July, and frequents pine-woods. The larva
is dark brown on the sides, and yellow on
the back, with black spots. It feeds on lichens
growing on fir trees. The cocoon is greyish
brown.

L. lurideola, Zinck. The Common Foot-
man. Fore wings dark leaden grey — with a
yellow costal streak, narrow towards the apex,
with yellow fringes ; the hind wings are pale
yellow. The moth is common and widely
distributed in Central and Southern Europe,
and may be met with in most country lanes
'in June and July. The larva is black, with
an interrupted reddish yellow row of spots
above the legs, and short tufts of hair. It
feeds on lichens growing on poplars, oaks, and
other trees.

L. camplana, Linn. The Scarce Footman.
PI. XVII. fig. I. Fore wings leaden grey,
v-ith a silky lustre, and a yellow costal margin
of equal breadth to the extreme tip of the
wing, and yellow fringes. The hind wings are
pale yellow, with a greyish costa in the female.
The antennae are ashy grey, with a yellow
base, and the abdomen is yellow. It is com-
mon and widely distributed in woods tlirough-
out Europe, but is rarer in Britain than L.
lurideola. The larva is black, with two rows
of rotmd orange dorsal spots, and short tufts
of hiir. It feeds on lichens growing on firs,
blackthorn, etc. The pupa has a brownish
cocoon.

L. unita, Hiibn. is ochre-yellow. Fore
wings very narrow, with a dark yellow costa
and hind margin. Hind wings unicolorous, or
with only the costa greyish. The antennae
are yellow above and gre3ish below. The
thorax is ochre-yellow and the abdomen grey-
ish yellow. It is found in woods in June and
July, chiefly in Southern and Eastern Europe.
The larva is brownish grey, with three black
dorsal and two white lateral interrupted lines,
a black line above the legs, a yellow transverse
spot behind, and white spots on each segment,
beginning on the fourth. It feeds on lichens.

L. lutarella, Linn. \\'ings pale yellow,
the hind wings greyish brown on the costal
half. Antennae blackish, yellow at the base;
head blackish in front. The remaining parts
are yellow. It frequents woods from June to
August, and is common throughout Central
and Southern Europe. The larva is dark blue,
with black spots, and a yellow lateral line,
bordered by a white one. It feeds on various
lichens. The cocoon is brownish. Var. pyg-
maeola, Doubl. The Pigmy Footman, the
English form, is paler.

L. sororcula, Hufn. The Orange Footman.
Fore wings deep orange-colour, with the costa
curved; hind wings paler. The abdomen
and legs are grey, and the abdominal tuft
yellow. It is common in woods in Central
and South-Eastern Europe in May and June.
The caterpillar is black, with white spots and
two lemon -yellow interrupted dorsal lines,
dotted with red. It feeds on lichens growing
on trees.

Genus Gnophria, Steph.

Shape of the wings as in Liihosia. The fore
wings with an appendicular cell, from which
rise nervures 6, and 7 to 10; nervures 8 and
g rise from a common stalk ; and 1 1 runs from
the discoidal cell to the costa.

G. quadra, Linn. The Large Footman.
Female PI. X\TI. fig. 2. Larva 2a. Fore
wings greyish yellow in the male, orange at
the base, greenish towards the costa ; ochre-
yellow in the female, with two black spots.
The hind wings are pale yellowish in both
sexes. This is the largest of the Lithosiidic.
It is common in woods throughout Europe in
July, and in some j-ears appears in unusual
numbers. The larva feeds on lichens growing
on trees, and may be found in fissures of the
bark in the daytime. The pupa is shinmg
black, short and stout, and is enclosed in a
thin egg-shaped cocoon.

G. rubricollis, Linn. The Red-necked
Footman. All the wings are black, the collar
orange-red, and the abdomen yellow at the
tip and beneath. It appears from May to
Jul)-, and is common throughout Europe, in-
cluding Britain. The larva is greenish grey,
with red and white dots, and black longitudinal
dorsal lines. It feeds on lichens and Jiinger-

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTIERFLIES AND MOTHS.

47

mannia. The pupa is reddish brown, and has
a reddish brown cocoon.

FAMILY

A R C T 1 1 I ) .E.

Large and middle-sized moths, usually
brightly coloured. Fore wings with twelve
nervures; nervures 5 and 6 widely separated
at their origin. Hind wings with eight nervures,
5 and 6 rising at a distance from each other.
Nervure 8 rises from the subcostal nervure.
The discoidal cell is divided. Frenulum always
present. The antenna; bipectinated or serrated
in the males. Proboscis distinct. No ocelli.
Abdomen densely hair}-. The hind tibiae
mostly with two pairs of spines. The larvas
have tubercles on each segment, with long hairs
growing from them. The pups are stout, and
are enclosed in a thin cocoon on the ground
or between leaves.

Genus Emydia, Boisd.

"^^^ings long and narrow ; fore wings with
eleven nervures, nervures 7, 8, and g rising
from a common stalk. Hind wings with eight
nervures, 3 and 4 and 6 and 7 rising from a
point. Nervure 5 is rudimentary or wanting.
The antenna; are bipectinated in the males,
slightly serrated in the females, with two bristles
on each point. The hind tibiae have two pairs
of spurs.

E. striata, Linn. The Feathered Footman.
PI. XVn. fig. 3. In the male the fore wings
are yellow, with numerous black longitudinal
lines, the hind wings orange - colour, with
a broad black costa and hind margin, and a
central black lunule ; in the female the fore
wings are pale buff-coloured, with a black dot
near the costa, and a few narrow black streaks
on the hind margins. The hind wings are
orange, with a few black streaks near the base,
a submarginal row of black dots, and a black
dot in the centre. The head, thorax, and
abdomen are yellow, the last being spotted
with black. It is widely distributed, but is
rare in Great Britain. The moth appears in
June and July, and frequents heaths. The larva
is dark brown, with an orange dorsal and white
lateral line, and is covered with reddish yellow
hairs. It feeds on grasses, Avtemisia, heath

(Callnna), Galium, Plantago, etc. The pupa is
reddish brown, with a greyish white cocoon.

E. cribrum, Linn. The Speckled Footman.
Fore wings white, with four transverse rows
of black dots, and a marginal line with black
dots at the extremities of the nervures. The
hind wings are dark grey, with whitish fringes,
and an indistinct bluish white central lunule.
The head and thorax are bluish white, with
black spots, and the abdomen grey, with black
spots, and a yellow tip in the male. The
moth is widely distributed in Europe, but is
local, and in England it is almost confined to
Hampshire and Dorsetshire. The larva is
brown, with white dorsal and lateral lines,
fine short white hairs, and a shining black
tail. It feeds on heath {Callnna), Plantago, etc.,
remaining hidden during the day. The pupa
is dark brown and short, and is formed under
stones, etc., in a slight cocoon. \^ar. Candida,
C3r. has fewer black spots. It is a Southern
form.

Genus Deiopeia, Curt.

Fore wings witli twelve nervures. Nervure
7 rises from the anterior angle of the discoidal
nervure, 8 and 9 rise together from 7, and 10
is separate. Hind wings with eight nervures.
The antennae are simple, with a bristle on both
sides of each joint. The palpi are horizontal
or slightly raised.

D. pulchella, Linn. The Crimson Speckled
Footman. Fore wings white, with black and
red dots; the hind margins dotted with black;
the fringes yellowish, chequered with black
and brown. Hind wings white, with a black
central streak and a broad indented black
border, and white fringes. The abdomen is
bluish white, with black spots on the sides.
This handsome insect is widely distributed,
but is commoner in South than in Central
Europe. In England it is rare. The cater-
pillar is bluish grey, with black hairs, a white
dorsal line, and a reddish streak on the sides
of each segment. It feeds on Echium, Plantago,
Solanimi, etc. The chrysalis is dark brown,
enclosed in a slight greyish white cocoon.

Genus Euchelia, Boisd.

Resembles the last Genus in neuration, but
nervures 7 and 1 1 rise from the appendicular

4?

BRITISH AXD ECROPEAX BVTTERl-IIES AXD MOTHS

cell. Fore wings broad and triangular ; hind
wings broad and rounded. The larvae are
thinly hairy and without warts.

E. jacobaeae, Linn. The Cinnabar ]\Ioth.
PL XVII. fig. 4 is common throughout Europe
in May and June. The larva is black, with
yellow rings and black hairs. It feeds gre-
gariously on Scnccio jacobaa and Tussilago in
July and August. The pupa is obtuse, reddish
brown, with a brown cocoon.

Genus Nemeophila, Steph.

Antenn;E pectinated in the males, serrated
in the females. There is an appendicular cell
in plantaginis. The bodies of the males are
slender. They are middle-sized moths, and fly
in the sunshine. The larvae feed on low plants.

N. russula, Linn. The Clouded Buff.
Fore wings light yellow, with a blackish central
spot and inner margin. Hind wings yellowish
white, with a blackish central spot, a black
submarginal band, interrupted by the nervures,
and rose-coloured fringes. The female is tawny,
with reddish nervures on the fore wings,
reddish borders, and a black submarginal
band. There is a reddish central spot at tlie
base of the hind wings, which are black. The
bipectinated antenna^ the head, and the thorax
are coloured like the fore wings. The abdomen
of the female is light yellow, banded with
black, and that of the male is j-ellowish white.
It is common throughout Europe in May,
June, and July, especially in woods and on
heaths. The larva is dark brown, with a
yellow dorsal line, dotted with red, white
spiracles, and long foxy-red hair behind. It
feeds on plantain, dandelion, scabious, etc.

N. plantaginis, Linn. The Wood Tiger.
PI. XVII. fig. 5. Fore wings black in the
female, with light yellow longitudinal and
transverse bands. Hind wings red, with broad
black spots at the base, black submarginal
spots, sometimes confluent, and yellow fringes.
The variety hospita, W. V. has white hind
wings, and is found in the Alps. The variety
matronalis, Freyer. has black hind wings,
and is also a mountain form. It is common
in woods and meadows throughout Europe in
May, June, and July, and flies in the daytime.
The larva is black, brick-red in the middle
on nervure 7, and is covered with hair, which

is longer behind. It feeds on plaintain and
Lichnis dioica in May. The pupa is dark brown,
and has a loose cocoon under stones.

Genus Callimorpha, Latr.

Fore wings with twelve nervures. Nervure
7 rises from the anterior angle of the discoidal
cell, or from an appendicular cell; 8 and 9
rise together from 7; and 10 is separate and
nearer to the base. Hind wings with eight
nervures. Nervures 3 and 4 and 6 and 7 rise
together. The antennas are simple, with a
bristle on each side of each segment.

C. dominula, Linn. The Scarlet Tiger
Aloth. PI. XVII. fig. 6. Larva 6a. This beauti-
ful insect appears about June, and is common
throughout Europe. The larva may be found
early in the Spring on thistles and nettles,
especially in damp places. It is fond of
sitting on the dried leaves in the sun. The
pupa is shiny reddish brown, with a very
thin cocoon.

N. hera, Linn. Tlie Jersey Tiger Moth.
PI. XVII. fig. 7. This is even more beautiful
than the last species. It is local in Central Eu-
rope, but is commoner in the South. In England
it is a great rarity, except in one or two local-
ities on the South-West coast. The moths
appear about July, and frequent weedy slopes.
They are fond of sitting in the sun on thistles
and other flowers, sometimes in large numbers.
The caterpillar is black or greyish brown and
w'arty, with a brownish yellow dorsal line, a pale
yellow lateral line, and yellow hair. It feeds
until May on Lactuca, clover, raspberrj', Genista
oak, beech, willow, and other plants. The
chrj^salis is shiny reddish brown, with a grey-
ish yellow cocoon.

Genus Pleretes, Led.

Tills Genus has twelve nervures, like Calli-
morpha. The abdomen is stout, and the palpi are
large and covered with depressed scales. The
only species is the largest European represen-
tative of the family.

P. matronula, Linn. Fore wings dark brown,
with four large pale yellow spots on the costa,
and a smaller one towards the hinder angle.
The hind wings are ochre-yellow, with satiny
black spots connected so as to form two bands.
The antenna; are setiform and dark brown, and

PLATE VI.

I. Nemeobius lucina, la. Under side. 2. Apatura iris, 2a. Female, 2b. Under side, -"c. Larva, 2d. Pupa.
3, Limenitis sibylla. 3a. Under side, 3b. Larva, 3c. Pupa.

British and European Butiirflies and Moths.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

49

the head is bordered with cinnabar-red behind.
The collar is dark brown, pale yellow at the
sides, and bordered with cinnabar-red. The
thorax is dark brown, light j-ellow towards
the base of the wings, with two cinnabar-red
longitudinal stripes across the middle. The
abdomen is red, with three rows of black spots.
It is widely distributed in Central Europe,
but is nowhere common, and is not found in
the North-West. It flies in July in dark damp
woods, and rests on the broad leaves of Pda-
sites, etc. The larva is brown, with long
reddish brown hair. It hibernates, and feeds
in the Spring on Lonicera, Corylus, Cmiagus, Prmiiis
padus, and low plants. The larvae remain hidden
during the day, and come out at night, when
they may be found on the under sides of the
leaves of the food-plant. The pupa is shining
dark brown, with reddish brown incisions,
and a greyish white cocoon. The larva lives
two years before attaining its full growth.

Genus Arctia, Schrank.

Fore wings with twelve nervures ; nervure
7 rising from the anterior angle of the dis-
coidal cell, and 8 and g together from 7. Hind
wings with eight nervures, 6 and 7 rising from
a point. They are for the most part brightly
coloured moths. The antennae of the males
are bipectinated, those of the females serrated.
The palpi are horizontal, projecting, and hairy.
The legs have shaggy hairs. The pupa; are
enclosed in silken cocoons.

A. caja, Linn. The Common Tiger Moth.
PL XVII. fig. 8. Larva 8a. is common through-
out nearly the whole of Europe, including the
British Isles, and appears in July and August.
The moth varies considerably, according as
one or other colour preponderates, or by the
coalescence of the spots. The larva hibernates,
and may be found from Autumn till Spring
on such plants as nettle, willow, etc., upon
which it feeds. The pupa is shining black.

A. flavia, Esp. Fore wings black, with
a white costa, and intersecting white trans-
verse lines. Hind wings yellow, with black
spots. Antennae, head, and thorax black,
collar white. The abdomen is red, with black
spots and tip. Tliis rare species is only found
in the higher Alps of Switzerland and the
Tyrol. The larva is greyish yellow, and lives

in July on various Alpine plants, such as
Mcspllliis cotoneastcr, Aconitum napcllus, Taraxacum,
etc. It remains hidden during the day under
large stones, and the pupa may also be foimd
in similar positions.

A. villica, Linn. The Cream-spot Tiger.
PI. XVII. fig. g. is widely distributed in Eu-
rope, but is local. In England it is found
principally in the South. It is on the wing
in May and June, and flies in the daytime.
The caterpillar is velvety black, with lighter
hairs and white spiracles. It feeds in the Spring
on nettle, lettuce, Achillea, Alsinc media, etc.
The chrysalis is black, with reddish brown
incisions, and has a greyish white cocoon.

A. purpurata, Linn. PL XVII. fig. 10.
is common in many parts of Central Europe
in June and July, but is not found in Britain.
The larva is black with yellow dorsal and lateral
lines, yellow or whitish warts on the sides,
and yellow or reddish brown hair. It feeds
on bedstraw. Salvia, Spartium, heath, nettle, etc.
The pupa is shiny brown with a light cocoon.
Var. flava, Staud. has the hind wings yellow.

A. hebe, Linn. PL XVII. fig. 11. is widely
distributed in Central and Southern Europe,
especially in sandy localities. The moth ap-
pears in June. The caterpillar is black, with
greyish black hairs, tipped with whitish or
with yellow hairs, rusty yellow on the sides.
It feeds on weeds in uncultivated places in May.

A. aulica, Linn. Fore wings dark cin-
namon-brown, with small pale yellow spots,
hind wings luteous, with a large or small black
spot on the hind margin, and a central spot.
The head, thorax, and antennae are cinnamon-
brown. The abdomen is dark yellow, with
black transverse bands, especially conspicuous
in the female. The moth appears in May and
June, and is found in fir-woods in Eastern
Europe. The larva is velvety black, with
rust-coloured sides. On the last three seg-
ments the hairs are longer, and of a black
colour. The rest of the hairs are rust-colour,
varied with black. It feeds on various low
plants growing in open places in the woods,
especially dandelion, plantain, and speedwell,
in the Spring.

A. maculosa, W. V. Fore wings greyish
brown, with three transverse rows of velvety
black angular spots. Hind wings red, with a row

4

so

BRITISH AXD EUROPE AX BCTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

of large black submarginal spots, and one near
the centre. The head and thorax are brown,
with a black spot in the middle of the collar,
and three black longitudinal stripes. The ab-
domen is dark grey in the male, red at the
base and tip ; and in the female it is black,
with a large red space in the middle suffused
with black. It is found from June to August
in the Alps and in Eastern Europe. The
larva is velvety black, with a reddish dorsal
line, oblique lateral brownish streaks, and
bluish warts. It is covered with dark grey
hair, reddish yellow above the legs. It lives
in May on Galium aparine and other plants.
The pupa is dark brown, with a blue bloom.
It is enclosed in a slight cocoon, and is placed
under stones.

A. casta, Esp. Fore wings dark brown,
, with two white or reddish bands. Hind wings
white or pale rose-colour in the male, with
a brown submarginal band nearlv interrupted
in the middle, and often a faint median band.
In the female they are red, with two brown
spots on the hind margin, and another in the
middle of the costa. The antennae are dark
coloured. The head, thorax, and abdomen are
dark brown, with the exception of a few lateral
red spots on the front of the abdomen in the
female. The moth appears in April and May,
and is found chiefly in the South-Central
parts of Europe. The larva is blackish, with
a lighter dorsal line and velvety black square
spots on both sides of each segment. It feeds
on low plants, especially Asperida. The pupa
is reddish brown, with a short bifid tail.

A. quenselii, Payk. Fore wings black, with
a network of whitish nervures and sulphur-
j-ellow transverse lines. Hind wings yellow,
with a black central spot, and black spots on
the hind margins. Head and thorax black,
with a white collar. Tegulae edged internally
with white, and with white transverse lines.
Abdomen black, with two white Igngitudinal
stripes. It flies by day, and appears in July.
It is an Alpine species, occurring in Switzer-
land and the Tyrol at an elevation of 5000 feet
or more. The caterpillar is velvety black, and
lives on low plants in June and July.

Genus Spilosoma, Steph.
Fore wings with twelve nervures. Nervures

8 and 10 rise from 7, and 9 from S. Hind
wings with eight nervures, of which 3 and 4
rise separately, and 6 and 7 from a point.
The wings are white, yellow, or greyish brown;
the fore wings with small black spots, the
hind wings usually unspotted. The antennaj
are bipectinated in the males, and serrated in
the females. Palpi with long hairs. The head
and thorax are covered with raised hair. The
abdomen has five rows of black spots. The legs
are thickly clothed with woolly hair, and the
tibiae have two pairs of spurs.

S. fuliginosa, Linn. The Ruby Tiger
Moth. PI. XVH. fig. 12 is widely distributed
and common throughout the greater part of
Europe, appearing in April and August. The
caterpillar is light or dark grey, or black, with
dark grey or brown tufts. It feeds on low
plants in the Autumn and Spring, hibernating
when full grown, and passing into the chrysalis
in the Spring. The cocoon is oval and of a
brown colour, and may be found on walls,
fences, etc.

S. luctifera, Esp. All the wings are black,
the liintl wings with an orange-yellow spot
at the anal angle. The abdomen is orange,
and the antennae and thorax black. The moth
is common in South Europe in May and July.
The caterpillar is black, with a lighter dorsal
line. It feeds on low plants in May.

S. mendica, Linn. The Muslin Moth.
Wings ashy grey in the male, the fore wings
with a few black dots on the inner margin
and in front of the middle. The hind wings
not dotted, or with a few dots at the costa
and in the middle. The wings of the female
are white, with black dots. The antennae are
black, and bipectinated in both sexes, but
most strongly in the male. The head and
thorax are white in the female, and the abdomen
is white, with five rows of longitudinal black
spots. In the male the abdomen is uniform ash}'
grey. The moth is common throughout Europe
in May and June. The larva is brownish
green, with a slender lighter dorsal line, and
light reddish brown or grev hair. It li\es on
such plants as nettle, mint, dandelion, etc.
The pupa is shiny reddish brown with de-
pressed spots, and is enclosed in a brownish
cocoon.

S. lubricipeda, Fabr. The lUiff Ermine.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

51

PI. XVII. fig. 14. Fore wings pale yellow,
with an oblique row of black dots extending
from the tip to the inner margin, and a few
similar dots on the costa and sometimes on
the hind margin. Hind wings still paler, with
a black dot near the middle of the costa, and
sometimes another towards the hind margin.
The antennee are black and white. Head and
thorax pale yellow, abdomen bright yellow,
witl} five rows of black spots. It is common
in May and June, and is widely distributed
throughout Europe. The larva is brownish
yellow, with hair of the same colour, growing
from orange-coloured warts. It has a pale
dorsal and a white lateral stripe. It lives on
nettle, dandelion, raspberry, juniper, etc., in
the Autumn. The pupa is reddish brown, with
a brown cocoon mixed with hairs. Var. zatima.
Cram, has a black longitudinal line replacing
the spots on the fore wings, and black hind
wings. It is found occasionally in England,
Holland, etc., but is not common.

S. menthastri, W. V. The White Ermine
Moth. PL XVII. fig. 13. is common in most
parts of Europe in gardens, etc., appearing in
May and June. The larva is dark brown, with
light warts, a yellow dorsal line, and black
hair. It feeds on nettle, mint. Polygonum, Ncpeta,
etc., in the Autumn.

S. urticae, Esp. The Water Ermine has
the wings snow-white. Fore wings longer than
in the last species, with two small obliquely
placed black dots near the costa. Hind wings
with no lunule on the under side. The antennas
are black, dusted with white. The abdomen
has longitudinal rows of black dots, and a yellow
space in the middle. The caterpillar is uniform
light or dark brown. It feeds on nettle, mint,
and other plants.

FAMILY

H E P I A L I D .^.

Middle-sized or small moths with long
narrow wings, separated at the base, with
nearly similar neuration on both fore and
hind wings. Fore wings with one or two,
hind wings with two submedian nervures.
The basal cell is divided into three in all the
wings. The hind wings are without a frenulum.
Proboscis small. Palpi small. The antennas
are very short and are bipectinated. The ab-

domen projects beyond the hind wings. The
tibiae are without spurs, and the claws have
pulvilli.

Genus Hepialus, Fabr.

The wings are differently marked and irre-
gular in size. Most species have a band on
the fore wings, which runs from the tip to
the inner margin and then turns towards the
costa at a right angle. Others have parallel
rows of spots. The hind wings are without
markings. The head and thorax are covered
with shaggy hair. The larvse live in the roots
of various plants. They are smooth and semi-
transparent, with only a few hairs. The pupse
are elongated, with short wing cases and small
hooks on the abdominal segments.

H. humuli, Linn. The Ghost Moth.
PI. XVIII. fig. I. The wings in the male are
silvery white, with reddish brown hind margins,
and are greyish brown beneath. The fore wings
of the female are yellow, with dull red mark-
ings, and the hind wings are greyish brown.
It appears in June and July, and is common
throughout Northern and Central Europe,
including the British Isles. It is most abundant
in damp meadows. The moth fiies at dusk,
often in large numbers. The male has the
habit of swaying backwards and forwards over
the space of a yard or so of ground, like a
pendulum. The larva is smooth brownish
yellow, with small black tubercles on each
segment, bearing short black hairs. It feeds
on the roots of hop, sorrel, and other plants.
The pupa is rusty brown, with short wing
cases. It is enclosed in a slight cocoon in the
ground.

H. sylvinus, Linn. The Wood Swift.
The fore wings are reddish brown in the male,
with a white line, edged internally with dark
brown, running from the apex to the middle
of the inner margin, and joined at an angle
by another line running from the base of the
costa, which is edged externally with dark
brown. These two lines form a triangle with
the costa, in the middle of which is a dark
brown spot, edged below with white. On the
hind margins is a row of indistinct dark spots.
The fore wings of the female are brownish
grey, with the outer white stripe broadly
bordered with greyish white internally, and

52

BRITISH AXD KCROPEAX BUTTERI-LIES AXD MOTHS.

the triangular space is dusky and bounded in
front by a light line. The hind wings are
reddish grey in both sexes. The niotii is
widely distributed in Central Europe from
July to September. In Britain it is most common
in the South and East of England. It flies
swiftly at dusk in open places. The caterpillar
feeds on the roots of low plants till May.

H. velleda, Esp. The Beautiful Swift.
The fore wings are dark cinnamon-brown in
the male, paler in the female. In both sexes
there is a broad oblique whitish band, bordered
with dark brown, running from the apex to
the inner margin. From the upper end of
this band rise two branches, running, one to
the extreme apex, the other ending on the
costa. There are also some pale markings at
the base. The hind wings are brownish. The
, antennae are short, thick, reddish, and serrated.
The head and front of the tliorax are reddish
brown. The abdomen is light brown. The
moth appears in June and July, and frequents
heaths, woods, etc., flying swiftly in the twi-
light. It is widely distributed in Central and
Northern Europe, and is common in many
parts of the British Isles. The caterpillar is
shiny white, the anterior segments spotted
with yellowish, with a few black and white
hairs and black spiracles. It feeds on the
roots of various plants, especially the common
brake-fern (Pteris aquilina). The chrysalis is
reddish brown, with black lines on the
sutures.

H. carnus, Esp. The fore wings are grey,
varied with rusty red, with a narrow ashy
grey band, edged internally with yellowish,
running from the apex to the inner margin, where
it bends round and terminates in the middle
of the wing, being here edged with a white
streak. In front of the hind margin are some
greyish white spots between the nervures, which
are connected internally. Towards the base
are some round dark spots, surrounded with
white, and then a row of unequal white spots.
The hind wings are ashy grey. The fringes
are uniform dusky. This is a scarce Alpine
species, v/hich appears in July.

H. lupulinus, Linn. The Common Swift.
The wings are ochre-yellow, with a band com-
posed of separate white spots, bounded on both
sides with black. This runs from the apex to the

middle of the inner margin, and bends upwards
to the middle of the base. The central area
is dark brown, with an elongated white spot.
On the hind margin is a row of indistinct
light triangular spots. The hind wings are uni-
form ochre-yellow suffused with grey. The
female is somewhat darker than the male, and
has the white markings less distinct. It is
common in most parts of Central Europe,
including the British Isles. The moth appears
in July and August, and flies in meadows at
early dusk. When captured or frightened it
will feign death. The larva is smooth, greyish
white, with small brown warts on each segment,
set with short stiff hairs. The head and
scutellum are brown. It feeds on the roots
of various low plants. The pupa is light
brown, with spines on each segment of the
abdomen. It is enclosed in a cocoon in the
ground. The larva is sometimes destructive
to lilies of the valley.

H. ganna, Hubn. Fore wings rusty brown,
with a silvery white band edged on both
sides with black, running from the apex to
the middle of the inner margin, whence it
bends up towards the costa, but ends in a
longitudinal streak towards the base. There
is another oblique band on the inner margin
near the base. There are a few silvery white
spots on the costa, and sometimes also on the
hind margin. The hind wings are greyish
yellow. The antennae are rusty brown ,
tapering towards the end. The moth is'found
in the Swiss Alps and the Tyrol in July and
August.

H. hectus, Linn. The Golden Swift. The
fore wings are ochre-j'ellow or brownish grey,
with a row of shining silvery white or golden
spots, edged with black, extending from the
ape.x to the inner margin, which, in the middle,
is composed of small spots. On the hind
margin there are some similar spots, and on
the costa a few dark ones. The hind wings
are dark grey, edged with ochre-yellow. It
appears in July, and is widely distributed
throughout Central Europe, being common
in all parts of the United Kingdom. The
moths fly in the dusk in open woods or bushy
places, often in large numbers. The caterpillar
feeds on the roots of grasses and low plants,
heath (Callitna vulgaris), etc.

DRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

II

FAMILY

COSSIDyE.

Middle-sized or large moths, with a large
convex thorax and a long abdomen, provided
with an ovipositor in the female. The fore
wings are long and narrow, with the angle
somewhat rounded off, and the hind margin
rather obliquely curved. The inner margin is
concave and deeply indented at the base.
The discoidal cell is divided into two to the
base. Between these a third cell is interposed,
and at the front end of the anterior discoidal
cell is an appendicular cell. There are twelve
nervures, two of which are submedian. The
hind wings are small and triangular, with
rounded angles, and a frenulum, simple in the
male, but composed of a number of small
bristles in the female. The discoidal cell is
divided into three. There are eight separate
nerA'ures. Both proboscis and ocelli are wanting.
The larvas feed in the interior of trees and
plants. They are smooth and pale in colour,
with short fine hairs, and a dark shining head
and cervical plate. The pupae are enclosed
in an oval cocoon mixed with shreds of plants
and splinters of wood. They are provided
with bristles on the abdominal segments, with
which they push themselves half out of their
hiding-place before the moth emerges.

Genus Cossus, Fabr.

Large moths with a thick body and strong
wings, witji light or dark transverse spots; the
fore wings with an intercolated and an appen-
dicular cell. Nervures 5 and 6 of the hind
wings rise separate. The hind tibiae have two
pairs of spurs. They fly at night.

C. ligniperda, Fabr. The Goat Moth.
PL XVIIL fig. 2. Larva 2a. is common through-
out Europe. It appears in June and July,
and flies soon after dark, but is rarely seen
at liberty except when attracted by sugar. The
caterpillar takes three years to reach full growth,
and lives in the trunks of willow, poplar, elm,
and other trees. It has a peculiar, unpleasant,
penetrating odour. The chrysalis is reddish
brown, with a yellow abdomen.

C. terebra, W. \'. Fore wings shorter
than in the last species, and with the hinder
angle more obtuse, but with nearly similar
markings. It is silvery grey, with the two

transverse lines in front of the hind margin
black and further apart, and with numerous
black transverse lines in the basal area. There
is a dark brown band before the middle, in-
stead of a white one. Under side paler, in-
distinctly marked. Hind wings pale grey,
with indistinct, reticulated markings. Head
and thorax dark brown. Abdomen greyish
brown. It is a rare species, which occurs in
some parts of Germany and Austria. The
larva is whitish, with a yellow back and black
cervical plate. It lives in the trunks of poplars.

Genus Zeuzera, Latr.

Middle-sized moths with long narrow fore
wings, having a concave inner margin, and dark
roundish spots between the nervures. The
hind wings are triangular, with the inner margin
much shorter than the hind margin. The
discoidal cell of both fore and hind wings is
divided into three, each portion extending to
the base. The antennae of the males have
two rows of slightly clavate serrations from
the base to beyond the middle, and from this
point to the extremity there is a row of leaf-
like processes beneath. The antennae of the
females are simple. The abdomen is long.
The tibiae are without spurs, except the posterior
pair, which are provided with small terminal
spurs. The moths fly at night. Only one
species is found in Europe.

Z. aesculi, Linn. The Wood Leopard
Moth. PI. XVIII. fig. 3. is widely distributed
in Central Europe in July and August. It is
found in England, and is not uncommon in
and round London, but is rarely seen, as it
flies late at night and with great swiftness.
The male is much smaller than the female.
The larva is yellow, with raised black spots,
each bearing a black hair. The cervical
plate and the last segment are dark brown,
and the head has two black spots. It lives
for two years in birch, apple, ash, lime, poplar,
or chestnut. The pupa is dark or light brown,
wdth a hook-like projection on the front of the
head, and fine booklets on the abdominal
segments. It rests in a cavity under the bark,
behind an opening closed by a web.

Genus Phragmataecia, Newm.
Middle-sized moths with nearly uniformly

4*

54

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

broad wings. The abdomen is slender, and
projects for a considerable distance beyond the
hind wings. The discoidal cell of the fore wings
is divided into three compartments of equal
length. In the hind wings the intercolated
cell is small, and does not reach to the base.
The antennae are as in Zcuzera; the posterior
tibiae have only terminal spurs.

P. castanese, Hubn. The Reed Moth.
Fore wings brownish yellow, with slightly paler
costa and small dark dots between the nervures.
The fringes have a row of dark spots at the
ends of the nervures. The hind wings are
paler yellow, without dots and with yellow
fringes. The abdomen is very long and of
uniform thickness, much longer in the female
than in the male, and provided with a long
ovipositor. The moth appears in June and
Jul}', and is found in many parts of Central
Europe in marshy places. In England it is
still found in some parts of the Fen district.
The larva is reddish brown, with a white dorsal
line, and a dark head and cervical plate. It
feeds in the stems of the common reed (Anindo
phragmites). The pupa is reddish brown, with
a small projection in front of the head, and
short points at the end.

Genus Endagria, Boisd.

Rather small moths with short broad wings,
with an intercolated cell. The antennje are
bipectinated. The hind tibia? have two pairs
of spurs.

E. pantherina, Hiibn. has thinly scaled
wings. Fore wings ashy grey, with large white
triangular spots in the middle, extending from
the tip to the base, white spots on the costa
and inner margin, and a narrow white sub-
marginal band. The fringes are chequered
brown and white. The hind wings are brownish
grey, lighter externally, and with less distinctly
chequered fringes. The antenna? are white
with brown pectinations. The head and collar
are brown, the thorax covered with woolly hair;
and the abdomen is ashy grey. The female
is provided with a large ovipositor. The moth
is common South of the Alps, and flies at dusk.

FAMILY

COCHLIOPODID^.

Small moths with short broad wings, the

fore wings with two, the hind wings with three
submedian nervures. The discoidal cell is
divided, but without an intercolated or appen-
dicular cell. The proboscis is very short.

Genus Limacodes, Latr.

Fore wings with the apex rounded. The
antennas are serrated in the male. The posterior
tibiae have two pairs of spurs.

L. testudo, Fabr. The Festoon ^loth.
PI. X\TII. fig. 4. Larva 4a. Pupa 4b. is
common in woods in Central and Southern
Europe in May and June. The larva feeds
on oak and beech in Autumn, and maj' be
found on the under side of the leaves. The
cocoon is barrel-shaped and has a lid at the
end. The pupa itself resembles that of Coleop-
tera and Hymenoptera, in having the casings of
the extremities separated from the body.

Genus Heterogenea, Knoch.

Fore wings with the apex somewhat poin-
ted; antennas simple; posterior tibiae with only
terminal spurs.

H. asella, W. V. The Triangle Moth.
Fore wings dark brown with ochre -_\ellow
fringes, black at the tips. Hind wings
somewhat darker. The thorax is brownish
yellow. The female is larger and paler than
the male. It is a small insignificant-looking
moth which is widely distributed in Central
Europe in woods in May and June. In Eng-
land it is found in the New Forest. The cater-
pillar is shaped like that of L. testudo. It is
green on the back, granulated, with a red cross,
in the middle of which is a row of large yellow
spots, and on each side a smaller row. It
feeds on oak, beech, and lime, and passes into
a yellow pupa in the Spring. The cocoon is
barrel-shaped, with a lid.

FAMILY
P S Y C H I D .-E.

Small dull-coloured moths, with short,
broad, thinly scaled, -and unicolorous wings.
The fore wings have two submedian nervures in
the males, which unite towards the base. The
hind wings have three submedian nervures.
The discoidal cell is divided into two or three.
The number of nervures is different on the
fore and hind wings respectively. The antennae

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

55

are pectinated. Proboscis, palpi, and ocelli
absent. The females are wingless and worm-
like, with short legs and antennas, which are
absent in many species. The larvae have a
long case formed of bits of stalks, leaves, bark,
moss, etc., variously woven together; this they
never leave, and pupate in it.

Genus Psyche, Schrank.

Fore wings with from nine to twelve ner-
vures; hind wings with from five to seven.
Antennfe pectinated. In the female both legs
and antennae are wanting. The caterpillar is
smooth, generally with black streaks in front.
P. unicolor, Hufn. PL XVHI. fig. 5.
Larva 5 a. is common in Central Europe in
June and July. The male is blackish, with
thick nervures and white fringes. The an-
tennag are bipectinated. The female is yellow-
ish white, with an orange line on either side,
and a square brown spot on each of the first
three segments. The larva lives on hazel, oak,
aspen, willow, etc.

P. villosella, Ochs. The Active Chimney
Sweep. The wings are reddish grey, with
the costa and fringes almost black. The
antennas are dark brown, and the head and
abdomen are covered with long shaggy dark
brown hair. The case is composed of pieces
of grass-stems arranged obliquely. It is rarer
than the last species, but is found in the
New Forest.

P. viciella, \V. V. is greyish yellow, with
the costa of the fore wings, tiie fringes, and
nervures dark brown. The head and antennae
are also dark brown. The body is thickly
clothed with woolly hair. The female is dark
blue, with a reddish brown head and tail.
The case is nearly square, and is made up
of obliquely-placed pieces of grass and leaves.
It lives on willow, alder, vetches, etc. This
species is more widely distributed in Southern
than in Central Europe.

P. graslinella, Boisd. The wings are
greyish black, broadly yellowish white at the
base. The antennae are black and bipectinated.
The abdomen is stout, with rough dark and
light grey hair. The moth appears in June,
and is local in France and Germany.

P. opacella, Herr-Schaff. The Opaque
Chimney Sweep is similar to the last species,

but smaller. The wings are thinly covered
with dark brownish grey scales. The antenna?
are brown. The body is stout, greyish black,
with long shaggy hair. The female is yellow-
ish, with dark plates on the back. It is found
in many parts of Central and Northern Europe,
including Britain, in May.

P. atra, Esp. The wings are more than
twice as long as they are broad ; black, almost
transparent, with yellowish hair and dark
shining fringes. The body is thick, with long
black hair. It occurs in Austria, the South
of France, and Germany.

P. muscella, W. V. The wings are scarce-
ly twice as long as broad, almost trans-
parent, with blackish fringes. The antenna
are dark brown and deeply pectinated. The ab-
domen is stout, with rough black hair. The
case of the caterpillar is very broad, narrower
at the ends, and is formed of grass. The
moth is common in France and the South of
Germany in April and May.

P. plumifera, Ochs. is smaller than the
last species, and the wings are dark grey, and
more thickly scaled. The abdomen is thick
and ver}' shaggy. The case is made of coarse
pieces of grass. The moth is found in the
Alps in April and May.

P. plumistrella, Hubn. The wings are
long and narrow, dull dark brown, thickh'
scaled. The antennae have long slender pecti-
nations, and the hair on the head is very long.
The abdomen is small and slender, with long
black hair. The moth is found in July on
mountain pastures in Switzerland and the
Tyrol. The case is made with moss and
pieces of leaves.

P. hirsutella, Hiibn. The Brown Muslin
is much larger than the last species, and has the
fore wings more pointed. The colour of the
wings is greyish black, densely scaled. The
antennae are dark brown, with long pectinations.
The body is short and black, with thick hair.
The moth is found throughout Central Europe
in May and June. The case is made of pieces
of grass-stem irregularly placed. Var. stand-
fussi, Herr-Schaff. is larger, with lighter
hair on the abdomen.

Genus Epichnopteryx, Hiibn.
Fore wings transparent in the males, broad

56

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD .MOTHS.

and rounded behind, with ten or eleven
nervures, and short fringes. Hind wings with
a divided discoidal cell and seven nervures.
The females are maggot-shaped, but are pro-
vided with more or less distinct rudiments of
antennae and legs. Many of them have an
ovipositor. The larvae live on grass and cover
their cases with pieces of it.

E. bombycella, W. V. The male is pale
ochre-yellow, with a brownish network on the
fore wings, and deeply pectinated antennae. The
female is yellowish grey, with shining plates .
on the first two segments, and a black one
on the third. It has also pectinated antennae,
and is provided with an ovipositor. The
moth appears in June and July, and is most
common in Alpine meadows and in Southern
Europe. The case of the larva is long and
cylindrical, with longitudinal pieces of grass-
stems.

E. undulella, Roessl. The wings are
whitish, with greyish nervures, between which
run more or less distinct grey transverse lines,
giving the whole surface a net-like appearance.
It inhabits Austria and Hungar\'.

E. reticella, Newm. Newman's Chimney
Sweep is white, with slender brown lines
forming a fine network. It appears in June,
and is confined to a few localities on the coast
of Kent.

E. pulla, Esp. The Lesser Chimney Sweep.
All the wings are black, and so are the fringes.
The antennag are deeply pectinated. The
abdomen is black, with rough hair. The female
is light reddish brown, with yellowish dorsal
plates and a short ovipositor. It is common
throughout Central and Southern Europe in
April and May, and may be found sitting on
haycocks in the morning. The case is barrel-
shaped and covered with pieces of grass placed
longitudinally. The larva is reddish brown,
with pale lines on the abdominal segments.
It feeds on low plants till May.

E. ardua, Mann, is a small species, with
narrower and paler wings, which is found on
the higher Alps in June and July.

E. sieboldii, Reutti. is like pulla, but with
yellow fringes and more transparent wings.
The female resembles that of pulla, but has
four pale yellow dorsal plates. It is found in
mountain pastures in I'Vancc and German}- in

Mav, but is rarer and more restricted in its
range than pulla.

Genus Cochlophanes, Sieb.

The antennae are pectinated in the males,
with short, conical, lateral projections, and
broad wings rounded at the tips. The female
is w'orm-like, with six very short legs, and
does not leave the case. In most localities
only parthenogenetic forms are found, and
males are only met with in the South. The
cases have the shape of a snail-shell. They
are found in hilly districts on rocks or walls.
The larvas are said to mine the leaves of low
plants, a habit which is otherwise unknown
among Psychida.

C. helix, Sieb. The wings are brownish
grey in the male, with fine closely set scales.
The antennae are slightly bipectinated. The
body is covered with dark hair. The male,
which is known from South Tyrol, Italy, and
the South of France, lives only a few hours.
The female lives in a snail-shell-like case made
of sand on various low plants, such as Centaurea,
in the leaves of which the caterpillar mines
white patches.

Genus Fumea, Haw.

The fore wings are thickly scaled. The
fringes are rather long in the males. The
antennae are less pectinated than in the last
Genus. The females have slender jointed
antennae, and are also provided with legs and
an ovipositor. The caterpillars live on lichens
growing on trees and walls, and the females
leave the case.

F. pectinella, Fabr. has rounded light
grey transparent wings, slighth- suffused with
brownish. The antennae are light brown. It
is a rare species, found in South Germany.

F. nudella, Ochs. has rounded light grey
wings. The female is dirty reddish white,
with a whitisli down on the front of the
abdomen. The case is cylindrical, made with
earth and sand, somewhat bent, and narrower
towards the end. The moth is found on
sunny hill-sides, seated on Hieracium pUosella,
in the Spring. It inhabits South Germany.

F. nitidella, Hubn. The Shining Chimney
Sweep. The fore wings are bronzy brown ; the
hind win'''^ <lark- brown. The antennae have

PLATE VII.

I, 2. Limenitis sibylla. Varieties. 3. Limenitis populi, 3a. Lar\-a, 3b. Pupa. 4. Vanessa prorsa.
5. Vanessa c-album, 5a. Under side, 5b. Lar\-a. 6. Vanessa urticae, 6a. Larva, 6b. Pupa.

British and European Butterflies (inii Moths.

BRITISH AXD A'L'JiOP£A.V BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

57

sixteen dentations. The female is reddish
brown, with dark squares on the back, and a
silvery grey anal tuft. It appears at the end
of June, and is common in woods in the greater
part of Europe. The case is covered with
long fine grass-stems. The cases are found
in the Spring on fences, tree-trunks, etc.

F. betulina, Zell. The antennas in the
male with eighteen dentations. It is distin-
guished from nitiddla by its darker, longer, and
more pointed fore wings. The female is reddish
brown, with a \vhite anal tuft. The case is
covered with small pieces of lichen, bits of
hark, and leaves, and is very distinctive. The
moth is often seen sitting on lichens growing
on birch-trunks, etc. It is widely distributed in
Central Europe.

F. sepium, Spey. is very like the last
species, but the fore wings are narrower and
more pointed, bright yellowish grey, with an
indistinct central spot. It is widely distributed
in the pine woods of Central Europe, and
has been found in England. The case is
thickh' covered with bits of lichen, and is
found on old lichen-covered firs.

F. roboricolella, Bruand. The Oak Chim-
ney Sweep is brownish black, with rounded
wings. The abdomen of the female is white
and woolly. The caterpillar feeds on lichens.
It inhabits Western Europe.

F. salicicolella, Bruand. The Willow
Chimney Sweep, also found in Western Europe,
is a very similar species, which feeds on lichen-
covered willows.

fa:mily
L I P A R I D JE.

^Middle-sized or small moths with strong
wings. Fore wings with twelve nervures. Ner-
vures 7 to lo generally rise from a common stalk
or from an appendicular cell. The hind wings
with a frenulum and eight nervures. Nervure
5 rises much nearer to 4 than 6, and nervure
S is free at the base. In some genera, as in
Orgyia, the females are wingless. In others,
as in Penthophora, they have rudimentary wings.
The head is small, with large round eyes, but
no ocelli. The antennae are bipectinated or
serrated. The proboscis is ill-developed or
absent. The legs are short, and the femora

hairy. The caterpillars, which have sixteen
legs, have either hairy warts or soft hair.
The chrysalids are thick and hairy, and are en-
closed in a cocoon.

Genus Penthophora, Germ.

Fore wings with twelve nervures, without an
appendicular cell. Nervure 7 rises from the
anterior angle of the discoidal cell; 8 and 9
from a common stalk; and 10 and 11 from
the subcostal nervure. Hind wings with eight
nervures. Nervures 6 and 7 rise from a common
stalk, and 8 from the subcostal nervure. In
the female, nervures 6 and 7 of the fore wings
are wanting, and the wings are rudimentary.
The body of the male is slender, that of the
female stout. The antennae are bipectinated.

P. morio, Linn. The wings are thinly scaled,
black, without markings, and with brownisli
fringes. The head, thorax, and abdomen are
covered with black wool. The female has
small brownish grey rudimentary wings, and
a thick abdomen with greyish white wool
at the end. It is widely distributed in South-
Eastern Europe. The larva is black, with
a yellow lateral stripe, and orange tubercles,
with brown hair. It hibernates and feeds
on grasses, etc., in the Spring. The pupa is
yellow, with black longitudinal lines, dark
brown wing-cases, and whitish tufts. It is en-
closed in a light cocoon.

Genus Orgyia, Ochs.

Fore wings broad with an appendicular
cell, from which rise nervures 7 to 10; 8 and
9 rise from a common stalk. Hind wings with
eight nervures. These are the smallest moths
of the family. The females are incapable of
flight, having only short rudiments of wings
and a stout woolly abdomen. They are double-
brooded. The larvse have tufts on segments
5 to 8, and a longer tuft on segments 2 and
12. The females lay their eggs on the cocoon.

O. gonostigma, Fabr. The Scarce Vapourer
Moth. PL XVHI. fig. 7. The female has
short rudiments of wings, and is covered with
fine ashy grey hair. The moth is common
in woods in most parts of Europe, but is rare
in England. The larva is black, striped with
reddish yellow, with warts covered with white
and yellow hair. On the head are two blackish

53

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

tufts, and there is another at the posterior
extremit}-. On the back are four pairs of
yellowish brown tufts. It lives in May and
June on oak, beech, sloe, and other trees.

O. antiqua, Linn. The \'apourer Moth.
PI. XVIII. fig. 6. Larva 6a. appears from
June to September, and is common throughout
Europe. The caterpillars, as well as the moths,
may often be seen in London squares. The
female is yellowish grey and wingless, and is
smaller and less stout than that of gonostiffma.
The larvae are hatched in the Spring from
eggs which the female lays close together on
her cocoon. They may be found from June
to August on various trees — oak, sloe, wild
rose, hazel, etc.

O. ericae. Germ. The wings of the male
are rusty brown, with unicolorous fringes, and
a whitish spot in front of the hinder angle of
the fore wings. The antenna; are bipectinated;
the abdomen is black with yellowish brown
hairs. The female is wingless, light grey, with
simple antennae. It is found in North-Eastern
Germany. The larva is orange, with black
longitudinal stripes and greyish white hair
on the sides. It has two black tufts behind
the head, a similar one on the last segment,
and four yellowish white tufts on the back, and
two yellow warts on segments lo and ii. It
is found on boggy heaths, feeding on Callunn,
Myrica, Andromeda polifolia, etc.

Genus Dasychira, Steph.

Fore wings moderately broad, with an
appendicular cell. The females are larger
than the males, with longer and narrower
wings. The antennas are bipectinated in the
males, and are either bipectinated or simple
in the females. The abdomen is stout in the
females, with the extremity thick and woolly.
The femora and tibiae are downy. The larva;
have four or five tufts on two of the middle
segments, another tuft on the twelfth, and
two on the second segment.

D. selenitica, Esp. Fore wings dark grey,
darker at the base, with two blackish trans-
verse lines, a white central lunule, centred
with darker, and a white subterminal line,
which expands into a white spot near the
hinder angle. The fringes are chequered. The
hind wind's blackish, with a \-ellowish base and

yellow fringes. The antenna?, head, and thorax
are brownish grey. The abdomen is darker. The
female is larger and dark grey, with the same
pattern as the male, but the anterior trans-
verse line is expanded to a band, and the
base and the inner half of the central area
are lighter. The antenna; are dark grey and
slightly bipectinated. The abdominal tuft is
large and ashy grey. The moth appears in
May, and is local in Central and Northern
Germany. The caterpillar is black, with five
yellowish grey tufts tipped with black, and
three longer black tufts. It is full-grown in
September, and lives principally upon clover.
It hibernates under stones, and changes to
a chrysalis in May without taking any food
after hibernation. The pupa is reddish brown,
with 3'ellowisli hair, and enclosed in a loose
cocoon.

D. fascelina, Linn. The Dark Tussock.
The fore wings are ashy grey, dusted with
black, with two black wavy submarginal lines
bordered with orange. There is a whitish
central lunule, and the fringes are unspotted.
The female is larger than the male, and less
distinctly marked. The hind wings are brown-
ish grey. The antenna; are black and grey.
The head, thorax, and abdomen are ashy grey,
with thick dark grey wool at the end of the
abdomen in the female. The moth appears'
in June and July, and is widely distributed in
Central and Northern Europe. The larva is
dark grey, covered with warts bearing yellow
hair, and on the five middle segments light
and dark tufts, as well as two longer black
tufts behind the head and a single one at the
extremity. It li\-es in the Autumn, and after
hibernation till May on low plants, and also
on blackberry, raspberry, willow, Sarothamuus,
etc. The pupa is dark brown, with brown hair,
and is enclosed in a hair)' cocoon.

D. abietis, Esp. The female closely resembles
that of the next species, but is whiter, and
has more sharply defined markings. The male
is also white, with a sharp black zigzag line.
It is found in most parts of Germany and in
East Central Europe, appearing in July. The
larva is green, with black and white spots, black
incisions, and two long black tufts, as well as
four shorter brownish ones, yellow on the sides.
It hibernates and lives till May on pine and fir.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

59

D. pudibunda, Linn. The Pale Tussock.
Female PI. XVIII. fig. S. Larva 8a. appears
in Ma)-, and is common in woods throughout
the greater part of Europe. The larva feeds
in the Autumn on beech, oak, willow, birch, etc.

Genus Lselia, Steph.

Wings with ten nervures and an appen-
dicular cell. The hind tibiae with two pairs
of spurs. Antennae bipectinated. Abdomen,
slender in the male, stout in the female, pro-
jecting beyond the anal angle. The only
species is :

L. ccenosa, Hiibn. The Reed Tussock.
The wings are thinly scaled, broader in the
male than in the female, pale reddish grey
with lighter nervures, and a row of black dots
in front of the hind margin of the fore
wings. The female is white, without any
markings. The antennae are long, with black
pectinations and a white shaft. The legs are
black on the inner side, yellowish on the outer.
It is widely distributed throughout Central
Europe, but is very local. In England it is
restricted to the Fens. The larva is yellow,
with three black longitudinal stripes, the middle
one being the broadest, and grey warts with
3-ellow hairs. Behind the head are two long
black tufts pointing forwards. There are two
similar ones at the tail, and four pale yellow
tufts on the back. It lives in June and July
on Cladium, Arundo, Carcx, and other plants.
The pupa is brown, with white hairs and a
terminal tuft. It is enclosed in a thick whitish

Genus Laria, Schrank.

Like the last Genus, but without an appen-
dicular cell. There is only one species.

L. V. nigra, Fabr. The Black V Moth
is white, thinly scaled, with a V-shaped black
spot on the discoidal nervure of the fore wings,
and short bipectinated antennae. It appears
in June in woods throughout Central Europe,
but is local and scarce everywhere. The
caterpillar is black, with tawny sides, and
long hair in front and behind. It has eight
tufts of hair along the back, those in the
middle being orange and the rest white. It
hibernates, and feeds in the Spring on oak,
beech , and lime. The chrysalis is bluish

green, with three yellow dorsal lines, and black-
bordered wing-cases. It is enclosed between
leaves loosely woven together.

Genus Leucoma, Staph.

Like Dasychim, but without an appendicular
cell in the fore wings.

L. salicis, Linn. The White Satin Moth.
PL XVIII. fig. 9. Larva ga. Pupa gb. is
widely distributed throughout Europe, and is
very common everywhere. It appears in June
and Jul_v, and in some years is met with
abundantly on the trunks of poplars and willows.
The handsome larva maj- be found in May
and June feeding on the same trees, and
sometimes in such numbers as to strip them
bare. The pupa is enclosed between leaves
in a yellow cocoon.

Genus Porthesia, Steph.

Fore wings without an appendicular cell.
Nervures 7 and 8 rise from a common stalk
from the anterior angle of the discoidal cell,
and g and 10 rise from 8. Nervures 6 and 7 of
the hind wings rise from a long common stalk.
The wings are snow-white. The antennas are
bipectinated in both sexes, and the palpi are
small. The abdomen has a thick woolly
yellow anal tuft, which the female uses to
cover the eggs. The hind tibiae are long, with
two pairs of spurs. The larvae have small
warts covered with short hairs, and a hump
on the fifth and twelfth segments. They hiber-
nate whilst still small, those of chrysoryhaa
gregariously in a thick web, and live till May
on fruit and other trees, to which they are
sometimes very injurious.

P. chrysorrhoea, Linn. The Brown-tail
Moth is common in woods and gardens through-
out Central and Southern Europe in July.
The moth is white, with the anal tuft brown-
ish in the male and orange in the female. The
larva is dark grey, with light brown hair,
and has two reddish brown dorsal lines, a
white interrupted lateral line, and black warty
elevations on the fifth and terminal segments.
The fine barbs of the hairs, if they get upon
the skin, produce intense itching and irritation.
The caterpillar should, therefore, not be handled.
It lives on fruit and other trees. The webs
in which the caterpillars hibernate — the so-

6o

PKITISH AXD ECROPEAX BCTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

called caterpillars' nests — must be destroyed in
the Spring, otherwise the caterpillars ma)'
prove very destructive.

P. auriflua, W. V. The Gold-tail Moth.
Pi. XIX. fig. I. Larva la. The fore wings
have a brownish spot near the anal angle, and
the anal tuft is golden-yellow. This is also
a very common species, but is less destructive.
It is found in woods and gardens in July and
August. The larva hibernates singly, and
feeds on various trees in the Spring. The pupa
is dark brown, with a sharp spine at the
extremity. It is enclosed in a thin brownish
cocoon.

Genus Psilura, Steph.

Wings with the neuration as in Porthesia.
Fore wings with a black median nervure and
white fringes. Antenna bipectinated, most
strongly in the male. The abdomen has a strong
ovipositor in the female. The hind tibiae with
two pairs of spines.

P. monacha, Linn. The Black Arches.
Female PI. XIX. fig. 2. Larva 2a. Pupa 2b. is
local in England, but commoner on the Con-
tinent, where it sometimes appears in enormous
numbers, and is very destructive. The larva
feeds on fruit and other trees in May and June,
but especially on pine trees. Var. eremita,
Ochs. which is of a dark brown colour, is
found occasionally with the type.

Genus Ocneria, Herr-Schiiff.

Fore wings without an appendicular cell.
Nervures 8 and g of the fore wings form a
stalk from 7. Nervures 3 and 4 of the hind
wings are wide apart at their origin, and 6
and 7 are stalked. The females are distinctl}-
larger than the males. The larvae have a large
head and large raised stellate warts covered
with long hair. They feed on trees.

O. dispar, Linn. The Gipsy Moth. Female
PI. XIX. fig. 3. Larva 3a. The male, which
is smaller than the female, is brown, with
black lines and a slender body, and much
resembles a Geometer in appearance. The
male flies by day, and the female may be seen
sitting on the trunks of trees, etc. It is common
in most parts of Europe, but is almost extinct
in England, and appears in August and Sep-
tember. The eggs are placed under a thick

brownish yellow covering of wool. The larva
feeds on fruit trees, and is often very destructive
on the Continent. It also lives on oaks,
remaining hidden in the interstices of the bark
during the daytime. The pupa is dull dark-
brown, with j-ellowish tufts, and has a few
threads spun round it.

O. detrita, Esp. is brownish grey, the fore
wings with an indistinct dark central lunule,
and a similar transverse stripe beyond it. It
is found in June and July in Northern Germany
and Austria, but is local. The larva is white
on the back, with two black warts on segment
5, and a cinnabar-red one on segments 10 and
II. It is blue on the sides, edged below with
black. There are black warts ringed with
white, and covered with dark hair, and a
vermilion wart with grey hair on a pale blue
base on each segment above the legs. It
hibernates and feeds on oak scrub in May
and June.

O. rubea, W. \'. The wings are thinly
scaled, reddish grey, with darker margins.
Fore Avings with two dark transverse lines,
the anterior of which is double, the posterior
single, and a white central lunule. Hind wings
with a darker submarginal and posterior trans-
verse line. Tlie markings of the female are
less distinct. The antennse are bipectinated,
most deeply in the male. The moth appears
in June and July, and is found in Southern
Europe. The larva is reddish j-ellow, with
fine transverse lines, two fine black dorsal
lines, and yellowish, slightly hairy \varts. It
feeds on low oak scrub in May. The pupa
is dark brown, thickly covered \vith yellowish
hair, and rests in a fine cocoon.

fa:mily
B O M B Y C I D JE.

Large or middle-sized moths. The fore wings
with twelve nervures, the hind wings with eight
nervures. There is an appendicular cell, but
no frenulum. The antennae are bipectinated in
the males, and have usually only short serrsftions,
which are straight or curved in the females.
The abdomen is thickly covered with hair.
The males fly swiftly in the daytime, and rest
with their wings sloping. The larva have
sixteen legs and soft hair or fur. The pupa
are short and thick, with a dense cocoon.

BRITISH AXD EL'ROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

6i

Genus Gastrofjacha, Ochs.

The neuration varies somewhat, but in all
the discoidal cell is short, and one or more
nervures pass from the appendicular cell to
the costa. The females are usually larger and
stouter than the males. There are no ocelli.
The larvae are thinly covered with hair on the
back, and with longer hair on the sides. They
usually live on trees, some gregariously, and
the cocoon is dense or loose.

G. crataegi, Linn. The Pale Oak Eggar.
Fore wings pale grey, with two black zigzag
transverse lines across the middle, enclosing a
dark grey band, and a brown dentated sub-
marginal Hne. The hind wings are lighter grey,
with a blackish central line. The fringes are
white on the nervures. The antennas have grey-
ish brown pectinations. The head and body are
reddish grey, thickly hairy. The moth is found
throughout Europe in August and September.
The larva varies much in colour and marking,
but is usually bluish black, thinly covered with
hair, with a white or yellowish transverse band
on each segment, between two red hairy
tubercles, and with a line of white spots on
each side. It feeds on whitethorn, willow,
sloe, oak, etc., in ]May and June. The pupa
is enclosed in a firm oval cocoon. Var. ariae,
Htibn. is larger and darker. It is only found
in mountainous districts.

G. populi, Linn. The December Moth.
PI. XIX. fig. 4. is found from September to
December, according to the locality, being
widely distributed in Europe. The caterpillar
is short, with thin hair, dark grey, with large
black connected spots on the back, and four
yellowish warts on each segment. The belly
is flat, whitish yellow, with round cinnamon-
brown spots. It li\es on aspen, poplar, lime,
and oak, hiding in the cracks of the bark
during the daytime.

G. franconica, W. Y. \Mngs dark brownish
grey in the male, thinly scaled, with darker
nervures and hind margins. Fore wings with
a straight pale yellow transverse line beyond
the middle, an indistinct line near the base,
and a black lunular streak in the centre. The
hind wings have an indistinct transverse stripe.
The fringes are yellowish. The female is larger,
reddish brown, with less distinct markings.

Tlie antennae are brown, with a yellowish stalk,
and are strongly dentated in the male. In the
female they are only serrated. It is found
in the South of Europe in July and August.
The caterpillar is blue -black, with reddish
yellow hair, a blue dorsal stripe, and four fine
orange lines on each side. Below these is a
broader light blue line, irregular below, and
just above the legs a lighter reddish yellow
line. It lives gregariously in June and July on
couch-grass, chickweed, etc.

G. castrensis, Linn. The Ground Lackey.
Fore wings pale yellow in the male, with two
brown central transverse lines, the interme-
diate space being darker. The inner transverse
line reaches along the inner border as far as
the base. In front of the hind margin is a
thinly dusted faint brown band, which does
not extend as far as the costa and inner
margin. The hind wings are brown, with an
indistinct yellow transverse line. In the female
the fore wings are brown, with two wa^■y
yellow transverse stripes. The antennae have
brown pectinations. The head and back are
yellow in the male, brown in the female. The
abdomen is darker. It appears in July and
August, and is widely distributed in Europe,
but is not usually abundant. The caterpillar
is orange on the back, with a white or blue
dorsal line bordered on both sides with black
spots, a blue lateral stripe, which is some-
times black, and blue incisions. The cater-
pillars feed gregariously on spurge, Centaurea,
Gemniitm, etc., and only disperse just before
pupation.

G. neustria, Linn. The Lackey Moth.
PI. XIX. fig. 5. Larva 5a. Pupa 5b. is common
throughout Europe in June and July. The
larva; hibernate in a common web by hundreds,
and remain together till their last moult. They
feed on fruit trees, birch, oak, and sloe. The
larvae afterwards scatter, and are often very
injurious to the trees upon which they feed.
The chrysalis is enclosed in a soft whitish
mealy cocoon. The eggs are attached in rings
round the twigs.

G. lanestris, Linn. The Small Eggar.
PI. XIX. fig. 6. is common throughout Europe
in early Sprmg. The larva; are uniform dark
grey. They then become dark blue, with two
hairv orange tubercles on each segment, be-

62

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

tween whicli are three white dots, and with a
white or deep yellow line on each side. They
live in nests in May on birch, lime, willow,
whitethorn, etc. The pupa is ochre-yellow
and is enclosed in a firm oval yellowish or
brown cocoon.

G. catax, Linn. PI. XX. fig. i. Fore
wings golden-yellow in the male, with reddish
grey hind margins, and a yellow transverse
line, edged internally with darker. There is
a large white central spot, with a dark ring,
and an indistinct dark transverse line near
the base. The hind wings are reddish grey,
brown in the centre. The female is rusty brown,
with a yellow spot at the base, a yellow trans-
verse line, and a white central spot. The
antennae are golden-yellow. The abdomen is
stout in the female, with a thick woolly reddish
grey anal tuft. The moth is found in Central
Europe in September, but is somewhat local,
and does not occur in Britain. The larva is
quite black and smooth when young, but as
it grows develops yellow spots on the sides.
When full-grown it is thickly covered with
hair, and is yellowish brown above, with a
black belt, bluish black on the back, and
dark blue on the sides. It lives in nests on
sloe, birch, whitethorn, etc., in Ma\'. The
pupa is cinnamon-brown, and has an oval,
firm, smooth cocoon.

G. rimicola, W. V. Wings light reddish
grey, with a white central spot on the fore
wings. The hind margins are somewhat paler.
The head and thorax are like the wings. The
abdomen is darker and very thick at the ex-
tremity, and is densely clothed with ashy grey
hair. The antennte are reddish grey. The
moth is found in oak-woods in September and
October. It is common in Central Europe,
except the North-West. The larva is grey,
with a broad blue stripe along the back, bordered
laterally with a black and then a white line.
On each segment are two orange spots. The
belly is ashj' grey, the legs blackish, and the
pro-legs reddish. The larvae feed gregariously
on the oak till May or June._ The pupa is
obtuse at the ends, light brown, with yellowish
brown rings on the abdomen. It is clothed
in a firm, smooth, yellow oval cocoon.

G. trifolii, W. \ . The Grass Eggar.
PI. X.\. fig. 2. is common throughout Central

and Southern Europe in Juh' and August, and
is considered somewhat of a coast insect in
England. The male may be seen flying in
the daytime, whilst the female sits quietly in
the grass. The larva is covered with dense,
soft blue hair, and has a white spotted trans-
verse band on each segment, and a pale longi-
tudinal stripe on the side. It feeds on clover,
grass, etc., till May. The pupa is yellowish
brown, and has a yellow barrel-shaped cocoon.
Var. medicaginis, Borkh. has uniform rusty-
brown wings. It is found with the type.

G. quercus, Linn. The Oak Eggar. PI. XIX.
fig. 7. Larva 7 a. Our figure represents the
male; the female is ochre-yellow, with a paler
band. The under side is lighter, with a broad
indistinct band. The fringes are pale ochre-
yellow. The antennae, head, and abdomen are
of the colour of the wings. The moth is found
throughout Europe, except Greece. It is a
common British species, and appears in July
and August. The larva hibernates and feeds
in Spring on willow. Primus padiis, birch,
heath, whitethorn, oak, etc. The caterpillars
may be found in the daytime, sitting quietly
near the foot of the trees on which they live.
The pupa is dark brown, with black wing-cases.
The cocoon is brownish grey, dense, and egg-
shaped. There are several mountain varieties.
G. rubi, Linn. The Fo.x Moth. The wings
are rust)- brown in the male ; the fore wings
with two yellowish transverse lines across the
middle, and a suffused yellowish submarginal
band, zigzag on the outer side. The hind
wings are uniform rusty brown. The female
is greyish brown, with white transverse lines.
The antenna; are reddish brown in the male,
ashy grey in the female. The moth is found
on heaths and commons in May, and is plentiful
throughout Europe. The larva is velvety brown
above, with black sides, and long rusty brown
hair over the whole of the body. They are
often seen creeping about in the grass in the
.•\utumn before they hibernate. They live on
bramble, heath, and other plants, and pupate
in the Spring in a dark grey, not very dense,
cocoon.

Genus Crateronyx, I^up.

Middle-sized moths with fore and hind
wings of the same colour and pattern, a straight

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

submarginal band, and imicolorous fringes.
Fore wings with twelve nervures, nervures
6 to 10 rising from a common stalk. Hind
wings with eight nervures, nervure S rising from
the base, whence a transverse nervure runs
to the costal nervure; nervure 5 runs from the
base and transverses the discoidal cell. The
antennae are deeply pectinated in the males,
slightly in the females. The larvse live singly
on the food plant. They are thinly hairy,
with two rows of black spots. The pupae,
which are brown, with two spines at the
posterior extremity, rest in the ground without
a cocoon.

C. taraxaci, W. V. Wings pale ochre-
yellow on both sides, the fore wings with
a dark central dot. The antennae are brownish
yellow, the head and thorax orange, and
the abdomen is black with yellow rings and
tip. It is found in September in many locali-
ties in South Central Europe, but is always
rare. The larvae is light walnut-brown, with
thin orange hair, and a velvety black spot on
each segment. It feeds on dandelion in May
and June. The pupa is slender, light brown,
with a bifid tail.

C. dumeti, Linn. PL XX. fig. 3. appears
in September and October, and is found in
Central and Eastern Europe, except Britain,
but is not generally common. The larva is
dark ashy grey, with a few orange hairs, two
rows of black spots on the back, and three
rows of red hairv warts on the sides. It lives
in sunny places on dandelion, Hieraciitni, etc.,
in June. The pupa is rough reddish brown,
with two elevations on the back, and tapers
to a bifid extremity bearing four spines.

Genus Lasiocampa, Schrank.

Wings with wavy or dentated margins, all
with the same colouring and markings. The
hind wings often project beyond the fore wings
when at rest. Nervure 5 of the hind wings
rises nearer to 4 than to 6. The abdomen is
stout, with long, dense hair. The larvae are
somewhat arched, with thin hair on the back,
longer on the sides, and with transverse bands
on the back, and a tuft on the last segment
but one; the belly is flat.

L. potatoria, Linn. The Drinker Moth.
PL XX. fig. 4. Larva 4a. \\'e have figured

the female of this moth ; the male is similar
in pattern, but darker, with the margins of
the wings suffused with purplish brown. It
is common in Central Europe in July and
August. The larva hibernates, and lives in
April and May on various grasses. It is fond
of resting in the daytime in the cracks of
tree-trunks. The pupa is dark brown, with a
long, yellowish, leathery cocoon.

L. pruni, Linn. PL XX. fig. 5. appears
in July and August, and is widely distributed
in Central and Southern Europe, but is rather
scarce. The larva is long, bluish grey, with
yellowish longitudinal lines, and faint whitish
spots with an orange transverse stripe on the
fourth segment, and a short tuft on the last
segment but one. The larva hibernates and
is full-grown in June. It lives on oak, elm,
sloe, plum, apricot, birch, etc. The pupa is
dark brown, black in front, with a tough,
pale yellow cocoon.

L. quercifolia, Linn. The Lappet Moth.
PL XX. fig. 6. is common in Central and
Southern Europe in Jul\' and August. The
larva is ashy grey or greyish brown, with
darker and lighter spots, a dark blue band
on the third and fourth segments, and a tubercle
on the last segment but one. It lives in May
and June on fruit trees, Spiraa, roses, sloe, etc.,
remaining quietly seated on the twigs during
the day. The pupa is dark brown, dusted
with whitish, and has a greyish brown elonga-
ted cocoon. Var. alnifolia, Ochs. is darker,
with a fine transverse line of dark lunules
beyond the middle, and deep yellow borders.

L. populifolia, W. V. Wings 3-ellowish
brown, with the inner margins of the fore
wings and the costa of the hind wings red.
The fringes are uniform, not chequered. The
fore wings have five rows of indistinct black
lunules, and black transverse spots in the
middle. The hind wings are slightly dentated,
with indistinct black spots from the costa to
the centre. It is widely distributed in Central
Europe, but is always scarce, and is not found
in Britain. The larva is pale grey, with darker
spots, and has a dark blue transverse stripe
on the third, an orange stripe bordered with
black on the fourth, and a short broad tuft
on the twelfth segment. It feeds from May
to June on poplar and aspen. The pupa is

64

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

dark brown, dusted with bluish white, sparsely
covered with reddish brown hair. The cocoon
is light grey.

L. betulifolia, Fabr. is rusty red, suffused
with grey. The fore wings are deeply concave
at the hinder angle, and have a broad light
grey hind margin. Through the middle run
two closely placed transverse rows of spots,
which coalesce at the inner margin. Between
these is a black streak. In front of the hind
margin is a row of faint brown spots. The
fringes are brown, with black nervures. The
hind wings are excavated at the apex, rusty
brown, with darker hind margins, and a dark
brown row of spots through the middle. The
antennae are yellow, with reddish brown pecti-
nations. The moth is common in oak-woods
throughout the greater part of Central Europe,
except Britain and Scandinavia, appearing in
I\Iay. The larva has short hair on the back
and long hair on the sides. It is bluish or
yellowish grey, with an orange transverse
stripe on the third and fourth segments,
containing one or two black dots, and with
a short hair\' tuft on the twelfth segment. It
lives in August on oak, poplar, birch, etc.
The pupa is short and stout, dark blue, slightly
hairy, here and there dusted with reddish. It
rests in a long yellow cocoon.

L. ilicifolia, Linn. The Small Lappet
is reddish gre}-, suffused with bluish grey, with
a brown submarginal line, and white fringes
with brown nervures. The fore wings are deeply
excavated at the hinder angle, with two curved,
transverse lines composed of contiguous black
spots, and between these is a square light grey
spot. The submarginal area is bluish grey,
with a row of blackish spots, edged internally
with whitish. The hind wings are dark brown-
ish grey, lighter externally, with a broad
whitish darkly-edged central band. The antennje
are w^hite, with long brown pectinations (shorter
in the female) and a tuft of hair on the basal
segment. The moth appears in May. It is
found throughout Central Europe, but is scarce
and local. In England it is found at Cannock
Chase and near Sheffield. The caterpillar,
which resembles that of betulifolia, is rust-
coloured, with a black dorsal stripe, containing
white spots. It feeds on bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus), sallovi', birch, and oak in July and

.\ugust. The pupa is dusted with bluish white,
and has a long pale \ellow cocoon.

L. lunigera, Esp. Fore wings light grey
dusted with black, with two zigzag transverse
lines edged with black, between whicli is a
white crescent-shaped spot. In front of the
hind margins is a subterminal line, composed
of black lunulas. The fringes are white, with
black nervures. The hind wings are greyish
brown. Antennae brown, deeply pectinated in
the male, slightly in the female. The moth
is found in pine-woods in July and August
in many parts of Europe, but is scarce and
local. The var. lobulina, Esp. is almost
black. The larva varies in colour and markings.
It is blue or violet, with a yellow longitudinal
dorsal stripe enclosing a black, lozenge-shaped,
slightl}' hairy spot on each segment. There
are also oblique yellow streaks on the sides,
edged with black. On the third and twelfth
segments there is a large tuft of hair. It
feeds on fir and pine. The pupa is yellowish
brown, with a dense yellowish cocoon.

L. pini, Linn. PI. XX. fig. 7. Larva 7a.
is common in June and July in the pine-woods
of Central Europe, often appearing in enormous
numbers. The caterpillars hibernate, and
subsequently live on fir, pine, or larch till June,
often denuding whole plantations. The chrysalis
is dark brown, with a dense yellowish cocoon,
and may be found on the trunk of the food
plant in the chinks of the bark.

FAMILY

ENDROMID.E.

Wings with the margins entire, and with
short fringes. Fore wings with twelve, hind
wings with eight nervures, two being submedian
nervures, nervure 8 rising from the base and
connected with the costal nervure by a slender
transverse costal nervure. Head small ; antennas
bipectinated. Ocelli and frenulum wanting.
Abdomen projecting and covered with rough
hair. There is only one species.

Genus Endromis, Ochs.

Male of a different colour to the female.
Larva smooth, with a slight elevation on the
last segment.

E. versicolor, Linn. The Kentish Glory.
PI. XXI. fig. I. We have given a figure of

PLATE VIII.

I. Vanessa polychloros, la. LaA'a, ib. Pupa. 2. Vanessa xanthomelas. 3. Vanessa io, ja. Lana.
4. Vanessa antiopa, 4a. Lana, 5. Vanessa atalanta. 6. Vanessa cardui.

British and European Butterflies and Moths.

BRITISH AXD EUROrKAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MO I IIS.

the female; the male is similar, hut with ful-
vous hind wings. The male flies by day,
whilst the female rests on the trunks of birch
trees. The moth appears in March and April,
and is found in birch-woods in most parts
of Europe, except the South. In Britain it is
local, but is very widely distributed. The larva
is smooth, green, darker on the sides and
lighter on the back, wuth oblique yellow streaks
on the sides, and a pyramidal elevation on
the last segment but one. It lives in June
and July on birch, alder, hazel, etc., at first
gregariously, but afterwards singly. The pupa
is rather long, truncated at both ends, and
covered with small spines ; it terminates in
a point covered with short hooklets, and is
blackish. It is enclosed in a cocoon between
moss, etc.

FAMILY

SATURNID.-E.

Large moths, with ten ncrvures on the
fore wings, one submedian. Hind wings with
eight nervures, two being submedian. No
ocelli and no frenulum. The wings have a
central transparent spot. The antennas are
bipectinated in the males, and more shortly
pectinated in the females. The larva; have
generally flat warts set with single hairs. The
cocoons are pear-shaped, firm, and parchment-
like.

Genus Saturnia, Schrank.

Wings large and strong, with rounded
angles. Hind margin slightly concave below
the ape.x. All the wings with a large eye-
spot and two transverse lines. Hind tibiae
with two terminal spurs. The caterpillars
have six hairy tubercles on each segment, and
feed on trees and shrubs.

S. pyri, W. V. PI. XXI. fig. 2. is common
in South-Central and Southern Europe. The
moth appears in May. The larva is black when
young, becoming dark grey, with yellow tuber-
cles, and is finally bright green with six blue
hairy warts on each segment. The spiracles
are rose-coloured. It lives in July and August
on fruit trees, chiefly on pear and apricot,
but also on plum, walnut, etc. The cocoon is
brown and firm.

S. spini, \\^ V. Fore wings brownish
grey, with a broad pale grey costa, dark brown
at the base. Behind this is a black transverse
line edged internally with red, running from
the inner margin towards the costa, but not
reaching it. In the middle is a white space,
on which stands a large eye-spot. Beyond
this are two black zigzag transverse lines,
running from the apex towards the centre of
the inner margin, where they unite with the
transverse lines beyond the base. At the tip
of the fore wings is a white spot, bordered
outside with red. The marginal area is broad,
greyish yellow outside, lighter and dentated
on the inner side. The hind wings are greyish
brown at the base and in front of the marginal
area. Both sexes are of the same colour. It
is found in South-Eastern Europe. The larva
is black, at first with blue, afterwards with
deep yellow star-shaped tubercles covered with
stiff hairs. It lives on sloe, crab-apple, rose,
alder, etc. The pupa is enclosed in a large
white or brown flattened cocoon.

S. carpini, Linn. The Emperor Moth.
PI. XXI. Male fig. 3. Female 3a. Cocoon 3b.
is common throughout Europe in April and
May. The larva is black at first. After the
third moult it is green with black rings, and
after the fourth bright pale green, with six
golden -yellow or rose-coloured star-shaped
tubercles, set with stiff hairs, on each segment,
placed upon a black belt, which is sometimes
absent. It lives in May and June, w'hen young
gregariously, but afterwards singly, on sloe,
whitethorn, alder, birch, heath, willow, and
other plants. The pupa is dark brown with
lighter incisions, and is enclosed in a brownish
yellow or whitish cocoon.

Genus Aglia, Ochs.

Fore wings more pointed at the tips than
in Saturnia. All the wings with a large eye-
spot having a triangular white centre. The
antennas are bipectinated in the males, slightly
serrated in the females. The hind tibiae have
a pair of short spurs near the end.

A. tau, Linn. PL XXI. fig. 4. Larva 4a.
is common in Central Europe, except Britain,
in beech-woods. The males may be seen as
early as April on bright forenoons flying rapidly,
whilst the females sit lazily on the trunks of

5

66

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

trees. The female is paler than the male,
and has the submarginal line of the fore wings
faint or wanting. The larva lives in July and
August on oak, beech, lime, birch, hazel, etc.
A\'hen young it is pale green, with two bright
red spines on the second and third segments,
and one on the twelfth. After the third moult
these disappear. The pupa is dark brown,
with spines on the abdominal segments. It
rests on the ground under moss and leaves
in a dense cocoon.

FAMILY

DREPANULID.^.

Rather small moths, resembling the Geo-
metrida, with which they used to be classed.
Fore wings with hooked tips and twelve ner-
vures, with an appendicular cell. Hind wings
with or without a frenulum, and with eight
nervures. The antenna are bipectinated in
the males, serrated in the females. The palpi
are short and smoothly scaled. The proboscis
is tolerably long and horny. The hind tibiae
have long terminal spurs and middle spurs
also, except in lacertinavia. There are no ocelli.
The larvae have fourteen legs and no claspers,
and are pointed at the end. The pupae are
slender, with fine ridges and a light cocoon
between leaves.

Genus Drepana, Schrank.

Wings large and broad, with indistinct
markings, subterminal line, and spots. The
antennas are about half as long as the costa
of the fore wings. The males have'a frenulum,
which is wanting in the females. The wings
are hooked at the tip. Nervure 8 of the hind
wings rises from the base.

D. falcataria, Linn, The Pebble Hook-
Tip. PL XXII. fig. I. is widely distributed
in woods in Central Europe, appearing in
April and May and again in August. The
caterpillar is fusiform, the hinder end being
rather pointed, having pale green sides and a
brown back, with dark transverse streaks on
the third, fourth, and sixth segments, and with
two spines on the second and fifth, as well
as two small warts. It is covered with short
stiff hair, and has a yellow head. It lives in
June and in the .Autumn on birch, alder, and

poplar. The chrysalis is shining brown, dark
at the extremities.

D. curvatula, Borkh. Fore wings violet-
brown from the base to behind the middle,
with three zigzag black transverse lines,
a dark band between the two outer ones,
and two obliquely placed small black dots in
the discoidal cell. There is a straight black
line running from the hooked tip obliquely
to the middle of the inner margin, and a
slightly dentated blackish line running from
the front of the costa to the line above
mentioned, and from thence to the inner
margin. The hind wings are yellowish brown
with faint lines, and have a central dot.
The hind tibiae have terminal spurs. The
head and thorax are brown, and the ab-
domen greyish brown. The moth appears
in jMay and again in July and August, and
is common in Central Europe, except Britain.
The larva is brown, with green sides, and
distinct spines on the third, fourth, and seventh
segments, and small warts on the fifth and
seventh, as well as dots on the remaining
segments. All the elevations are covered with
dark brown hair. The head is yellowish with
brown streaks. It lives in June and in the
Autumn on alder, sitting on the leaves, which
it spins together with a few threads. The
pupa is brown, with two small projections on
the head. The larvae may be looked for in
August and September.

D. sicula, \V. V. The Scarce Hook-Tip.
Fore wings fawn-colour, with two dark zigzag
lines across the centre, between which is a
large irregular brown blotch, containing three
or four pale yellow dots. There are two faint
spots near the costa, and two smaller black
ones side by side on the outer zigzag line.
In front of the hind margin is a transverse
line, composed of black luniiles, and with a
violet-brown margin. The hind wings are
paler, with indistinct markings and yellow
hind margins. The head and thorax are
pale yellow, and the abdomen grey. Hind
tibi;E with two pairs of spurs. The insect is
widely distributed in Central Europe, but is
local. It appears in May and again in July
and August. The larva has reddish brown
sides, with lighter and darker streaks and
spots. It is more or less broadl)- lemon-yellow

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

67

on the back, with a luinip on tlie fourtli seg-
ment, which divides into two points. The anal
extremity is reddisli brown and pointed. It
lives on oak, lime, and birch in June and
September, and when yoimg mines the ends
of the leaves. The pupa is dark brown, dusted
with blue.

D. lacertinaria, Linn. The Scalloped
Hook-Tip. Fore wings with unequally dentated
hind margins, pale ochre-yellow dusted with
white, with two brown transverse lines, the
inner of which is straight, the outer curved,
and with a central spot between them. The
hind margin is rusty brown, and in front of
it is an indistinct white transverse line. The
hind wings are pale yellow without markings.
The fringes are brown. The antennae, head, and
thorax are yellowish brown, and the abdomen
yellowish. The hind tibiae have only one pair
of spurs. The moth is double -brooded, ap-
pearing in Spring and Autumn. It is common
in woods in Central and Northern Europe.
The caterpillar is brown, and the whole of
the back is covered with warts, which, on the
third and fourth segments, bear sharp spines.
The sides are greenish brown. It lives on
j-oung birch trees and alders in June and
September. The chrysalis is slender, white,
and thickly dusted with darker.

D. hamula, W. V. The Oak Hook-Tip.
Fore wings ochre-brown, with two pale yellow
curved transverse lines, midway between which
are two obliquely-placed dark spots. Fore
wings with straight hind margins, a pale yel-
low subterminal line running parallel with the
hind margin, and intersecting the hooked apex.
The hind margins are suffused with blue-black.
Hind wings yellow, with indistinct transverse
lines, and one or two oblique black spots in
the middle. The fringes are yellow. The head,
thorax, and abdomen are ochre-yellow, and
the antennas dark brown. The moth appears
in May and July, and is found in Central and
Southern Europe, especially in oak-woods.
The caterpillar is greenish brown, with a bifid
hump on the fourth segment, behind which is
a yellow stripe of varying breadth, running
along the back to the twelfth segment. The
hinder end is greenish brown above, with a
yellow line on each side. The head is brown-
ish grey, and heart-shaped, with two spines

posteriorly. It lives on oak in June and Sep-
tember. The pupa is shiny brown, dusted with
bluish on the wing-cases.

D. cultraria, Fabr. The Barred Hook-
Tip. Fore wings with straight hind margins
and slightly hooked tips, fulvous brown, with
two yellow curved transverse lines, between
which the ground colour is darker, forming a
broad band with an indistinct black central
dot. In front of the hind margins is a yellow
subterminal line, which runs to the tip and
intersects it. The hind wings are paler, with
the same lines as the fore wings. The fringes
are yellow. The head and thorax are brownish
yellow, and the abdomen greyish brown. The
caterpillar is pale brown, with an elevation
near the front of the back, and a light or
dark rose-coloured spot behind it. The hinder
end tapers to a point. It lives in June and
in August and September on beech and oak.
The chrysalis is shiny brown, dusted with
bluish, and with a slender hook at the end.

Genus Cilix, Leach.

Wings with long fringes ; antenna scarcely
half as long as the costa of the fore wings;
abdomen short; legs short with thin scales;
fore wings with twelve nervures, rounded at
the costa and apex. Discoidal cell with an
appendicular cell. Hind wings with an acces-
sory cell. The frenulum is absent in both
sexes. The antennae are bipectinated in the
males, ridged or pectinated in the females.
There are no ocelli. The front tibiae are
shorter than the femora. The other tibiae are
of the same length, and the hinder pair have
spurs in the middle and at the end.

C. glaucata. Scop. The Chinese Character.
The wings are milky white, with long white
fringes. Fore wings with a large dark grey
spot in the centre, extending to the inner
margin, and a silvery median nervure ; towards
the inner margin they are darker, with bright
leaden elongated spots. Before the hind margin
are two rows of dark grey crescent-shaped
spots. Hind wings white, with indistinct
markings. The fringes are marked with dark
grey in front and lighter behind. The thorax
is white with a dark grey spot in the middle.
The abdomen is dark grey with lighter rings.
The moth is common in Central and Southern

68

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

Europe in May and August. The larva is
brown, with two warts on the head, two small
pointed ones on the third, and two larger
ones on the fourth segment, as well as a pair
of small ones on the twelfth. On the back
is a white spot with a black dot in the middle.
It feeds in June and September on sloe. The
pupa is slender, and of a brown colour, bluish
at the end.

FAMILY

NOTODONTID^.

Fore wings narrow with twelve nervures;
hind wings with short fringes, a frenulum,
and two submedian nervures. There are seven
and occasionally eight nervures. Nervure 5 is
of uniform thickness and midway between 4 and
6; it is sometimes wanting. Nervures 6 and 7
are stalked. The costal nervure is free from
the base. The antennae are bipectinated in
the males; slightly pectinated, serrated, or
ciliated in the females. They are middle-
sized moths which fl}' by night, and rest on
trees, fences, etc., in the daytime, with sloping
wings, and generally with the front legs ex-
tended. The larvae have fourteen or sixteen
legs, the claspers being sometimes wanting,
or replaced by caudal appendages. The pupae
are short and stout.

Genus Harpyia, Ochs.

Middle-sized or large moths, the wings
with the margins entire, and with black spots
on the hind margins between the nervures.
The fore wings have twelve nervures, nervure
8 rising from 7, 9 from 8, 10 from 7, and 11
from the subcostal nervure. At the origin of
nervures 6 and 7 an appendicular cell is formed
by a small transverse nervure. Hind wings with
eight nervures, nervure 5 being as thick as the
rest. The antennae are bipectinated to the tips.
In the female thej' are shortly pectinated. The
eyes are large. There are no ocelli, and the
front is covered with erect hairs. The legs are
covered with long hair. The female has a
woolly anal tuft. The larvae have a long fork
instead of claspers. There is a hump on
the fourth or fifth segment, a triangular spot
on the neck, and a broader one reaching to
the extremity. The pupae are formed in a

strong cocoon, constructed of wood-shavings,
on trees.

H. bicuspis, Borkh. The Alder Kitten.
F"ore wings white, with scattered black dots,
and a row of similar ones at the base. There
is a blackish band dusted with white and
yellow, which is broader at the inner margin
than at the costa, and which is bounded on
both sides by a dark irregular line, bordered
with yellow. In the centre is a black spot,
behind it two faint zigzag transverse lines,
and at the apex a black spot dusted with
paler. On the hind margin is a row of black
dots. The hind wings are white, with a row
of black dots on the hind margin, a black
transverse stripe, which ends at the anal angle
as a black spot, and an indistinct central spot.
The antennae are black, with a white shaft.
The thorax is orange, with four black trans-
verse stripes, and the abdomen is grey. The
moth is found in Central Europe, but is scarce.
It appears in June and frequents birch-woods.
The larva is pale green, with a pyramidal
reddish-brown spot edged laterally with white,
which commences with a broad base on the
head, and ends in a hump on the third seg-
ment. There is a similar diamond-shaped
spot, beginning in a point, on the fifth segment,
and expanding gradually to the eighth, where
it is broadest, and extending down to the spira-
cles. From here it again narrows to the anal ex-
tremity, where it ends in a shining black plate.
The fork is long and spiny. The caterpillar
lives in August and September on birch and
alder. The pupae are brown, with a strong
cocoon. They may be found on the trunks
of birch trees about five or six feet from the
ground, but it requires much practice to distin-
guish the cocoon, which resembles the bark
to which it is attached.

H. bifida, Hiibn. The Poplar Kitten. PI.
XXII. fig. 2. is conmion, especially in poplar
avenues, in Central and Southern Europe.
The larva is green, with a violet triangular
spot on the neck, bordered with reddish brown
and yellow wavy lines. It is dotted with
white, and is divided by a white line in the
middle. It ends on the third segment. On
the back is a broad oval violet-brown spot
which becomes gradually narrower. It is divided
by a dark median line and edged on both

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFIIES AXD MOTHS.

6q

sides with a reddisli brown and jellow wavj-
line. On the last segment are two white
crescent-shaped spots. The fork is pale green,
with red spines, and with two black spines
between them. It feeds on the poplar and
willow in July and August.

H. furcula, Linn. The Sallow Kitten
resembles bifida, but is smaller. The fore
wings are pale grey witli the same markings.
The dark band in front of the middle has a
straiglit inner edge, and is irregularly bounded
on the outer side. The transverse lines are
distinct. The dark spot in front of the apex
is black, dusted with orange. The subterminal
line meets the central band at an acute angle.
In front of the hind margin is a row of black
dots. The central lunule is black. The hind
wings are paler, but are darker towards the hind
margin, with a row of black dots, and an
indistinct band in the female. The thorax is
chequered with black and orange, the abdomen
dark grey with whitish rings. It appears in
May and June in Central and Northern Europe.
The larva is yellowish green, dotted with red-
dish and dark green, and with reddish con-
nected spots on the neck and back, edged with
yellow, and divided by a dark median line.
The forks are spiny, with yellow and brown
rings. It lives on birch and willow in August.

H. erminea, Esp. PI. XXII. fig. 4. occurs
in Central Europe, except in the North-West,
but is rather scarce. It appears in INIay and
June. The caterpillar is green, with a reddish
brown or red pyramidal spot on the neck, and
a narrow one edged with white on the back.
On the eighth segment this spot is expanded,
and the white edge runs to a point at the
spiracle. It feeds on poplar in August. The
pupa is pale reddish brown, with a strong
cocoon made with splinters of wood.

H. vinula, Linn. The Puss Moth. PI. XXII.
fig. 3. Larva 3a. is common and widely
distributed in Europe, appearing in May and
June. The moth may be met with sitting on
trees, telegraph-posts, etc. The larva lives on
poplar and willow until late in the Autumn.

Genus Stauropus, Boisd.

Wings slightl}' sinuated, with rounded mar-
gins. The fore -wings are long with twelve
nervures. Nervure 12 rises from the base and

is free, 11 rises from the subcostal nervure,
8 from 7, 9 and 10 close together from 8.
There is no appendicular cell. The hind
wings are small, with eight nervures, nervure
8 rising from the base. The antenna; are
pectinated. In the female each joint is pro-
vided with a strong bristle beneath. The ej-es
are large and naked. The ocelli and proboscis
are obsolete. The abdomen is long, with a
tuft on each segment.

S. fagi, Linn. The Lobster Moth. PL
XXII. fig. 7. This moth is found in Central
and Southern Europe, but is never very com-
mon. It is usually met with singly in beech-
woods in June. The peculiar-shaped cater-
pillar, from which the moth derives its name,
is smooth chestnut-brown, with a light dorsal
line edged with blackish, and with a conical
elevation on each of the six middle segments,
of which the last but one is bifid. The last
two segments are very broad laterally, and
dentated, with two appendages at the end. The
legs are very long. It lives in July and August
on beech, oak, alder, birch, hazel, and lime.
In confinement each caterpillar must be put
in a separate cage, as they will fight and
sometimes kill one another. The chrysalis is
reddish brown, with four short spines at the
end, and is enclosed in a silky cocoon be-
tween leaves.

Genus Uropus, Boisd.

Fore wings with twelve nervures; 7 and 8
rise close together, g and 10 close together
from 8, II from the subcostal nervur , and 12
from the base. The hind wings aie short and
narrow, and have eight nervures. The antennas
are half the length of the costa of the fore
wings, bipectinated, except in the outer third,
which is dentated ; in the female they are
plain. The eyes are large, and the ocelli and
proboscis are obsolete.

U. ulmi, W. \'. Wings long and narrow,
the fore wings bluish grey dusted with black,
with two dark transverse lines, and an in-
distinct subterminal line. The fringes are
chequered with black and white. The nervures
are black, spotted with white. The hind wdngs
are white without markings. The antennae are
brown. The head and thorax are densely
clothed with erect, ashy grey hair, and the

5*

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERILIES AXD MOTHS.

abdomen is greyish brown. It appears in
April and May in Southern Europe, and is
found resting on the trunks of elm trees. The
larva is pale green or brownish gre\% with a
yellow longitudinal dorsal stripe, having a black
line through the middle, an orange line on
the sides, and a black elevation on the fifth,
and another lower down on the last segment
but one. The bodj' terminates in a brown
fork. It feeds on elm. The pupa, which is
dark brown, with two stiff tufts of hair at the
e.xtremity, is subterranean.

Genus Hybocampa, Led.

Fore wings with twelve nervures ; ii rises
from the subcostal nervure, 7 from 6, 8 from
7, g from 8 near the apex, and 10 from 7.
There is no appendicular cell. Hind wings
with eight nervures, 6 and 7 rising from a
common stalk. The fringes are brown, with
white nervures. The tegulse have an elevation
on their inner angle. The antennse are bare
at the tip.- The ocelli are absent, and the
larvae have no anal fork. They pupate in a
dense cocoon on trees.

H. milhauseri, Fabr. Fore wings pale
grey, with a band of yellow spots across
the middle, a double dark transverse stripe,
and a dark shade. On the inner margin are
two black spots. The nervures are dark brown.
The hind wings are white, with a blackish
spot near the anal angle, crossed by a pale
oblique line, and with a faint lunula in the
centre. The thorax is blackish, with white
tegulag. The abdomen is blackish. The moth
is widely distributed in woods in Central and
Southern Europe, but is scarce everywhere.
It appears in May and June. The caterpillar
is green, granulated with whitish, and has a
red pointed wart on each of the si.x middle
segments, the first of which has two points
and oblique red stripes on the sides. The
head is red. It feeds on oak, beech, elm, and
birch in July and August. The firm cocoon
is found on the trunks of trees, which it much
resembles in colour.

Genus Notodonta, Ochs.

Fore wings narrow, w'ith rounded angles
and twelve nervures, nervures 6 and 7 rising
close together, 8 from 7, g and 10 from 8.

The inner margin has a tooth-like scaly pro-
jection in the middle. The antennae are bi-
pectinated in both sexes, or else dentated in
the female. There are no ocelli. The hind
tibiae have middle spurs. The thorax and legs
are clothed with W'Oolly hair. The larvae are
smooth and flat, or furnished with prominences.

N. tremula, W. V. The Swallow Pro-
minent. The wings are white; the fore wings
with three longitudinal black stripes in cells
6, 7, and 8, and another running parallel to the
inner margin from the middle of the base
to the submarginal line. This stripe is dentated
on the inner side, has a white outer edge, and
is suffused with brown in front, and crossed
by white nervures towards the costa. Above
the tooth-like scaly projection on the inner
margin is a small longitudinal black streak.
The hind wings have a dark brown spot at
the inner angle, crossed by a white transverse
line. The antennae are rust-coloured, and are
bipectinated in both sexes. The head and
thorax are greyish brown, and the abdomen
yellowish brown. The moth appears in Spring
and again in July and August in open
places in woods, and is common in Central
Europe. The larva is slender, shining reddish
brown or violet, with a yellow lateral line,
and a wart behind. It lives in June and
again late in the Autumn on poplar, willow,
and birch. The pupa is chestnut -brown,
barrel-shaped, and enclosed in a slight cocoon
in the ground.

N. dictaeoides, Esp. The Lesser Swallow
Prominent is very like the last species in
colour and markings. Of the white nervures
which cross the black longitudinal stripe to-
wards the inner margin of the fore wings,
nervure ib. is expanded into a white triangular
spot. The black transverse streak above the
seal}' projection on the inner margin of the
fore wings, as well as the white line which
crosses the dark spot at the anal angle of
the hind wings, is indistinct. The moth
appears in May and June, and is less common
than tvemula. The larva is smooth shining
green, with a yellow lateral line and a red
spine on the last segment. It lives from July
till late in the Autumn on birch.

N. ziczac, Linn. The Pebble Prominent.
PI. XXII. fig. 5. Larva 5a. is common through-

BRITISH AXD EVROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

out Europe in May and again in July and
August. Tlie larva lives on young willows,
poplars, and birch in June and again in August
and September. The pupa is reddish brown,
with two projecting points at the end. It is
enclosed between leaves on the ground.

N. tritophus, W. V. The Three-humped
Prominent. Pi. XXII. fig. 6. is found in
Central Europe in May, June, and August, but
is usually rather scarce. The caterpillar is
green, with a red dorsal stripe from the second
to the fourth segment, a red pointed elevation
on the next five segments, and a pyramidal
protuberance on the last segment. The head
is i-ed. It lives in July and September on
poplar. The pupa is barrel-shaped, shining
dark lirown, with two points at the end. It
is formed on the ground, enclosed between
leaves and moss.

N. trepida, Fabr. Tlie Great Prominent.
Fore wings thinly scaled, greyish brown, with
two rust-coloured transverse lines, edged with
3ellow on the outer side, and some similar
spots in front of the hind margin. The trans-
verse lines are irregularly dentated, and the
subterminal line is reduced to some rusty
brown spots. The central lunule is small and
edged with yellow on the inner side. The
hind wings are yellowish white, brownish on
the costa, with two whitish transverse lines.
The antennae are rust-coloured, and simply
dentated in the female. The head and thorax
are brownish grey, and the tegulae are bordered
with black. The moth is found in Central
and Southern Europe, and is not uncommon
in oak-woods on the Continent, though rare
in Britain. The caterpillar is smooth, without
prominences, yellowish green with two white
dorsal lines, and red oblique streaks on the
sides, edged with yellow. It feeds in Jul}' and
August on oak. The chrysalis is black, with
the incisions lighter, and is enclosed in a
cocoon at the roots of the trees upon which
the larva feeds.

N. torva, Ochs. The Dark Prominent. Fore
wings dark grey, dusted with yellow, with two
dark zigzag transverse lines, bordered behind
with yellow, and a very small central lunule, set
in a light patch, towards the apex. In the po-
sition of the subterminal line are a few dark
dots, and on the inner marjiin a broad blackish

tooth. The fringes are yellowish, with dark
nervures. The hind wings are ashy grey, with a
paler transverse line beyond the middle, a dark
anal angle, and whitish fringes. The antennas
are brownish yellow. The head and thorax are
yellowish grey, and the abdomen ashy grey. It
is common in Central Europe, except the North-
West, where it is a great rarity, in May and
August. The caterpillar is reddish brown, with
three dorsal humps, and a black stripe reaching
from the head to the hump on the seventh seg-
ment. It bears a close resemblance to the
larva of ziczac. It feeds on aspen from June to
September. The chr^'salis is reddish brown,
with two terminal points, and is formed be-
tween leaves on the ground.

N. dromedarius, Linn. The Iron Promi-
nent. Fore wings dark grey, varied with rusty
red and yellow, yellowish white at the base,
with zigzag reddish brown transverse lines
bordered with pale yellow, and a pale rusty
red central eye-spot. At the base there is a
reddish brown longitudinal stripe, running to
the anterior transverse line. The scaly pro-
jection is dark, and is boimded by a black
line, light on the inner side. The hind wings
are dark ashy grey, lighter in the centre, with
a dark anal angle. The antennse are yellowish
brown. The moth appears in May and August
in Central Europe. The larva is yellowish
green, with a red line on the back of seg-
ments 2 to 4, and an interrupted one on both
sides, a red hump on each of the four succeed-
ing segments, and a pjaamidal one on the
last segment but one. It lives in July and
September on birch, alder, and hazel. The
pupa is barrel-shaped, shining dark brown,
with two points at the extremity. It is formed
in an excavation in the ground.

N. chaonia, W.. V. The Lunar Marbled
Brown. The fore wings are brownish grey,
with a white transverse line at the base, and
two similar ones, edged with black, across the
middle. There is a black central lunule on a
lighter ground, and an indistinct white sub-
terminal line. The fringes are chequered with
darker and lighter. The hind wings are pale
grey, darker towards the hind margins. The an-
tennse are rusty yellow, and the thorax grey.
It is found in oak-woods in Central Europe,
appearmg in April and IMay, but is not common.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

The larva is long, shining pale green, with
darker sides, with two yellow dorsal lines
and another above the legs. It lives on oak
in June and July.

N. querna, W. V. Fore wings dark grey,
varied with reddish, with a short black trans-
verse line at the base, two white transverse
lines, bounded with black, a white central band,
edged on the inner side with light grey, a
w'hite central lunule between them, and a
reddish grey subterminal line in front of the
hind margins. The fringes are chequered with
lighter and darker. The hind wings are whitish
in the male, light grey in the female, with the
nervures here and there dusted with darker.
The antennas are rust-coloured. The head
and thorax are ashy grey, varied with w"hitish,
and the 'tegulae are edged with grey at the
tips. The abdomen is ashy grey. The moth
frequents oak-woods in Central Europe, but
is not found in the British Isles. The larva
is dark green, with two yellow dorsal stripes,
and a yellow stripe on each side above the
spiracles, as well as a prominence on the last
segment but one. It lives on oak in July. The
pupa is black, with a terminal spine.

N. dodonaea, \\'. V. The Marbled Brown
varies much in colour and markings. It is
distinguished from the last two species by the
absence of either a black or a white central
lunule on the fore wings. The fore wings are
marbled with grey or brownish grey, with a
short dark transverse line and two complete
white ones at the base, the inner of which is
edged on both sides, the outer on its outer
side only, with darker. The space between
them is light grey on the outer half. There
is no central lunule, and the subterminal line
is indistinct. On the costa near the tip is a
dark brown spot. The hind wings are pale
greyish brown, with a white transverse band.
The antennae are brown, the thorax light grey,
and the abdomen yellowdsh brown. It appears
in April and May, and is not uncommon in
oak-woods. It is chiefly found in Western
Europe. The larva is shining bluish green,
light above, dark at the sides, with a yellow
dorsal stripe, and an orange stripe above the
legs. It feeds on oak in July and August.
The pupa is brown, with a terminal spine.

N. bicolora, W. \'. The White Prominent.

PI. XXII. fig. S. is found in May and June
in open birch-woods in Xorthern and Central
Europe. The larva is shining green, with a
white dorsal stripe, yellow longitudinal line,
and a broader orange longitudinal stripe above
the legs. It feeds on birch in July. The pupa
is dark brown, and is enclosed between leaves
and moss on the groimd.

N. argentina, W. V. Fore wings pale
olive-brown, clouded with darker between the
nervures at the apex, with indistinct trans-
verse lines, which are only visible on the costa.
There is a faint subterminal line, composed
of small black spots, bordered on the inner
side with lighter, and a larger triangular and
smaller crescent-shaped silvery spot surrounded
by brownish red and orange spots. The scaly
jirojection on the inner margin is orange-
coloured, and the inner angle is reddish brown.
The hind margin has pale nervures, and is
deeply dentated on the free border. The hind
wings are yellowish grey, the thorax reddish
brown, and the abdomen paler, w'ith a bifid
reddish brown anal tuft. The moth is found
chiefly in the southern parts of Central Europe,
and is fairly common in some seasons. It fre-
quents oak-woods, and appears early in June.
The caterpillar is slender, smooth and reddish
brown, with a row of yellow spots on the sides,
two conical projections on the fifth segment, a
transverse pad on the eleventh, and several
small elevations on the twelfth segment. It
lives on oak in July and August. Some of
the chrysalids produce moths in the same year.
The pupa is shining dark brown, and is hidden
under moss.

Genus Lophopteryx, Steph.

Fore wings pointed, deeply dentated, with
generally a rather large projection on nervure
4. It has twelve nervures and an appendicular
cell. The inner margin has a large scaly
projection. The hind wings are broad and
rounded. The thorax has a large erect tuft
of hair between the tegulae. The antennae in
the males have only a small leaf-like projection
on each joint beneath; in the female they are
slightly serrated. The ocelli are absent. The
hind tibiae have four spurs.

L. carmelita, Esp. The Scarce Prominent.
The fore wings are violet-grey. The costal

PLATE IX.

I. MelitEaaurinia, la. Underside. 2. Melitsea cinxia, 2a. Underside. 3. Melitea phoebe, 3a. Underside.

4. Argynnis euphrosyne, 4a. Under side. 5. Arg)'nnis selene, 5a. Under side. 6. Argynnis lathonia,

6a. Under side. 7. Argynnis aglaia, 7a. Female.

British and European Butterflies and Moths.

BRITISH- AXD ECROPEAy BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

73

margin is broad rusty brown, with two white
spots. The nervures are dark brown, with
whitish spots and indistinct transverse Hnes.
The hind margin is Hght, and the submarginal
line dark brown. The projection on nervure
4 is larger than the others. The fringes are
chequered, and the scaly projection is dark
brown. The hind wings are violet-grey, with
a transverse line posteriorly, a dark anal
angle, and chequered fringes. The tliorax is
rusty brown, with a pale hind margin and
pale-bordered tegulas. The abdomen is dark
rusty brown. The moth is w-idely distributed
in Central Europe, appearing about the end
of April or beginning of May ; it is, however,
scarce. It may be found either sitting at the
foot of birch trees, or may be obtained by
beating. The larva is yellowish green, with
a dark green dorsal longitudinal stripe, and
a light j-ellow lateral stripe, which encloses
the black red-ringed spiracles. The last seg-
ment but one has two small spines. It lives
on birch in June and July.

L. camelina, Linn. The Coxcomb Pro-
minent. PL XXII. fig. g. is common in most
parts of Europe from April to July or even
later. The larva is green, sometimes reddish,
whitish on the back, with a pale yellow lateral
line spotted with red, and two red spines on
the last segment but one. It feeds from June
to October om lime, birch, poplar, willow,
beech, aspen, etc. The pupa is dark brown,
with a terminal spine. It spins a slight cocoon
on the surface of the ground, and remains in
pupa till May. Var. giraffina, Hiibn. is
much darker. It is a rare form.

L. cucullina, W. V. Fore wings ochre-
yellow, witli slender dark zigzag lines. The
inner margin and apex are rusty brown, the
hind margin white, with the portions of ner-
vures 4 and 6 enclosed in it intense black.
The projection on nervure 4 is larger tlian
in the other species. The fringes are chequered.
The hind wings are yellowish grey, with a
dark spot at the anal angle, divided by a
yellow streak, a yellowish subterminal line,
and indistinctly chequered fringes. The thorax
is rust-coloured, with a thick tuft of hair.
The abdomen is yellow. The moth, which
appears in May and June, is widely distributed
in Central Europe, but is not common. The

larva is green at iirst, afterwards pale red,
with a dark green or dark brown cervical spot,
a red dorsal line, two small humps on each
of the segments near the middle, and a larger
one on the twelfth segment. It lives on maple
(Acer campestre and pseudoplatanus) and also on
Sorbiis terminal is.

Genus Pterostoma, Germ.

The palpi are very prominent, obliquely
raised and flattened, with long scales on both
surfaces. The fore wings have pointed tips
and twelve nervures. Nervures 7 and 8 rise
from the tip of the small appendicular cell,
g and 10 from S. The hind margin is uni-
formly dentated; the inner margin has a small
scaly projection in front of the middle, and a
small one in front of the hinder angle. The
antennse are bipectinated in both sexes, the
pectinations being smaller in the female. The
thorax has three parallel crests. The abdomen
is rounded, with a bifid anal tuft. The hind
tibia? have two pairs of long spines.

P. palpina, Linn. The Pale Prominent.
Fore wings uniformly dentated, pale ochre-
yellow varied with light grey, and with the
nervures blackish in parts. There are two
indistinct deeply dentated transverse lines, a
dark shadow in the centre, and a row of dark
streaks. Behind the posterior transverse line
is a row of double dots on the nervures, and
between these and the dark submarginal line,
which is bordered with lighter, is a row of
small dots. The hind wings are brownish
grey, darker towards the hind margins, and
on the nervures with a zigzag transverse line
and whitish fringes. The antenna? are bipecti-
nated, the palpi very prominent, the thorax
with long hair and a comb. The male has a
bifid anal tuft. The moth appears from May
to June, and is common throughout Europe.
The larva is slender, granulated, flattened,
bluish green, with yellow longitudinal lines on
the sides. It lives late in the Autumn on
poplar, willow, and lime. The pupa is reddish
brown, and the cocoon is formed on the ground.

Genus Drynobia, Dup.

Antennae bipectinated in the males to the
tip, slightly dentated in the females. Ocelli
absent. The fore wings are acutely angulated.

74

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

and have twelve nervures, of which 5 and 6
rise together, 7 from 5,. 8 from 7, and g and
10 from 8. There is no appendicular cell.
The inner margin has a large scaly projection.
The hind winr;s have eight nervures. The
thorax has a tuft of hair between the tegulae,
and the hind tibias have two pairs of spurs
The larvae are smooth.

D. velitaris, Knoch. Fore wings greyish
brown, yellow at the base, with two white
transverse lines, bordered on both sides with
dark brown, of which the anterior is angularly
curved, and the hinder one slightly bent. There
is an indistinct yellow lunule in the centre.
The apex is divided by a line, which is indis-
tinct externally. The scaly prominence is
large, brown on the inner margin. The hind
wings are brownish grey, with an indistinct
transverse line, edged with darker below. The
antennae are yellow, and the collar and tegulae
brown, varied with light grey and bordered
with dark brown. The abdomen is greyish
yellow. The moth appears early in June, and
is local in oak-woods in Central Europe, except
Britain. The larva is yellowish green, with
bluish green head and sides. It has several
longitudinal streaks, and a deep red longitudinal
stripe, bordered below with white above the
legs. It lives on oak in July and August.
The pupa is brown, with a spiny projection at
the end.

D. melagona, Scriba. is very like the last
species, but the tips of the wings are brown,
with black spots on the costa as far as the
hinder transverse stripe. The scah' projection
on the inner margin is black. The hind wings
are brownish grey. The moth is found in
Central Europe, but is rather scarce. The
caterpillar is bluish green, with four white
longitudinal stripes on the back, and a deep
red one, bordered with black and white, above
the legs. It lives on oak and beech in July
and August.

Genus Gluphisia, Steph.

Wings rounded, the fore wings with twelve
nervures. Ner\urc 1 1 rises from the subcostal
nervure, 7 from 6, 8 from 7, and 9 (which is
the shortest) and 10 from 8. There is no
appendicular cell, and no scaly projection. The
hind wings are small, with eight nervures.

Xervure 5 is slender. The antennae are bi-
pectinated in both sexes. The legs are covered
with long hair.

G. crenata, Esp. The Dusky Marbled
Brown. Fore wings brown and grey, with a
short dark transverse stripe behind the base,
and two others, with light margins, across the
middle. Between these is a lighter space,
with a faint yellow central lunule. There is
a pale subterminal line, darkly shaded. The
fringes are light grey, darker on the nervures.
The hind wdngs are rather paler, with a dark
blotch at the anal angle. The antennae are
rust -coloured, the thorax greyish brown, and
the abdomen greyish yellow. The moth appears
in May and June in Central Europe, but is
scarce and local. Epping is almost the only
British locality. The larva is green, with a
whitish dorsal stripe, bordered with yellowish,
and containing a white-centred dark red spot on
the third, fourth, sixth, and twelfth segments.
It lives on poplar in August, between leaves,
which it spins together. The pupa is black,
short, and obtuse at both ends. The cocoon is
formed on the ground.

Genus Ptilophora, Steph.

Antennas nearly half as long as- the costa
of the fore wings, very deeply pectinated as
far as the tip in the males, short and finely
ciliated in the females. Palpi very small. No
ocelli. Fore wings with twelve nervures. Ner-
vure 7 rises from 6, 8 and g by a common stalk
from 7, and 10 and 11 together from the small
appendicular cell. The inner margin is without
a scaly projection. The hind wings have eight
nervures, 6 and 7 rising from a long common
stalk. Nervure 5 is verj- slender in all the
wings. The body is not thick, but is clothed
with long, projecting hair.

P. plumigera, W. \'. The Plumed Pro-
minent. The wings are thinly clothed with
scales. The fore wings are rusty yellow or
rusty red, with pale yellow transverse lines
beyond the centre, and long hairs on the
inner margin. The nervures are black. The
hind wings are paler, sometimes with indistinct
transverse lines. The antenna: are rusty brown ;
the thorax and abdomen rusty red. This
species is found in woods in Central Europe
in October and November. It is rare in this

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

countrj-. The caterpillar is yellowish green,
darker on the sides, with a bluish dorsal
stripe and three white longitudinal lines on
each side. It lives on maple, birch, and sallow
in June. The chrysalis is dark brown, with
blackish wing-cases and a terminal point. It
is formed in the ground.

Genus Cnethocampa, Steph.

Middle-sized moths. Fore wings with twelve
nervures, nervure 8 rising from 7, g and 10
in succession from S. No appendicular cell.
Hind wings with eight nervures. The wings
are thinly scaled, with straight hind margins
and long chequered fringes. The fore wings
have two dark transverse lines, between which
is a dark central lunule, and have also a lighter
subterminal line. The inner margin has no
scaly projection. The hind wings are small
and without markings. The head is small.
There are no ocelli. The antenna are short,
bipectinated, with small serrations in the
female, the first joint being provided with a
long hairy tuft. The thorax is stout and
woolly. The abdomen is thick and long in
the female, with dense woolly hair, thickest
at the extremity. The hind tibias have only
small terminal spurs. The larvae are finely
pubescent, and live gregariously in a large web,
from which they wander in procession from
branch to branch, stripping them bare, and
then returning to their nest. The hairs of
the larvae produce on the human skin intense
itching and frequently considerable inflam-
mation, more severe than that produced by any
other European larvae.

C. processionea, Linn. Fore wings ashy
grey, clouded with dark grey, paler towards
the base, with three dark transverse lines, a
dark central dot, and a light subterminal line
in front of the hind margin, edged with darker
on the inner side. The hind wings are lighter,
with a darker transverse band. The front
has no horny prominence. The moth appears
in July and August locally in Central and
Southern Europe. The caterpillar is dark
brownish grey, with lighter sides. It has red-
dish brown transverse spots on the back of
the fifth and succeeding segments, eight on
the thoracic segments, and on the remaining
segments four grey hairy warts. The larvae

are full-grown in June. They feed at night,
wandering in procession with one at the head,
followed by twos or threes, from the nest
to tlie branches. They pupate in the com-
mon web.

C. pityocampa, W. V. Fore wings light
grey, clouded with greyish brown, with three
dark greyish, almost black, transverse lines,
the outermost of which is deeply dentated
on nervures 3 and 4. There is a dark central
lunule and a light subterminal line in front
of the hind margin, edged with darker on its
inner side. The fringes are brown, chequered
with white. The hind wings are whitish.
The head and thorax are greyish brown. On
the front is a black horny prominence, with
four transverse lines on its anterior surface.
The abdomen is brown, with black rings on
the sutures, and a black anal tuft in the female.
The moth appears in July and August, and
is found in Southern and South-Central Europe.
The larva is blue-black above, whitish beneath,
with a brownish yellow transverse stripe on
each segment, and light grey tufts of hair on
each side. It is found in large webs on fir
trees in July and August. The pupae are
hidden under stones.

C. pinivora, Treit. Fore wings dark grey,
with three dark transverse lines, which are
placed more closely together towards the inner
margin. The outermost transverse line is less
deeply dentated on nervures 4 and 5 than in
pityocampa. The central lunule is dark and
angular. The subterminal stripe in front of
the hind margin is light, with a dark inner
border. The hind wings are somewhat lighter.
The fringes are dark grey, with the nervures
white. The head and thorax are also dark
grey. The front has a horny prominence. It
appears in May and June in North Germany.
The larva is bluish green, speckled with
light brown, with a broad, dark, longi-
tudinal stripe on the back, eight small warts
on the thoracic segments, and an oval black
transverse spot on the remaining segments,
in which stand numerous small brownish red
warts covered with golden-yellow hair. On
tlie sides are longitudinal rows of similar warts.
The larvae live gregariously in nests on pines
in July and August. The pupa hibernates in
a little barrel-shaped cocoon in the ground.

76

BRITISH AXD F.CROPEAN DUTTERFLIKS AXD MOTHS.

Genus Phalera, Hi'ibn.

Fore wings long, with twelve nervures and
an appendicular cell, from which rises nervure
6, from its apex 7 and 8, and from 8, g and 10.
The inner margin is without a scaly projection.
At the tip is a large yellow spot. The an-
tennae are moniliform, finely bipectinated in
the males and shortly ciliated in the females.
The thorax is stout and thickly covered with
depressed hairs. The hind tibiae have two
pairs of spines.

P. bucephala, Linn. The Buff-Tip. PL
XXII. fig. ID. Larva loa. is common through-
out Europe from May to July. The cater-
pillar when young lives gregariously on almost
every kind of tree, and may be found till late
in the Autumn. The chrysalis is dark brown,
with a terminal point. It is subterranean.

P. bucephaloides, Ochs. closely resembles
the last species, but has more pointed fore
wings, nearly uniformly silvery grey, with a
large yellow central spot having a brown nu-
cleus, and a large yellow spot near the tip en-
closing cell 3. There are no side spots on
the abdomen. It is found in May and June
in South-Central Europe. The larva is very
like that of bucephala, but more variable in
colour and markings. It is generally ashy
grey, with darker longitudinal stripes and small
yellow warts. It feeds on oak in Autumn.

Genus Pygsera, Ochs.

Fore wings with twelve nervures, but no
accessory cell. Nervures 8 and 9 rise from a
common stalk with 10. The inner margin has
no scaly projection. On the hind wings,
nervure 5 is very slender, and is almost obli-
terated. The antennae are short and bipecti-
nated in both sexes. The abdomen is stout
and densely clothed with depressed hair. The
thorax has a longitudinal crest of hair directed
backwards between the tegulse behind. Hind
tibiae wuth two pairs of spines. The larvas
have soft hair, long hairy warts on the sides,
and hairy excrescences on the fifth and twelfth
segments. They are double-brooded, living
in May and June and again from July into
the Autunui between leaves ot willows and
poplars which they have spun together. Tlie
pupae are subterranean.

P. anastomosis, Linn. Fore wings \iolet-
grey, varied with cinnamon-brown. The
marginal area is dark, with three transverse
lines, between the second of which and the
inner angle is a darker wedge-shaped spot
composed of indistinct rings and double dark
spots and rows of dots in the position of the
subterminal line. The iiind wings are reddish
grey. It is found in May and June and in
August in Central and Northern Europe, ex-
cept the North-West, and is rarer than tlie
other species. The caterpillar is brown, black
on the back, with white and yellow dots, two
\ellow lateral lines, interrupted by small red
hairy warts, and with black hairy excrescences,
spotted w^ith white on the fifth and last seg-
ments. It lives on willow and poplar in July
and from September till Spring. The chrysahs
is brownish black, with two orange dorsal stripes.
It is enclosed between leaves spun together.

P. curtula, Linn. The Chocolate-Tip.
The wings are ashy grey, the fore wings
suffused with reddish, with an interrupted
blackish subterminal line, and four whitish
transverse lines bordered with brown, the last
of which bounds a rusty brown spot, which
passes beyond the middle to the apex of the
wings. The thorax and abdomen are reddish
grey, the latter with a reddish brown spot.
The abdomen has an anal tuft. The moth is
common in May and July in the greater part
of Europe. The larva is thinly hairy, brownish
grey, yellowish green, or flesh-coloured, with
blackish sides, yellow warts along the back,
and a velvety black elevation on the fifth and
last segments. It lives on poplar and willow
in June and late in Autumn, among leaves
which it spins together. The chrysalis is dark
brown, rounded at the anal extremity.

P. anachoreta, W. V. The Scarce Choco-
late-Tip. PI. XXIII. fig. I. is on the wing
in the same months as the last species, and
is conunon in most parts of Europe, though
the only British locality is Folkestone. The
larva is greyish green or flesh-coloured, with
rose-coloured warts, blackish longitudinal lines,
and black and yellow spots on the side of the
back, as well as a wart-like elevation, dotted
with white, on the fifth and last segments. It
lives till late in the Autumn between the leaves
of poplar and willow.

BRITISir AXD ECROrEAX lU-TTERFLfKS AXD MO'/V/S.

P. pigra, Hufn. The Small Chocolate-Tip.
The fore wings are brownish grey, with four
transverse lines, as in the last two species, a
white spot on the costa, with a few dark spots
in the hinder half, but with no dark spot at
the tip. It is conmion throughout Europe in
May and July. The larva is dark grey, with
the back yellow, pale ashy grey, or greenish
grey, with a blackish spot on each segment,
bordered with yellow dots, a double yellow
line above the legs, and a hairy wart on the
fifth and last segments. It feeds on willow
and poplar, between leaves which it has sptin
together, in June and late in the Autumn. The
pupa is reddish brown, with black wing-cases;
it is also enclosed between leaves.

FAMILY

CYMATOPHORIDvE.

This group forms a link between the
BOMBYCES and the NOCTU/E. From the
latter it is distinguished by the neuration of
the hind wings, inasmuch as nervure 6 rises
from the anterior margin of the cell, and 8
from the base, without any connection with
the slender costal nervure of the discoidal cell.
The antennae are setiform, and the legs short,
the anterior tibiffi without setiform spines. The
head has a tuft of hair on the vertex, and the
abdomen is also tufted. Tlie larvfc are smooth,
and sit with their bodies curved like a hook,
either on the surface of the leaves or between
leaves lightly spun together. They pass into
the pupa state between leaves.

Genus Gonophora, Bruand.

Antennae slightly ciliated in the males.
Abdomen with small tufts on the front seg-
ments and large ones on the sides. Legs
very short, the middle tibiae clothed with wooll}'
hair. The larvae have excrescences on the
third and twelfth segments. The)' sit with the
head and tail raised. The only species is: —

G. derasa, Linn. The Buff Arches. PI.
XXIII. fig. 2. This is found in Central Europe
in June and July. The caterpillar is yellowish
brown, with coffee-coloured hexagons on the
back, divided by a black line, and with blackish
dotted lateral lines. There are two pale yellow
blotches on the sides of segments 5 and 6, and

warty elevations on 3 and 12. It rests, curved
like a hook, between two connected leaves.
The pupa is dark grey and placed between
leaves spun together.

Genus Thyatira, Ochs.

The antennas are strongly ciliated in the
male. The collar has three dark transverse
lines. There is no woolly hair on the middle
tibiae. The abdomen has no tufts of hair on
the sides. The only European species is: —

T. batis, Linn. The Peach Blossom
Moth. PI. XXIII. fig. 3. Larva 3a. This is
not uncommon in woods in the greater part
of Europe in June and July. The larva is
very variable in colour and markings. It is
found in September in open woods on all
species of Ritbus, such as bramble, wild rasp-
berry, etc., always resting in a crooked posture
on the middle of the leaves. The pupa, which
is rounded in front, but pointed behind, is
dark brown, and is placed between leaves
spun together.

Genus Cymatophora, Treit.

Fore wings broad, with long, rather oblique
hind margins. Both blotches, both transverse
lines, and the submarginal line are more or
less distinctly marked. The tegulae have two
long tufts of hair on the back. The larvae
are smooth, flattened, slightly arched, and
narrow behind, with a large globular head.
They live between two adherent leaves, and
pass into the pupa on the ground, in a slight
cocoon between leaves and moss. The moths
emerge early in Spring, and are fond of sitting
on the trunks of young trees.

C. or, W. V. The Poplar Lute String-
Fore wings broad, with long, slightly oblique
hind margins, ashy grey, with a somewhat
lighter reddish costa. There are four blackish
transverse lines in front, and also four behind.
Tlie subterminal line is whitish and indistinct,
with blackish nervures, and 'the apex ends in
a small hook. The central area is not darker;
it is narrowed towards the stigmata, and there
is a long greenish white reniform stigma divided
below by a small brown wedge-shaped spot,
and near it is often a second round greenish
yellow spot towards the base. The marginal
line is black, and the fringes are streaked with

78

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

lighter and darker. The hind wings are grey,
with a lighter transverse line and greyish
white fringes. The head and abdomen are
ashy grej', the latter being slender in the
male. The thorax is rusty brown, with the
collar sometimes bordered with paler. The
moth is common in Central and Northern
Europe. The larva is cylindrical, greenish
yellow, with black spots behind the head and
on the sides. The head itself is rusty brown.
It lives on poplar in Autumn. The pupa is
dull brown, and has a slender terminal spine.
It is placed among leaves spun together.

C. octogesima, Treit. The Figure of
So Moth is distinguished from the last
species as follows: — The anterior transverse
line is divided into four, and is incompletely
bounded towards the base, and the central area
is expanded at the stigmata so as to represent
an "80." The colour of the fore wings is
moreover lighter than in or, and is more red-
dish grey. The moth is fairly common
in many parts of Europe in May and in July
and August. The larva is pale yellow, with
two black spots on the sides, behind the headi
and on the last segment. It feeds on poplar
in June and September.

C. duplaris, Linn. The Lesser Satin
Moth. Fore wings of the same form as
in or, dark bluish grey, with two whitish and
several dark transverse lines, with a dark
central area which is lighter towards the hinder
transverse line, where two small black dots
are placed one above the other. There is a
whitish submarginal line, and a brown line
at the base of the fringes. The hind wings
are pale grey, with a lighter curved line, light
fringes, and a dark lunule. The head, antennae,
and thorax are brownish grey. The tegulae are
ashy grey. The abdomen is slender and grey
in colour. It is found in Central and Northern
Europe in May and August, and is not un-
common. The larva is slender, yellowish or
greyish green, with darker dorsal lines and
small white dots on each segment. It lives
on poplar, birch, and alder in June and Sep-
tember.

C. fluctuosa, Hubn. The Satin Carpet
Moth. Fore wings grey, with two white trans-
verse lines, a broad dark central area, w-ith
a small faint black lunule, a wliite submarginal

line, a dark interrupted marginal line, and
a small black dot at the base. The hind
wings are dirty white, with a lighter curved
line. The head, antennae, and thorax are like
the central area, and the front, collar, and
tegula; are light grej-. The abdomen is slender,
yellowish white, with the anal tuft almost yellow
in the male. The moth is found throughout
Central Europe in June and July. The larva
is yellowish white, with a dark brown head.
It li\es on bircli in Autumn.

Genus Asphalia, Hiibn.

Antennae stout and simple in the males
in all the species except ruficollis, in which
they are pectinated in the male and shortly
serrated in the female. The eyes are hairy.
The head and thorax have scales interspersed
among the hair. The front has a transverse
tuft. The fore wings are long, with short
oblique hind margins. Nervure 6 rises from
the inner margin of the appendicular cell, 7
and 8 from a common stem with g, from the
extremity of the cell. On the hind wings
nervure 5 rises very near to 4.

A. ruficollis, W. \'. Fore wings violet-
grey, long and narrow. The inner margin is
much shorter ,than the costa, the hind margin
very oblique and short. The transverse lines
are rust-coloured, the front ones rather broad,
the hind ones narrower, with single black dots.
The central area has a rust-coloured orbicular
stigma, and a lunule likewise edged with this
colour. The fringes are darker grey. The
hind wings are reddish grey, with white fringes
bordered with grey. The head and thorax
are rusty brown, and the abdomen grey, with
a rust-coloured anal tuft in the male. The
legs are ringed with grey and white. The
moth occurs in March and April, and is rather
scarce and local, being chiefly met with in the
South-East of Europe. The caterpillar is
pale on the back, with white sides spotted
with black, and a shining light brown head.
It hibernates and lives on oak in May and
June. It assumes the pupa state between
leaves spun together.

A. diluta, W. V. The Lesser Lute String.
Fore wings broad, with long slightly oblique
hind margins, pale ashy grey, with two brown-
isli transverse bands edged with darker inter-

BRITISH AND EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AKD MOTHS.

79

nallv. There is a unicolorous spotless central
area, a paler marginal area, a blackish in-
complete marginal line, a black streak at the
apex, and greyish yellow fringes. Hind wings
yellowish white, sometimes banded with grey in
the marginal and central areas. The head is
grej% with a rusty crest. The antennas are
grey; the thorax and abdomen yellowish gre}',
the latter with a blackish tuft on the second
segment. It appears in August and September
in Central Europe. The caterpillar is pale grey,
with a darker dorsal line and nearly black
spiracles. It feeds on oak and birch in May
and June. The chrysalis is enclosed in a slight
cocoon between leaves.

A. flavicornis, Linn. The Yellow-Horned
Moth. Fore wings ashy grej^ with a whitish,
sometimes pale red, costa. Front and hinder
transverse lines double , dark brown , the
former strongly cur\'ed towards the base in
front. The two stigmata are white, greenish,
or yellowish white, finely edged with black.
The orbicular stigma is the largest. The sub-
marginal line is also brown, and terminates
as a brown streak in the tip. The marginal line
is dark brown, and the fringes grey, chequered
with lighter. The hind wings are ashy grey
towards the base, passing into yellowish white,
with white fringes. The head, thorax, and
abdomen are brownish grey, with long hair.
The antennae are rusty brown and setiform.
The moth is usually found sitting on the
trunks of birch trees, and occurs in Central
and Northern Europe as early as March or
the beginning of April. The larva is smooth,
yellowish, with two dorsal rows of white spots,
surrounded with black, a white line above the
legs, and orange spiracles. It lives on birch,
poplar, and oak in June. The pupa is enclosed
between leaves or moss.

A. ridens, Fabr. The Frosted Green.
Fore wings greenish grey, with a black longi-
tudinal streak at the base, and a black anterior
and a more or less distinct posterior transverse
line. On both sides of the transverse lines
there are black streaks on the nervures, and
paler zigzag markings. The stigmata are
more or less distinct, and are surrounded with
black. There is a black streak at the apex,
and a black dentated marginal line. The fringes
are greenish, lighter in the anterior half.

and intersected with blackish nervures. The
hind wings are whitish, with brown nervures,
and a brown marginal band. The antennae
are brownish yellow, serrated in the male.
The head and thorax are greenish brown, with
the front and the insertion of the tegulag white.
The abdomen is grej-, and the legs are ringed
with black. The moth is common in oak-
woods in Central and Southern Europe. In
England it is widely distributed, but is not
common anywhere. The larva is greenish
yellow, with four black longitudinal lines, a
transverse row of white dots on each segment
except the second, and white streaks on the
front of the head. It lives on oak trees in
June. It has cannibalistic propensities. The
pupa is shining light brown, with a slender
terminal spine, and is subterranean.

N O C T U yE.

These are mostly middle-sized moths, with
the fore wings stouter than the hind wings,
and covering them when at rest. The hind
wings have a frenulum and two free submedian
nervures. The antennas are setiform and usually
finelv ciliated, and are frequently pectinated in
the males, but never in the females. There
are distinct ocelli, generally a horny proboscis,
but no maxillary palpi, and a stout body. The
pattern of the fore wings is somewhat as fol-
lows: — There is a "half line" near the base,
which fails to reach the inner margin. Two
complete transverse lines, which ma\- be single
or double, run across the wings. There is a sub-
marginal line in front of the hind margin, and
between this and the hinder transverse line
is a suffused band. In the discoidal cell is the
orbicular stigma, and on the transverse nervure
the reniform stigma, often with a dark space
between them called the central shade. Cn
the anterior transverse line, in the discoidal
cell, is the claviform stigma. The fore wings
have twelve nervures, rarely only eleven, with
a submedian nervure, which is forked at the
base. Nervure 2 rises from the middle of the
median nervure below the discoidal cell ; 3, 4,
and 5 from or near its inner angle, 6 from
its anterior angle, 7 to 10 from the appen-
dicular cell, 8 and 9 from a common stalk,
from the appendicular cell, or from 7, and ii

8o

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERI-LIES AXD MOTHS.

from the discoidal cell. The hind wings are
for the most part without any distinctive colour
or markings. Nervures 3 and 4 rise from the
inner, 6 and 7 from the anterior angle of the
discoidal cell, and 8 from the base, being con-
nected with the subcostal nervure. The head
and thorax are covered with erect or depressed
hair, or are crested. The abdomen is depressed
or cylindrical, with or without dorsal crests.
The hind tibite are usually longer than the
front ones. These moths fly at night or in
the dusk, and only a few frequent flowers in
the daytime. During the day they may be
found resting on trees, fences, rocks, etc., and
are often difficult to distinguish, from their
grey colour resembling that of the object upon
which they are sitting. Many species may
be caught at night on sugar or with the aid
of the lantern. The larvae are generally
smooth, rarely pubescent, with sixteen legs,
or more rarely with only fourteen or twelve.
They usually pupate in the ground, and a few
form a slight cocoon.

FAMILY

BOMBYCOID^.

Fore wings with an appendicular cell.
Nervures 8 and 9 rise from a common stalk
from 7 and 10; or 7 may rise from the appen-
dicular cell. There are generally two stigmata,
and the fringes are entire. The antenna are
pectinated or ciliated. The head and thorax
are not crested. The moths resemble the BOM-
BYCES in appearance, and are classed with
them by some writers. The larvae are hairy,
with sixteen legs.

Genus Diloba, Boisd.

Fore wings with rounded tips, with distinct
spots and transverse lines. Nervures 8 and g
rise from 7, and 7 and 10 from the appendicular
cell. The hind wings are without markings,
except at the anal angle. Nervures 3, 4, and
5 rise separately, 6 and 7 from a long common
stalk. The thorax is short and broad, thickly
clothed with woolly hair. The antennae are
bipectinated in the males, serrated in the
females. The only species is : —

D. caeruleocephala, Linn. The Figure of
8 Moth. PI. XXIll. tig. 4. Larva 4a. This is

a common garden species throughout Europe,
appearing in August and September. The
caterpillar lives on whitethorn, sloe, and fruit
trees in May. The chrysalis is reddish brown,
with a firm cocoon made of minute particles
of bark, small pieces of leaves, and an abun-
dance of silk.

Genus Simyra, Ochs.

Fore wings narrower, with somewhat pointed
tips and oblique hind margins, with indistinct
transverse lines and dark longitudinal stripes
between the nervures. The head is retracted
and the thorax woolly. The antenna; are short
and pectinated in the males. The larvaj are
hairy and gregarious.

S. nervosa, W. V. is pale grey, dusted
with small black dots. The fore wings have
pointed tips, long hind margins, and a very
obtuse rounded inner angle, without markings.
The nervures, base, and costa are somewhat
lighter. Between the nervures are a few
3'ellowish longitudinal streaks. The hind wings
are without markings and have pale fringes.
The antenna are bipectinated in the male,
and yellowish in colour; filiform in the female.
The moth appears at the beginning of June
and in August. It is found in some parts of
Central Europe, but is rare. The caterpillar
is yellowish white on the back, with rows of
velvety black spots, blackish on the sides.
The belly has three orange warts on each
segment, and two similar rows of j'ellowish
ones longitudinally' on the back. The warts
bear yellowish white scattered hairs. It lives
in June and September on spurge and sorrel
growing in dry places. The chrysalis is dark
brown, with a dense white cocoon formed of
pieces of the food plant.

Genus Arsilonche, Led.

Resembles the last Genus, but the antennae
of the male are not dentated, and the fore
wings are broader, with waved hind margins.

A. venosa, Borkh. The Powdered Wain-
scot. Fore wings cream-colour, dusted with
brownish ; in cell i b and 4 is a dark longi-
tudinal line, and there are black dots between
the nervures on the hind margins. The hind
wings and under side are white. The head
and thorax are cream-colour and W00II3'. The

PLATE X.

I. Argynnis adippe, la. Female, ib. Under side. 2. Argj'nnis paphia, 2a. Female, under side,

2b. Larva, 2c. Pupa. 3. Var. valezina. 4. ArgT,'nnis pandora (Female, under side).

5. Melanargia galathea. 5 a. Under side of Female. 5b. Larva.

British im<i European Butterflies and Moths.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

8i

abdomen is ashy grey, with a white anal tuft
in the male. The antennae are setiform, not
ciliated. The moth appears in May and June
and in August, and frequents damp meadows
in the northern parts of Central Europe. In
England it is only known about the fens of
Cambridgeshire. The larva is black, spotted
with grey, has four pale yellow longitudinal
stripes spotted with orange, and is thickly
covered with hairy tubercles. It lives in June
and in Autumn on Lysimachia and grasses,
and weaves a thin cocoon with pieces of grass
bound together with silk. The pupa is small
and dark brown.

Genus Demas, Steph.

Fore wings with rounded tips and hind mar-
gins, and with indistinct markings. Nervures 7,
8, and 10 rise from the appendicular cell, and
9 from 8. The hind wings are without mark-
ings. Nervures 3 and 4, and 6 and 7 rise
from a point. The antennse are bipectinated.
The head and thorax are woolly. The ab-
domen is short, with hairy tufts. The only
species is: —

D. coryli, Linn. The Nut-tree Tussock. PI.
XXIII. fig. 5. This moth is found in Central
and Northern Europe, but is not very common.
It is on the wing in May and June. The larva
is uniform pale yellow or flesh-coloured, slightly
hairy, with two long red tufts of hair on the
second segment, and one on the last but one.
It lives from August to October on oak, lime,
and hazel. The pupa is black in front, reddish
brown behind, and is placed between leaves
spun together. ,,

FAMILY

ACRONYCTID^.

Antennae simple, shortly ciliated in the
males. Thorax rounded in front, with raised
crests. Legs hairy, the tibiae not spurred.
Nervures 7 and 10 of the fore wings rise from
the appendicular cell; 8 and 9 from 7. Ner-
vure 5 of the hind wings is slender, and 7
rises from the anterior angle of the discoidal
cell. The larvae have hairy warts, and often
fleshy tubercles or tufts of hair. They weave
a firm cocoon, and usually bury themselves in
rotten wood or bark; some cork, turf, or soft

pieces of wood should therefore be placed in
the breeding cage.

Genus Acronycta, Ochs.

Fore wings generally broad, the hind
margins somewhat contracted at the hinder
angle, with slightly waved fringes. The fore
wings are usually grey, varied with darker.
The hind wings are without markings, except
an indistinct curved line. The antennae are
short and ciliated, or simple. The head and
thorax have depressed hair, and the abdomen
is without dorsal crests.

A. leporina, Linn. The Miller. PL XXIII.
fig. 6. Larva 6a. appears from May to July,
and is common in woods in Central and
Northern Europe. The larva is yellowish or
greenish, with long, thickly set erect hairs.
It lives from August till September on birch,
willow, alder, poplar, and other trees. The
pupa is dark brown, with a short terminal
point, and is formed in rotten wood in a cocoon
made of splinters.

A. aceris, Linn. The Sycamore Moth.
PI. XXIII. fig. 7. is common throughout Eu-
rope in June. The larva is yellow, with long
thick hair, a row of white spots on the back,
edged with black, and black spiracles. It
feeds on horse-chestnut, sycamore, maple, oak,
etc. The pupa, which is reddish brown, is
enclosed in a tough cocoon made with hair.

A. megacephala, W. V. The Poplar Grey.
Fore wings light grey, varied with black, es-
pecially near the anterior transverse line (which
is thus rendered indistinct), behind the posterior
transverse line and the orbicular stigma, which
has a dark centre. The two black longitudinal
lines on nervure ib. and the reniform stigma
are consequently also rendered indistinct. The
fringes are chequered with black and grey.
Hind wings white or greyish, with dark ner-
vures, a darker interrupted marginal line,
and faintly chequered fringes. It is common
throughout Europe in May and June, especially
in poplar avenues. The larva is blackish, with
a large head. The back is thickly sprinkled
with yellow dots, with an oblong black-mar-
gined spot on the twelfth segment, and small
rust-coloured warts with red hair over the
whole body, the hair being longest on the
sides. It lives on poplar from August to Sep-

82

BRITISH AXD EUROPE AX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS

tember. The pupa is elongated, sliining Itrown,
with a cocoon made with particles of wood,
and is placed under the bark.

A. alni, Linn. The Alder Moth. PI. XXIII.
fig. 8. This pret^j' species is widely distri-
buted in Central Europe, but is far from
common. It appears in May. The caterpillar
occurs singl}' on alder, beech, oak, and lime
from July to September. It generally sits on
the middle of a leaf. The chrysalis is chestnut -
brown, and is formed in rotten wood.

A. strigosa, W. \. The Grisette. Fore
wings pale grey or brownish grey, here and
there varied with j'ellowish, with black trans-
verse lines, sharply edged with white. There
is a black streak in the basal and in the
marginal area on nervure ib, and in the central
area on i, all being surrounded by dark
shading. The reniform stigma, which is some-
what indistinct on the inner side, and not
connected with the orbicular stigma, and the
base of the inner margin are yellow. The
fringes are brown, chequered with yellowish;
in front of them is a row of black dots. Hind
wings yellowish grey, with the hind margins
darker, an interrupted marginal line, a curved
line intersecting it, and a lunule. The
thorax is grey, and the abdomen lighter.
The moth is found in Central Europe, and
appears in June, but is not common. The
caterpillar is reddisli brown on the back, with
white dots, and the last segment but one is
somewhat prominent. The sides are green,
with a pale j'ellow line separating them from
the dorsal stripe. It lives in Autumn on sloe,
plum, and cherry. The chrysalis is long and
brown, with a cocoon composed of fragments
of wood.

A. tridens, W. V. The Dark Dagger Moth.
The fore wings are reddish grey, wiLh a black
zigzag posterior transverse line, bordered with
lighter on the inner side, which is usually
crossed between nervures 5 and 6, and especi-
ally on lb., by a black longitudinal line. There
is a black line on nervure ib. which passes
from the base to the very indistinct anterior
transverse line, and ends in a unequal arrow-
shaped point. There are several blackish
spots on the costa and fringes. Both the
stigmata are edged with black and connected
by a small black line. The inner edge of the

reniform stigma is forked. The hind wings
are white, greyish in the female, darker on
the hind margins, with a row of black mar-
ginal dots, and an indistinct curved line. Tiie
head and thorax are reddish grey, and the
abdomen paler. The moth is common through-
out Central and Northern Europe from May
till August. The larva is black, with a double
dorsal orange line, interrupted on the fifth
segment by a black prominence. There is a
white lateral line, spotted with orange, and a
white cross on the last segment but one. The
velvety black back is spotted with red and
white, and covered with long black hairs tipped
with white. It lives on fruit trees, whitethorn,
willow, etc., from July to September. The
pupa is brown, with a terminal bristle, and is
enclosed in a thick cocoon composed of silk
and particles of wood, attached to the trunk.

A. psi, Linn. The Common Dagger Moth.
PI. XXIV. fig. I. Larva i a. is common through-
out Europe from May till August. It is very
like the last species, but the ground-colour
inclines more to bluish grey. The larva is
common on fruit trees, rose, whitethorn, lime,
beech, etc., from June to September. The
pupa is rusty brown, with a short terminal
point.

A. cuspis, Hiibn. closely resembles the
last two species, but is larger. The fore wings
are whitish grey, with here and there a yel-
lowish tinge. The orbicular stigma is bordered
with black, and the black markings are more
sharply defined than in the other species. The
fringes are white, chequered with black and
yellowish. The collar has a black longitudinal
line through the middle. It appears in June,
and is widely distributed in Central Europe,
but is scarce, and does not occur in Britain.
The caterpillar is distinguished from that of
psi, which it otherwise resembles, by having
black hairy warts, covered with long black
hair, on the fifth segment, instead of the fleshy
tubercle. The lateral lines are pale yellow
suffused with black, and there are white dots
between the red streaks on the sides. It is
found on rose and alder in Autumn.

A. menyanthidis, \'iew. The Light Knot-
grass Moth. Pore wings light grey, with a
double anterior transverse line, from the middle
of which a black streak passes to the base.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

83

It has the usual black-bordered stiguiata, and
lias the posterior transverse line blacker, with
the inner margin whiter and broader than in
the next species. The marginal area, espe-
cially beyond the transverse line, is darker,
and the marginal line is sharply spotted with
Mack. The fringes are light grey, chequered
with black. The hind wings are light grey,
with darker hind margins. Both head and
thorax are w^hitish, and the abdomen is reddish
grey. The moth frequents swampy places in
Central and Northern Europe. The larva is
black, with eight hairy black warts on each
segment, and a dark red longitudinal line above
the legs. It lives in July and August on sweet
gale (Menyanthes trifoliata), Vaccinium oxycoccos,
low willows, etc. Var. salicis, Curt, is a
dark grey, nearly imicolorous form, occurring
in England.

A. auricoma, W. V. The Scarce Dagger
Moth. Fore wings dark or light grey, with a
brown line passing through the reniform stigma,
and two black transverse lines, the anterior
of which is double, the posterior deeply den-
tated and edged with white on the inner side.
On nervure ib., as in the allied species, there
are two black longitudinal lines, of which the
one at the base describes a curve backwards
to nervure la. The marginal area is darkest
on the transverse hne, with rows of whitish
spots towards the hind margin. The mar-
ginal line is indistinctly dotted with black.
The fringes are brownish at the base, brown
chequered with white on their anterior half.
The head and thorax are black varied with
grey, and the abdomen is grey. The moth
appears in May and again in July and August
in Central and Northern Europe, and is most
common in swampy places. The larva is
black, with a transverse row of orange-coloured
warts on each segment, and stiff orange-coloured
hairs. It lives in June and again in Autumn
on birch, willow, aspen, raspberry, etc.

A. abscondita, Treit. Fore wings leaden
grey, heavily dusted with black, with very
indistinct markings, and the ends of some of
the nervures darker, with the orbicular stigma
close to the posterior transverse line. The
fringes are black, chequered with white. Hind
wings white in the male, with a blackish
marginal line; grey in the female, with white

fringes. The moth is found in April and May
and again in July and August in Eastern
Europe. The caterpillar is blackish, partly
veined with yellow, with a velvety black dorsal
stripe, white incisions, yellow and red warts
on the sides, and a row of brown ones above
the legs, eight on the first two segments, and
twelve on those following. All of these warts
are covered with black and white hairs, and
have yellow and white spots between them.
It lives on spurge and heath in June and in
the Autumn.

A. euphorbiae, W. V. Fore wings ashy
grey, thickly dusted with black, with two par-
tially indistinct double transverse lines, be-
tween which is a small dark spot on the inner
margin of the wings. The stigmata are edged
with black, and there is a white submarginal line
and a dark line before the middle of the base,
extending to the anterior transverse line, with
the curve of which it unites. The fringes are
white, chequered with gre}', the outermost tip
of the fringes being grey. The hind wings
are white in the male, with dark nervures
and dots near the hind margin; brownish grey
in the female, with paler fringes. The body
is grey, the head and thorax varied with white.
It is widely distributed in Europe in May and
June, but is not common. The larva is dark
grey, with a velvety black spot on the back, a
white spot on each side of it, and eight hairy
warts on each segment. On the sides there
is an orange-coloured longitudinal line, in which
the spiracles are conspicuously white with
black rings. It feeds on spurge, bog-myrtle,
and other low plants in June. The pupa is
dull brown, with a few bristles on the. short
terminal spine, and has a white cocoon. Var.
myricae, Guen. The Sweet Gale Moth is
darker, with unicolorous bluish grey markings.
It is found in the Alps, and in the British
Isles at Rannoch, in Perthshire, and at Kil-
larne3\

A. euphrasiae, Borkh. is very similar to
the last species, but the markings are more
sharply defined, and the thorax is covered
with yellowish hair. The male has a yellow
anal tuft. It appears in April and May and
again in July and August, and is found in
some parts of Central Europe. The larva is
of a very deep velvety black, with a bright red

84

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX DUTTERl-LIES AXD MOTHS.

lateral line. On the third segment is a heart-
shaped brownish red spot, and on the fourth
and succeeding segments a blotch composed of
three warts on each segment, situated close
to the lateral line. The rest of the body is
covered with hairy warts. It lives on spurge,
bramble, cranberry, and gentian in June and
August.

A. rumicis, Linn. The Knot Grass Moth.
PI. XXIV. fig. 2. Larva 2 a. is widely distri-
buted throughout Europe. It is one of the
commonest species of the Genus, and from
May to September may be taken by hundreds
at sugar. The larva lives till late in the
Autumn on various trees and low plants, es-
pecially sorrel and knot grass (Polygonum). The
pupa is black in front, reddish brown behind,
with two points on the head. It has a dense
cocoon.

A. ligustri, W. V. The Coronet Moth.
Larva PI. XXIII. fig. 9. Fore wings browni
varied with dark green and white, with a darkly
centred pale orbicular stigma, and no trace
of a longitudinal line on nervure ib. The
central area is lighter in the front half, being
nearly white between the reniform stigma and
the costa. The hind margin has a row of
black dots, generally bordered with white on
the inner side. The fringes are dark brown,
chequered witli white. Hind wings brownish
grey, with chequered fringes. Head and thorax
white and green, with black borders. Abdomen
yellowish brown, with blackish tufts on the
front segments. The moth is common in woods
in Central and Northern Europe in May and
June. The larva lives in June and July and
again in August and September on privet
(Ligustrum vulgare) and ash. It spins a dark grey
cocoon, and passes into a reddish brown pupa.

Genus Bryophila, Treit.

Small moths with broad fore wings, with
almost rectangular tips, and the fringes some-
what oblique towards the hinder angle ; brightly
coloured, with distinct transverse lines and
two stigmata. The neuration is as in Acro-
nycta. The hind wings are without markings.
Palpi short and erect, with a globular extre-
mity. The antenn£E are provided with long
cilia. The head and thorax are covered with
depressed hair, and there are dorsal tufts on

the abdomen. The larvse have tufted tubercles.
They live on licliens, remaining hidden during
the day.

B. raptricula, Hiibn. Fore wings slaty
grey, varied with white and brown, with the
front transverse line curved towards the other
at the inner margin, thus constricting the
central area behind. The hinder transverse
line projects in a tooth towards the reniform
stigma. The region of the hinder angle is
much marked with white from the black
longitudinal line in cell 2 to the hinder trans-
verse line. The fringes are dark, banded with
lighter. The hind wings are light grey, with
a narrow indistinct dark marginal band. The
head and thorax are coloured like the fore
wings, and the abdomen is brownish grey with
a dark dorsal crest. The moth is found in
many parts of Central and Eastern Europe,
but is not common. The larva is brownish
grey, with two longitudinal lines spotted with
j-ellow and white. It lives on Sticta piihnonaria,
hiding itself during the day in chinks among
rocks, etc.

B. fraudatricula, Hiibn. Fore wings grey-
ish brown, witli the anterior transverse line
slightly curved ; the posterior is straight as far
as the reniform stigma, then strongly curved
towards the base, so that the two are there
only half as far apart as at the costa. The ner-
vures are black in front of the black marginal
line. There are two similar longitudinal lines
in cell 2 in the marginal and central area,
w'hich is darkest from here to the inner margin.
Tlie fringes are banded with darker. The hind
wings are brownish grej', somewhat lighter
in the male, and without markings. The
head and thorax are like the fore wings, with
large dark dorsal crests. It is found in July
and August in Central and Eastern Europe,
but is rare and local.

B. strigula, Ijorkli. Fore wings reddish
brown, shorter than in the last two species,
and broader behind, with the two sharply de-
fined black transverse lines edged with lighter
at the sides, the anterior being almost straight,
and the posterior uniformly zigzag. The pale
stigmata are comparatively large. In cell 2
in the central and marginal area is a black
longitudinal streak. There is a row of black
dots on the hind margins, and the fringes are

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

8S

brown, clicquered with black. The hind wings
are brownish grey, with dark marginal and
curved lines, and whitish fringes, marked with
black. The thorax is grey. The abdomen
has thick black crests in the male. It appears
in July and August, and is found in Southern
Europe. The larva is white or yellowish grey,
with dark brown spots, which are arranged
in median and lateral lines. Above the legs
is an interrupted longitudinal black line. It
lives in May and June on Parmelia.

B. ereptricula, Treit. Fore wings dark
brown, with the apex, base, and inner margin
whitish. The posterior transverse line is not
dentated. Both transverse lines are fine, brown
and slightly curved. The submarginal line is
somewhat paler than the ground colour, and
is whitish on tlie costa and inner margin. Both
stigmata are indistinct ; they are filled up with
grey, and marked with white in front. Tlie
fringes are dark, with white dots on the ner-
vures. Tlie hind wings are grey, lighter to-
wards the base. The head and thorax are
brown, with scattered white hairs, and the
collar is edged with white. The abdomen is
brownish white, with brown dorsal tufts. The
moth appears in Southern and South-Central
Europe in July, but is rare. The larva is blue
on the back, darker on the sides, with the belly
grey, and has a black dorsal and lateral stripe.
On each segment there are a few hairy black
and white dots, and on the sides of the third
and succeeding segments red and black squares,
connected by a white line. It feeds in a web
on wall-lichens in June.

B. algae, Fabr. The Tree-Lichen Beauty.
Fore wings mossy green, with the base brown
and the marginal area generally lighter. There
are two black transverse lines, bordered with
lighter on the outer side. The hinder one
forms two whitish dots on the inner margin,
and from thence to the front of the anterior
transverse line the area is darkest. The stig-
mata are not always distinct. The fringes are
marked with a double row of spots. The hind
wings are grey, with lighter fringes. Tlie head
and thorax are like the fore wings, and the ab-
domen is coloured like the hind wings, with
brown tufts on the back. It is widely distri-
buted in Central and Southern Europe in July,
but is far from common, and has onlv been

taken once or twice in the North of England.
The larva is grey, with black dots, a grey
dorsal stripe, and shining brown head. It lives
on tree-lichens in May, and forms its pupa
among them.

B. muralis, Forst. The Marbled Green.
Fore wings pale green, varied with white and
brown. Both transverse lines are black, edged
with white on the opposite sides, and the
anterior encloses the large orbicular stigma.
There are a few black curved lines from the
inner margin to the base. The submarginal
line is black and curved, with two indentations.
The fringes are white, with black triangular
spots between the nervures. Hind wings ashy
grey, lighter at the base, with a lunule, a
black marginal line, and white fringes. In the
female they are paler than in the male. The
body is greyish white, with a brown collar.
The moth appears in July and August, and
is common in Central and Southern Europe
on rocks, walls, and parapets, but is local.
In England it is common in the Southern
counties. The larva is green, with a broad
olive-green dorsal stripe, which is bisected bv
a white longitudinal line, and with a white
lateral streak above the spiracles. It lives on
lichens growing on stones in June, and forms
a cocoon in a crevice between stones.

B. perla, W. V. The Marbled Beauty.
Fore wings whitish, varied with pale brown-
ish, with two fine transverse lines, large grey
stigmata, a grey base, and a shade in front
of the black marginal line, which is spotted
with white. The abdomen is whitish, with
dark rings. It is common in Central and
Southern Europe on walls and outbuildings
in July and August. The larva is grey, with
a dorsal stripe composed of red spots and
divided by a black line. Above the legs is a
double white line, with small shining dots be-
side it. The larva feeds on lichens growing
on walls. The pupa is convex, ochreous, with
brown spots and short terminal bristles.

Genus Moma, liiibn.

Fore wings broad, bright green, with slightly
oblique uniformly curved hind margins, distinct
black and white transverse lines and stigmata,
and entire chequered fringes. Hind wings
grey, with only a black spot at the hinder

6*

86

BRITISH AXD EUROPE AX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

angle. Nervures 3 and 4 and 6 and 7 rise
from a single point. Palpi short, obliquely
raised, with coarse hair, the middle joint being
large and stout, and the end joint smaller.
The antennas are shortly ciliated.

M. orion, Esp. The Scarce Marveil-du-
Jour. PI. XXIV. fig. 3. This pretty moth is
fairly common in Central and Northern Europe
on the trunks of trees growing in woods. In
England it is scarce and almost confined to
the South Coast. It is on the wing in May
and June. The larva is black, with three
large round yellow dorsal spots, on the third,
fifth, and eighth segments respectively, and
numerous small red warts covered with yellow
hair. It lives on oak, beech, and birch from
July to September. When young it is gre-
garious.

Genus Diphthera, Ochs.

Fore wings yellow, with black markings,
and distinct double transverse lines, submarginal
lines, and two stigmata. Fringes chequered.
Nervures 7 and 10 rise from the appendicular
cell, 8 and 9 from 7. Hind wings without
markings. Nervures 3 and 4, and 6 and 7 rise
from a point. The palpi are short, and densely
hairy on the under side, with the terminal
joint smooth and truncated. The antennae are
slightly ciliated. The abdomen is spotted with
black. The only species is : —

D. ludifica, Linn. Fore wings greenish
yellow, with black markings, with two double
transverse lines and a third composed of irre-
gular spots, made more distinct by contrast
with the white black-ringed stigmata, and with
a submarginal line partially connected with
the posterior transverse line. Hind wings
dark grey, with darker nervures, an indistinct
lunule, and uniform broad yellow inner mar-
gins. The male is paler than the female.
The head and thorax are like the fore wings,
with a few spots on the collar. The hinder
part of the meso-thorax and the insertion
of the tegulffi are black. The abdomen is
yellow, with one row of lilack dots above,
and two rows, on a white ground, below.
The antenna; are black, ringed with white to-
wards the basal half. It is local in Central
Europe, except the North-West. The larva
resembles that of O. dispay. It is black in front,

with long, light yellow hair, white above the
legs, with long whitish hair. It has three
orange dorsal stripes, a tawny wart on each
segment, and yellow dashes on the back.
There are two yellowish spots in front, and
further back two white ones; and a white
heart-shaped spot near the extremity. It lives
in September and October on Sorbiis and on
fruit trees. The pupa is brown, with yellow
rings, and is dusted with white, and enclosed
in a white pear-shaped cocoon between leaves.

Genus Panthea, Hubn.

Fore wings long, slightly rounded, with
distinct transverse lines, stigmata, and a sub-
marginal line. Hind wings with a faint spot
at the anal angle. Palpi very small. Antennae
shortly pectinated in the male, setiform in the
female. Abdomen not tufted, black above.
The only species is: —

P. coenobita, Esp. PI. XXI\'. fig. 4. This
moth is local in Central Europe, except the
North-\\'est, in June and July. The larva is
covered with dark blue hair, the front segments
being bordered with red and the hinder ones
with yellow, and there is a yellow dorsal stripe.
On the fifth and twelfth segments are two elong-
ated hairy tubercles. On the others are smaller
tubercles. There is a blue-black lateral line
edged with red, and yellowish undulating lines
above the legs. It feeds on pine and fir. The
pupa is formed at the foot of trees in a firm
cocoon.

FAMILY

A G R O T I D .^.

This is a very large family, consisting for
the most part of middle-sized moths. The pro-
boscis is long and stout, and the palpi project
more or less forwards and somewhat upwards
on the front. They are thickly hairy, with a
short terminal joint, sloping forward, and
covered with depressed scales. The antennae
are stout, setiform in the males, ciliated re-
gularly or in tufts, or serrated. The thorax
is without a crest, and the abdomen without
tufts. The femora are hairy beneath. The
middle and posterior tibiae have small spines.
The front tibiae have no horny claw at the end.
The fore wings are long, wider towards the

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

87

extremitv, and somewhat rounded. The hind
wings are rounded. Nervure 7 rises from the
anterior angle of the discoidal cell, and nervure
5 is more slender. The fore wings are usually
grey, brown, or reddish brown, with the usual
transverse lines, orbicular and reniform stig-
mata, and generally with a claviform stigma.
The hind wings are grey, white, or bright yellow,
with a black marginal band. These moths
remain hidden during the day among stones,
bushes, etc., with the wings horizontal. They
generally fly at night, only a few flying in the
daytime, and may be readily attracted by
sugar or the lantern. The larvae are smooth,
stout, generally cylindrical, rarely with an
excrescence on the last segment. The larvae
hibernate, and live on low plants, beneath
which the}' hide during the day. Most of
them pupate in the ground without a cocoon,
and the moths emerge in Summer.

Genus Triphaena, Treit.

Terminal joint of the palpi short; thorax
with smooth hair; abdomen flattened; anterior
tibiae with or without spines.

T. fimbria, Linn. The Broad-bordered
Yellow Underwing. PL XXIV. fig. 6. in-
habits Central and Southern Europe, and is
not uncommon in Britain. The caterpillar is
brownish or greenish yellow, with brownish
streaks, white spiracles edged with black, and
with small black spots behind them. On both
sides there is a brown line on each segment,
and a paler anal plate. It feeds on primroses
and other low plants in Spring.

T. ianthina, W. V. The Lesser Broad-
bordered Yellow Underwing. PI. XXIV. fig. 5.
is common in Central and Southern Europe
from June to August. The caterpillar is light
brownish grej^, with fine white dorsal and
lateral lines, small white spiracles ringed with
black, and dark hook-shaped spots on the
last segments. It hibernates and lives in
Spring on low plants, especially species of
Pyimula. The caterpillars conceal themselves
during the day, and are most readily found
with the lantern. The chrysalis is reddish
brown, with two fine terminal points.

T. interjecta, Hubn. The Least Yellow
Underwing. Fore wings rusty brown, inclining
to orange, with indistinct dark markings and

dark-edged stigmata. The yellow hind wings
have dark streaks at the base and a fine lunula.
The thorax is coloured like the fore wings,
and the abdomen is paler. The moth is found
chiefly in Western and Southern Europe, and
occasionally in most parts of England and
Ireland. The larva is greyish yellow with
brownish stripes, three white dorsal lines, and
a dark brown lateral stripe edged below with
paler. It lives on low plants in Spring.

T. comes, W. V. The Lesser Yellow
Underwing. Fore wings liver-coloured, with
indistinct transverse lines, pale-edged stigmata,
dark rows of dots on the fringes, and dark
waved lines, not sharply defined, towards
the base in front. Hind wings darkly dusted
at the base, with a large central lunule. The
body is coloured like the fore wings. The
moth is connnon throughout Central and
Southern Europe in June and July. The larva
is umber-brown, witii a broad white stripe
above the legs, dark triangles on the sides,
and a brown head. It feeds on clover, prim-
roses, etc., in Spring.

T. orbona, Hufn. The Lunar Yellow
Underwing. Fore wings liver-coloured, with
indistinct transverse lines, pale-edged stigmata,
dark rows of dots in front of the fringes, and
a black spot at the base, near the origin
of the marginal line. Hind wings very like
those of comes, but larger. Body liver-coloured.
It is found throughout the greater part of
Europe in June and July, but is less common
than the last species. The larva is brownish
grey, with a greenish tinge. It has a paler dorsal
and lateral line, and a black streak in the
latter on each segment. The spiracles are
white, ringed with black, and the head is chest-
nut-brown. It lives on low plants, such as
primrose, lettuce, etc.

T. pronuba, Linn. Tiie Common Yellow
Underwing. PI. XXIV. fig. 7. is abundant
throughout Europe from June to August.
The larva is brown, with three interrupted
pale dorsal lines, or dirty white with dark
dorsal lines, and black oblique lateral streaks,
as well as two dull reddish longitudinal lines.
It has black spiracles and unicolorous spots
beside them. The head is small and brown
in colour. It lives in Spring on various low
plants, especially primrose. The pupa.is shining

88

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

reddish brown, with fine terminal points, and
is contained in a brittle earthy cocoon.

Genus Hiria, Dup.

Terminal joint of the palpi long, thorax
scaly, with large divided anterior and posterior
crests. Front tibiae without bristles.

H. linogrisea, W.\'. Fore wings pale violet-
grey, behind the submarginal line rusty red,
with the dark markings sharply defined, es-
pecially the outlines of the three stigmata
and the anterior transverse line. Hind wings
deep yellow, with a black marginal line,
and dark spots on the fringes. The head,
collar, tegulas, and transverse stripe in front
of the scutellum, as well as the scutellum
itself, are violet-grey. On the thorax there
are two double flesh-coloured crests. The
abdomen is gre3'ish yellow. The moth appears
in June and July, and is found in Central
and Southern Europe, but is not very common.
The caterpillar is brown, with a violet tinge,
and has an interrupted pale dorsal line, accom-
panied by a few small pale dots, an unbroken
whitish lateral line, bounded with black above,
and a few spots above the legs. It feeds on
primrose and other low plants in April and
May.

Genus Hapalia, Habn.

Terminal joint of the palpi short; thorax
rounded in front, scaly, with a small anterior
and somewhat larger posterior crest; front
tibiae with a row of bristles on each side.

H. praecox, Linn. The Portland Moth.
Fore wings very broad, coppery green, marbled
with light grey. Most of the markings are
white. The half line, the two transverse lines,
and the three stigmata are edged with black.
The dark orbicular and reniform stigmata are
centred with reddish. There is a brownish
red sufi'used band, and the submarginal line runs
from the white apex of the wing. The
marginal line has black pale-bordered cres-
cent-shaped spots, and between it and the
submarginal line are several black longitudinal
streaks. The fringes are crossed by pale
nervures. Hind wings yellowish grey, with
pale fringes. Head and collar white. It is
found especially in sandy places in Central
Europe from the end of July to September,

but is local and not always common. The larva
is yellowish, with a white dorsal and lateral
line above the spiracles. It feeds on low plants,
especially Sonchus, Artemisia, Echinni, etc., and
hides itself in the sand during the day.

Genus Opigena, Boisd.

Thorax broadlj' quadrangular, finely pubes-
cent, with a raised crest, longitudinally furrowed
in the middle. Front tibiae with a row of bris-
tles on each side.

O. polygona, W. V. Fore wings broad,
brown, with the inner half of the central area
and the reniform stigma yellowish. The two
transverse lines, the submarginal line, and the
median nervure are paler. The transverse
lines are edged on both sides with black,
especially the anterior, whilst the posterior
is only distinctly black-bordered towards the
costa. The submarginal line has a black spot
near the base. The orbicular stigma is open
above, and is bordered with black spots on
botli sides. The reniform stigma is concentri-
cally ringed and surrounded with black, and
extends beyond the median nervure. The
claviform stigma is small, and surrounded with
black. The marginal line is composed of
black lunules, and the fringes are marked with
yellowish connected lunules. Hind wings bright
yellowish grey, with darker nervures and whit-
ish fringes. The tegulae and collar are edged
with darker and lighter, and there is a large
double crest on the thorax. The moth is
found in most parts of Central and Northern
Europe, except Britain, but is rare and local.
The larva is yellowish green, with white lateral
lines, and a white and green striped band
below the spiracles, which are yellow. It lives
on Plaiitago and other low plants till May.

Genus Graphiphora, Ochs.

Thorax broad and hair}', with anterior and
posterior crests slightly developed ; abdomen
conical : front tibiae with or without spines.

G. hyperborea, Zett. Fore wings greyish
brown or violet-grey, with the base black; the
transverse lines dark and dentated, on a light
ground, and the discoidal cell filled up with
black in the neighbourhood of the two stig-
mata. The orbicular stigma is oblique, and
the reniform is pale grey, filled up with rusty

PLATE XL

1. Melanargia galathea (under side of Male). 2. Erebia epiphron, 2a. Under side. 3. Erebia pharte.

4. Erebia ligea (under side). 5. Erebia aethiops, 5 a. Female, under side. 6. Satyrus circe.

7. Satyrus semele, 7a. Female. 8. Satyrus dryas, 8a. Larva. 9. Pararge mega;ra, 9a. Female.

10. Pararge aegeria, var. asgerides, loa. Female.

British and European Butterflies and Moths.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BCTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

89

red. The submarginal line is indistinct, with
more or less distinct dark sagittate spots.
The hind wings are grey. It is found in the
mountains of Central and Northern Europe,
but is rare. The larva is reddish grey, covered
with black dots, with a white dorsal line
reaching as far as the second segment, and a
pale line on each side of it, which on the
inner side bounds a small black streak at the
beginning of each segment. The spiracles are
ringed with black. The head is marbled with
yellowish brown. Var. carnica, Hering. The
Mountain Rustic has narrower fore wings,
and is more varied with reddish grey or
reddish brown. It appears in August, and is
found in the Carpathian Alps, and has been
taken a few times in Scotland.

G. eric3e, Boisd. Fore wings violet-brown,
with the costa, a spot at the base divided by
a black longitudinal streak, and the three
stigmata whitish. The orbicular and reniform
stigmata are placed on a dark pyramidal
space. The transverse stripes are somewhat in-
distinct, and are filled up with lighter. The sub-
marginal line is slightly curved, and is whitish
towards the hind margin. The three stigmata
are surrounded with black, and the whitish
centre of the claviform stigma extends to the
base and is divided by the black basal streak.
The costa is broadly whitish towards the base,
and behind the last transverse line. The pyra-
midal spot is more or less distinct, and consists
sometimes of only a black band between the
stigmata. The hind wings are pale grey. The
thorax is covered with thick woolly hair, and
the dentations of the antennae in the male are
long and almost thread-like. It appears in
June on heaths in France and Germany, but
is rare.

G. collina, Boisd. Fore wings dark purplish
red, with a black basal streak and a clavi-
form stigma surrounded by black. It is found
in the Alps and the mountains of Silesia in
June, but is rare. The larva varies from dark
grey to cherry-red, with yellowish wedge-shaped
markings. It feeds on low plants in May.

G. baja, W. V. The Dotted Clay. Fore
■wings cinnamon-brown, violet -red, or violet-
brown, with the usual markings not distinct,
except the stigmata, which are surrounded by
yellowish. The reniform stigma has a dark

spot below, which extends to the costa. In
the basal area there is a small black spot, a
row of black spots on the suffused band, and
one or two black spots on the costa, forming
an inner margin to the submarginal line. Hind
wings yellowish grey, darker on the nervures
and towards the hind margin. The moth is
common in Central and Northern Europe from
June to August. The larva is flesh-coloured
or ochre-j'ellow, with an indistinct dark brown
spade-shaped spot on each segment, and a
yellowish median line on the first two segments.
The sides are reddish, with dark brown wavy
lines, and an orange lateral line below the
black spiracles. It lives on low plants, es-
pecially monkshood (Ativpa belladonna), from
Autinnn till May.

G. sobrina, Boisd. The Cousin German.
Fore wings narrower in the female than in
the male, violet-grey varied with brown and
reddish at the costa. The transverse lines are
very indistinct, and behind the posterior line
is a row of black dots. The reniform stigma
is filled up with darker towards the inner
margin. The submarginal line is faint, and runs
parallel with the marginal line. The head,
collar, and anus are rusty red, and the palpi
rusty yellow. The antennae are shortly
ciliated, with two strong bristles on each seg-
ment. The moth appears in June, and is
widely distributed in Central and Northern
Europe, but is scarce and local. In Britain
it is only found at Rannoch, in Perthshire. The
larva is greyish brown, with fine pale yellow
wavy lines, three dorsal lines composed of
dirty yellow spots, and a pale lateral line, in-
distinct below, with a black dot above it on
each segment. The spiracles are black.

G. neglecta, Hubn. The Grey Rustic.
Fore wings ochreous grey or reddish brown,
with the markings indistinct. The discoidal
spots are delicately outlined with greyish
brown. The orbicular stigma is of the same
colour as the rest of the wing, but the reniform
is smoky at the lower extremity. Hind wings
greyish brown, pale at the base, and with
pale reddish fringes. The head and thorax
are of the colour of the fore wings, and the
abdomen hke the hind wings. It is found on
heaths in most parts of Central Europe, but
is not common. The larva is dull brown or

go

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAK BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

pale green, with an indistinct pale dorsal stripe,
and a broader and more distinct white lateral
stripe below the spiracles. It feeds at night
on heath and bilberry till the end of INIay,
and pupates in the ground.

G. umbrosa, Hubn. The Six -striped
Rustic. Fore wings j-ellowish brown, with the
nervures somewhat darker. The transverse
lines are simple, sharply defined, blackish, and
slightly dentated. The central area and the inner
edge of the submarginal line are rusty brown.
Hind wings pale yellow, blackish towards the
hind margin, with pinkish fringes. The thorax
is not crested. It is common in Western
Europe in August and September. The larva
is pale grey, with two black dorsal lines. It
lives on grass and low plants in Spring. *

G. punicea, Hiibn. Fore wings reddish
violet, varied with rusty yellow and violet-grey ;
both transverse lines are distinct, double, and
slightly dentated. There is no claviform stigma,
and the orbicular stigma is indistinct. Hind
wings pale grey, with a reddish tinge, and
with a grev lunule and curved line. The
moth is found in June in most parts of Central
Europe, but is rare. The larva hibernates
when half-grown. After the last moult it is
coffee-brown, with dull yellow dorsal lines, a
pale brown lateral stripe, and blackish spiracles.
It feeds on bramble, raspberry, and other low-
plants. The pupa is small, shining, and light
brown.

G. rubi, \"iew. The Small Square -spot.
Fore wings reddish brown, with three trans-
verse lines edged with darker on each side.
Both stigmata are paler, at least towards the
hind margin, the front one being round, and
the claviform stigma dark at the extremity.
The central area sometimes forms a dark
space between them. The marginal line is
slightly curved, darker towards the hind margin
than at the base. Hind wings yellowish or
reddish grey, with a dark lunule. The moth is
common in Central Europe in .\pril and August.
The larva resembles that of punicea. It is light
or dark greyish brown, with three fine whitish
dorsal lines edged with darker, a pale lateral
stripe, and black spiracles. There are also
elongated spots on the last four segments, and
the head is brown, with a white spot on each
side. It lives on low plants in April and May.

G. subrosea, Steph. The Rosy Marsh
Moth. Fore wings pale reddish grey, with the
two stigmata paler; between them is a brown
spot, and in front of the orbicular is another.
Hind wings paler, with dull grey margins and
a central lunule. This species was formerly
found in the fens of Cambridgeshire and
Huntingdonshire in July, but has not been
taken for many years. The larva is reddish
grey, marbled with brown, and has yellow
dorsal stripes bordered with brown, and a
yellow lateral stripe. It feeds on bog-mjTtle.

G. conflua, Treit. The Lesser Ingrailed
Clay closely resembles the last species, but
is distinguished by the following characteristics.
Fore wings somewhat broader towards the
hind margin, especially in the female, and
rather yellowish brown than reddish. In the
basal area is a black dot, and only the black
tip of the claviform stigma is visible. The
suffused band is dark, especially towards
the costa. The antennae are serrated in the
male. It is found in July and August in
Northern Europe and in the Alps. The larva
is greyish brown, with an indistinct paler dorsal
line and a black wavy line. It feeds on Poly-
gonum till July.

G. festiva, W. \'. The Ingrailed Clay.
Fore wings brown, but rather variable, gene-
rally yellowish brown, with nearly black spots
round the stigmata. The orbicular stigma
is paler than the ground colour. The tip
of the claviform stigma forms a dark spot,
and there is a dark central area. The suffused
band tapers gradually in front. Hind wings
yellowish or brownish grey, with a darker
lunule and a lighter indistinct curved line.
The thorax is covered with long hair, but is
not tufted. The antennae are imiformly ciliated
in the male, with stronger bristles at the
front of each segment. It is common in
Central Europe in May and June. The larva
is light or dark yellowish brown, with black
wavy lines, three fine whitish interrupted
dorsal lines, which are connected on the twelfth
segment by a yellow transverse line, and with
two black dots between them on each seg-
ment, as well as a black oblique streak, edged
below with yellow. The head is yellow, with
a blackish hook-like spot, and the belly is
flesii-coloured. It lives on primrose, etc., in

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

9-1

April and May. The pupa is shining reddish
brown.

G. dahlii, Hiibn. The Barred Chestnut.
Fore wings reddish violet, varied with rusty
yellow, one or other colour predominating.
The nervures and transverse lines are not
prominent. The stigmata are sulphur-j-ellow,
and in place of the claviform stigma is a small
black spot. The submarginal line is narrowly
edged with rusty red near the base. The
hind wings are fulvous. The antennae in the
male have a projection on the front of each
joint, bearing a strong bristle. The moth is
found in Central Europe in June and July.
The larva is brownish red, suffused with brown
and yellowish, with yellow dark -bordered
dorsal lines. The head is light brown. It lives
on grass, plantain, etc., till May or June. The
pupa is dark brown.

G. brunnea, W. V. The Purple Clay.
Fore wings fiery reddish brown, with a violet
tinge. The half and anterior transverse
lines are not spotted with black. The orbi-
cular stigma is open on the outer side, and
the reniform is yellowish. The hind wings
are bright brown, with reddish violet fringes.
The thorax is reddish brown, and not crested.
The moth is widely distributed and common
in Central and Northern Europe in June and
July. The larva is brightly coloured when
young, but afterwards becomes greyish brown,
with three whitish dorsal lines, having black-
oblique streaks and dots between them. At the
back of the twelfth segment is a thick white
transverse streak. There are some small blackish
spots intersected with fine white lines on the
incisions, and whitish lateral lines above the
legs, which are onl}? distinct on the anterior
segments, being reduced to clusters of white
.spots on the others. The head is dark brown,
with two white streaks. It lives on bilberry
and other low plants till May. The pupa is
rusty brown.

G. sigma, W. V. Fore wings liver-coloured ;
hind margins as far as the posterior transverse
line, the three transverse lines, and the very
incomplete submarginal line pale yellow. The
latter has a few small black sagittate spots
on the inner side. The two stigmata are
sharply surrounded with black, and are con-
nected by black streaks. The claviform is

likewise black. The fringes have pale dots
on the nervures. The thorax is liver-coloured
and crested, and the head and collar are pale
yellow. The moth appears in June and July,
and is widel}' distributed in Central Europe,
but is somewhat rare. The larva is reddish
brown, with yellow dorsal and lateral lines
and transverse incisions, as well as yellowish
spots. The head is dark brown. It feeds on
low plants, especially Atriplc.x, till the beginning
of May. It may also be found resting on
hazel bushes and Cornus at night.

G. c-nigrum, Linn. The Setaceous Hebrew
Character. Fore wings violet -brown, with
both transverse lines and the submarginal line
somewhat lighter, the inner margin of the latter
and the marginal line being finely rusty red.
The orbicular stigma forms a whitish triangle, in-
distinct towards the costa ; the reniform stigma is
reddish flesh-colour towards the base ; and the
claviform may be either distinct or ill-defined.
Hind wings whitish, and brownish towards the
hind margins, especially in front. The thorax
has a double whitish crest in front and behind.
The moth is widely distributed and common
in Central Europe in August and September.
The larva is brownish grey, with black wedge-
shaped longitudinal streaks on the back, which
are indistinct in front and edged with yellow
on the outer side. There is a yellowish lateral
line below the white spiracles, which is bordered
with darker above. It lives in April and May
on low plants.

G. rhomboidea, Esp. The Square-spotted
Clay. Fore wings brownish red, shot with
violet, the half line marked with two and
the anterior transverse line with three black
spots. The stigmata are slightly edged with
yellowish, the orbicular being closed on the
lower side. The submarginal line is darker to-
wards the base, and describes two lai^e curves
towards the hind margin. The hind wings are
brownish grey, with brownish yellow fringes.
The thorax in brownish red and crested. The
moth appears in June and July, and is found
in Central Europe, but is not common. In
England it is confined to the Southern
Counties. The larva resembles that of baja,
but is larger, stouter behind, with a darker
ground colour. The spots are thicker and
more distinct, as is also the orange lateral

92

BRITISH AXD EUROPE AX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS

Stripe. It feeds on Lamlum and Pnhmnana
in Spring.

G. ditrapezium, Borkh. The Triple-spotted
Clav is smaller than triangnlum, which it closely
resembles. Fore wings reddish violet, with
the half line edged with darker on both sides,
and the anterior transverse line edged with
darker towards the hind margin. The dark
spot before the orbicular stigma is not con-
tiguous with the costa, and the orbicular
stigma is rounded and closed in front. The
hind wings are pale ochre-yellow, darker to-
wards the base. The head and thorax are
reddish violet, paler in the middle, with small
crests. It appears in June and July, and is
widely distributed in Central Europe, but is
not common. The larva resembles that of
triangulum, but with a finer dorsal line, a black
interrupted lateral line, edged below with white,
and delicate horseshoe-shaped spots on the
back. It lives on low plants, especially prim-
rose and dandelion, in April and May.

G. triangulum, Hufn. The Double-spotted
Square-spot. Fore wings brownish yellow,
more or less suffused with grey. The half
line is spotted with darker on both sides, and
the anterior transverse line is bordered with
darker on the outer side. This dark border
expands into the dark spot in front of the
orbicular stigma at the costa. In front of the
reniform stigma is another dark costal spot.
These dark markings stand out more promi-
nently from the light ground colour than in
ditrapezium. The hind wings are brownish
grey. The thorax is crested. The moth is
common in Central and Eastern Europe in
June and July. The larva is light brown, with
black horseshoe-shaped spots on the back,
which are always distinct on the eleventh and
twelfth segments, but are fainter in front. It
lives on primroses and other low plants till
the end of May.

G. depuncta, Linn. The Plain Clay.
Fore wings yellowish brown, with fine pale
nervures. On the half line there are two, and
on the anterior transverse line there are three
deep black spots. All three stigmata are sur-
rounded with yellowish. There is a row of
small dark dots in the suffused band. The
submarginal line has a narrow dark margin
on the inner side. Hind wings lighter, with a

dark central lunule and curved line. The
thorax is yellowish. This species is found in
Central Europe in July and August, but is
local. The caterpillar is yellowish grey, with
a row of black dots and a divided dorsal spot.
There is a black longitudinal stripe above
each white spiracle, and a white streak below.
The head and cervical plate are dark yellow.
It lives on nettle and other low plants in May.

Genus Agrotis, Ochs.

Thorax rounded at the sides, with smooth
liair; abdomen conical; anterior tibiae with
bristles on both sides.

A. glareosa, Esp. The Autumn Rustic.
Fore wings light grey, with several white trans-
verse lines and light stigmata surrounded by
black. Hind wings yellowish grey, darker
towards the hind margin. The thorax coloured
like the fore wings, and the abdomen like the
hind wings. It is found in Central and Western
Europe. The caterpillar is reddish yellow,
grey on the sides, with oblique black streaks,
and a white stripe above the legs. It lives
in May and June on plantain and Hieracium.

A. margaritacea, Borkh. Fore wings
ashy grey, with three dentated transverse lines,
which on the costa are deep black, thickened
and double. The central area and the inner
border of the submarginal line are brown.
Between the two stigmata is a small black
square mark. The hind wings are whitish.
The thorax is not crested. It occurs in South-
Central Etirope in July and August, but is
scarce. The caterpillar is yellowish brown,
varied with black and reddish, with three
white dorsal lines and black dashes on the
sides. Besides these there are pink stripes
above the legs, containing eight thick oblique
black streaks, with a black dot above each.
It lives from September to March on low plants.

A. multangula, Hiibn. Fore wings brown,
with the transverse lines, the borders of the stig-
mata, and the indistinct submarginal line lighter.
The half line has two dark spots on each side,
and the anterior transverse line four on the
outer side, the largest being triangular, and
placed in front of the claviform stigma. There
is a dark quadrilateral spot between the two
stigmata. The submarginal line is somewhat
darker on the inner side, with a few indistinct

BRITISH AND ECROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

93

sagittate spots. The marginal line is formed
of black lunules. The fringes are rather paler
in front. The hind wings are gre3ish brown,
with the fringes whitish in front. The collar
is edged with black in front, and the thorax
is crested. The moth is found in Southern
Germany, Hungary, and the Alps in July.
The larva is clay-coloured, with three whitish
dorsal lines, the two outer ones being inter-
rupted and edged with darker on the inner
side. It feeds on low plants (e.^. Galium) in
Spring.

A. rectangula, \\'. V. Fore wings reddish
coppery brown. Both transverse lines are in-
distinct, the posterior being irregularly inter-
rupted, and both are marked with dark spots
towards the costa. There is a dark quadrilateral
spot between the stigmata, but no spot in front
of the orbicular. The claviform stigma is
only filled up with dusky towards the base. The
submarginal line is finely dentated, and darker
towards the base. Hind wings reddish grey,
lighter in the male. The collar is black. It
is found in Switzerland and Southern Germany
in July. The larva is brown, with three dorsal
lines, the median line being indistinct. There
are also dark brown dots on the back and
sides, two deep black spots on each segment,
and a white band above the legs. It lives in
April and May on low plants, especially
Mdilotus.

A. cuprea, W. V. Fore wings bright
coppery brown, darkest in the central area.
The median nervure is white and the three
stigmata are narrowly edged with white, and are
less distinct than the anterior transverse line.
The posterior line and the submarginal line are
faint, the latter being bordered with darker
on the inner side. Hind wings greyish brown,
darker on the hind margins, with yellowish
fringes. The female has an ovipositor. It is
found in mountainous districts in Central
Europe, especialh' in Alpine meadows, and
appears in July and August. It is often found
with the next species on the flowers of Poly-
gonum. The caterpillar is brown, with three
dull whitish dorsal lines, with blackish streaks
between, and a greyish brown lateral stripe.
It feeds on low plants, such as dandelion, in
April and Maj'.

A. ocellina, \V. V. Fore wings dark

brown, with a whitish submarginal line, and
with a row of small black streaks on the hind
margins. Between the pale-bordered stigmata
is a black transverse streak. Hind wings
blackish, with white fringes. This small moth
is found in July in Alpine meadows, flying
about the flowers or sitting on Polygonum or
on sow-thistle. The larva is brown, with a
lighter dorsal line, and two light lateral
lines, edged with brown, which bound the
darker dorsal area. The head and anal fold
are brown, and the cervical plate is black-
ish, with three yellowish longitudinal lines. It
feeds on low plants.

A. alpestris, Boisd. resembles the last
species closely, but is larger. It is also found
in Alpine meadows in July and August, but
is less common.

A. fimbriola, Esp. Fore wings shining
yellowish grey, with the basal area and the
space between the orbicular and reniform stig-
mata dark grey. The transverse lines are
double, the posterior forming a lunule in cell
lb. The collar is unicolorous. It is found
in Southern Europe, including Switzerland, in
June. The larva is brownish grey, with three
paler dorsal lines, a dark lateral stripe, and
between these dark oblique streaks. It feeds
on low plants in April.

A. candelisequa, W. V. Fore wings
bluish grey, varied with reddish, with the
stigmata and costa lightest. The three trans-
verse lines form black spots on the costa.
The posterior transverse line is finely dentated.
The central shade or the whole central area
is violet-brown, as is also the inner shading of
the submarginal line. Hind wings light grey,
with white fringes. The thorax is slightly
raised behind the collar. It is found in Central
Europe, except the North-West, and is on
the wing in June. The caterpillar is dark
brown, with a pale double dorsal line, having
black sagittate marks upon it. It feeds on
Rtimex and other low plants, and is full-grown
in April.

A. grisescens, Treit. Fore wings bluish
grey, with indistinct deeply dentated double
transverse lines, expanded towards the costa.
The hind wings have a dark curved line. This
is a rare species, occurring in the .'Vlps and
Riesengebirge in July.

94

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

A. augur, Fabr. The Double Dart. Fore
wings greyish brown, with a sHght coppery
lustre. Both transverse lines are zigzag and
black, on the opposing sides narrowly edged
with paler. There is no central shade. Both stig-
mata are edged with black, and the posterior is
especially broad on the outer side. The orbicular
stigma has a dark centre, and the claviform
is scarcely visible. The submarginal line is
darker towards the base, and indistinct. The
hind wings are somewhat paler, with a central
lunule. The head and the thorax, which is
not crested, are brownish grey, and the ab-
domen is paler. The moth is common in
Central and Northern Europe in July. The
larva is brown, with black dots, ringed with
yellow, and a yellow lateral line; edged with
black above. On the back of each segment
are two faint oblique brown streaks, yellowish
externally, the last pair being connected on
the twelfth segment. It lives on low plants,
especially dandelion, till Spring.

A. simulans, Hufn. The Dotted Rustic.
Fore wings shining brownish yellow, with
brown markings, some of which are indistinct.
The half line and the anterior transverse line
are distinctly double, and the space between
them is lighter than the ground colour. The
posterior line is confused, and there is a row
of dark dots behind it. The stigmata are
centred with grey, and there is a dark quadri-
lateral space between them. The marginal
line is interrupted towards the base, and bor-
dered with dark sagittate spots. Hind wings
dark grey, with white fringes. The abdomen
is depressed, and the antennae are simply cili-
ated in the males. It appears in June and
July, and is widely distributed in Central
Europe. The caterpillar is dull brownish grey,
and feeds on the roots of grasses in April.

A. latens, Hiibn. Fore wings brownish
grej', with black markings. The two transverse
lines are irregularly double, and the posterior
is so deeply dentated towards the hind mar-
gin that the points appear like rows of separate
dots. The central area is darkest between the
stigmata, which are indistinct. The submarginal
line is fairly distinct, with black sagittate spots
on the inner side. The hind wings are whitish,
yellowish grey towards the costa and hind
margins, with whitish fringes. The moth in-

habits Central Europe in June and July, but
is scarce. It is found flying about species
of Cncuhalus (carnation). The larva is yellowish
brown, with three light dorsal lines, and black
streaks above the legs. The head is yellowish
brown, with two dark streaks. It feeds on
Hieracium and other low plants in April and
May.

A. cos, Hiibn. Fore wings brownish grey,
with indistinct double transverse lines, which
are slightly dentated. The posterior line con-
sists of two curves in cell ib. Hind wings
paler, with no curved line on the under side.
It is a rare Alpine species, which appears in
August.

A. vallesiaca, Boisd. Fore wings greyish
brown, tinged with reddish, darker in the
central area, with simple thick black trans-
verse lines, the hindermost of which is den-
tated, and forms only one curve in cell ib. The
submarginal line is light, and forms a distinct
W. It is found in the Valais in August.

A. senna, Hiibn. Fore wings iron-grey,
with a black basal band and double dentated
transverse lines, with ligiit interspaces, the
posterior consisting of onh' one curve in cell
lb., and with white dots on the nervures. There
is no claviform stigma, and the orbicular and
reniform stigmata are placed in a black pyra-
mid. It is found in the Valais in August.

A. ravida, \V. V. The Stout Dart. Fore
wings very broad, brownish grey, with a silky
lustre. The transverse lines, stigmata, and sub-
marginal line are lighter. The stigmata are edged
with black, and there is sometimes a black spot
between them ; occasionally also the claviform
stigma is present. The marginal line con-
sists of dark lunules, and the fringes are darker
towards the base. Hind wings dirty white,
merging somewhat into brown towards the
hind margins. The collar is the darkest part
of the thorax. The abdomen is flattened, and
the antenna' are almost setiforni. The moth
is common in Central and Northern Europe
in May and June. The caterpillar is light
grej'ish brown, with two lighter dorsal lines,
edged with black, darker oblique streaks on
the side of the back, and a white lateral line.
The spiracles are ringed with black. It feeds
on low plants in Spring, ami burrows deep in
the ground to assume the chrysalis state.

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

95

A. fugax, Ochs. Fore wings ashy grey,
\aried with yellow, and dusted with blackish.
The suffused band is dark brown. The posterior
transverse stripe is composed of dark lunules,
two being in cell ib. The hind wings have
a dark central spot. It is found in Eastern
Europe in June.

A. lucernea, Linn. The Northern Rustic.
Fore wings iron-grey, with a double, slightly
darker transverse stripe, filled in with lighter.
The stigmata and submarginal line are in-
distinct. The hind wings are white beneath, witli
a broad, blackish marginal band. It is found
in mountainous districts in Central and North-
ern Europe in August. The larva is dark
greenish grey, with two rows of white spots
on the back. It feeds on low plants till March.

A. ashworthii, Doubl. Ashworth's Rustic.
Fore wings bluish grey, approaching to dove-
colour, with three distinct black transverse lines,
the last of which is much serrated, and a less
distinct submarginal line. The stigmata are
slightly darker than the ground colour, and
there is a central shade between them. Hind
wings smoky grey, paler at the base, with
darker nervures. It is found near Llangollen,
in North "Wales, in July. Tlie larva is smoky
green, with a pale dorsal and whitish lateral
line, with a row of black spots above the
latter. It feeds till May on grass, golden-rod,
devil's bit scabious, wild thyme, etc.

A. nyctemera, Boisd. Fore wings yellowish
grey, with a dark double transverse stripe
filled up with lighter. The stigmata and
submarginal line are indistinct. It is found in
Switzerland.

A. birivia, W. V. Fore wings bluish grey,
with a dark double transverse line filled up
with pale yellow. The insertion of the stigmata
and the submarginal line are lighter. All the
wings have a dark central lunule. It is found
in Austria in August.

A. lucipeta, \V. V. Fore wings yellowish
grey, the dark central area and suffused band
being darkest. The three transverse lines,
the posterior of which is bordered with darker
on the outer side, the edges of the stigmata,
the interrupted submarginal line, and the dots
in front of the fringes are narrowly yellow at
the base. The hind wings are yellowish brown,
with no central lunule on the under side. The

thorax is crested, and the antennte ciliated in
the males. It is found in South-Central Europe,
but is scarce and local. The larva is greyish
green, with a white dorsal and lateral stripe. It
lives on Tussilngo, nettle, etc., in April and May.

A. helvetina. And. Fore wings dark bluish
grey, darker in the central area, with the trans-
verse lines and stigmata light and indistinct.
The hind wings are reddish grey. It is found
in the Alps in July and August.

A. decora, W. V. Fore wings yellowish gre)-,
the transverse lines, stigmata, and submarginal
line being edged with black. Hind wings
grey, whitish towards the base in the females,
with a curved line on the under side. It is
found in South-Central Europe in July and
August. The larva is whitish, with a dark
dorsal line. It lives on Salvia pvatensis in June.

A. simplonia, Boisd. Fore wings mouse-
coloured, varied with yellow. The transverse
lines, stigmata, and submarginal line are distinct-
ly edged with black. Hind wings yellowish grey,
with a dark transverse line and hind margin.
It is found in the Alps in July, and is rare and
local. The larva is grey, with a black head,
and feeds on the roots of grasses.

A. cinerea, W. V. The Light-feathered
Rustic. Fore wings yellowish or reddish grey,
paler in the males, with both transverse lines,
which are wide apart, distinctly double, and
edged with black on the inner side. The dark
central area is deeply notched, without an orbi-
cular stigma, and only a small reniform stigma.
The indistinct submarginal line forms a short \V,
and is edged with darker on the inner side,
almost as far as the posterior transverse line.
Hind wings lighter, whitish in the male, with
a central lunule. The antennas are serrated
in both sexes, most conspicuously in the male.
The moth is widely distributed in Europe in
May and June, but is not common. The
larva is bright greenish brown, with three
darker dorsal stripes, black oblique streaks on
each side of the middle line, and black spiracles.
The head is bright brown. It lives on the
roots of grasses, and passes the Winter in the
pupa state.

A. saucia, Hiibn. The Pearly Underwing.
Fore wings j-ellowish brown or greyish brown,
varied with cherry-red, darkest in the central
area. The stigmata, especially the reniform,

96

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

are whitish, without a central shade. The
posterior transverse hne is dotted with yellow.
The submarginal line is finely zigzag, and is
bounded with reddish brown on the inner side
with a short W, but no sagittate spots. The
fringes are banded with darker. Hind wings
whitish, brownish towards the costa, with a
brown central lunule and nervures. The collar
is without markings. The antennae are finely
ciliated in the males, but not serrated. It is
found in Western and Southern Europe, and
appears in April, Jul}', and August. The
larva is brown, with a darker dorsal line, and
a black band on the sides. It feeds on plan-
tain and other low plants in May, July, and
August.

A. xanthographa, Linn. The Square-spot
Rustic. Fore wings greyish red or cinnamon-
brown, with the two transverse lines single and
darker, the anterior being more distinct than
the posterior. The reniform stigma has a dark
spot below it. The submarginal line is uniformly
narrow towards the base, and dark. The sub-
marginal line is marked with dark dots, es-
pecially in the central area and between the
stigmata. Hind wings dirty white, with a
darker marginal band in the male, greyish
brown, whitish towards the base in the female.
It is common in Central and Southern Europe
in August and September. The larva is brown-
ish green, streaked with black, with a white
dorsal line, a lateral line bounded by black
spots above, and a broad black band above
the legs. It feeds in Spring on grass and low
plants, such as primroses and violets, and lives
two months in a cocoon before it assumes the
pupa state.

A. cursoria, Borkh. The Coast Dart.
This moth varies considerably in colour. The
fore wings are brownish grey, varied with rusty
yellow, with whitish nervures, especially the
median. The three transverse lines, which
are distinctly double and filled up with paler,
the central shade, the yellow-edged stigmata,
the distinct submarginal, and the marginal
lines are all dotted with black. Hind wings
white, with broad yellowish grey hind margins.
The collar and tegulae are edged with darker.
It is found in Northern and North-Western
Europe, especially in sandy places on the coast,
and appears in July and August. The larva

is brownish grey, with a lighter dorsal line,
two black warts on each segment, and a whitish
line on the sides. It feeds at night on Verbas-
ciim and Artemisia in May, hiding in the sand
at the roots of the plants in the daytime.

A. tritici, Linn. The White -line Dart.
Fore wings brown, varied with grey. All three
transverse lines are distinct. The costa is
dark, and the stigmata faint and centred with
darker. There is often a central shade between
the stigmata. The suffused band is lighter,
with two separate or confluent dark sagittate
spots on the submarginal line beyond the reni-
form stigma. Hind wings white, with the hind
margins grey in the male, darker in the female.
Var. aquilina, Hi'ibn. The Streaked Dart
has the ground colour pale yellowish brown,
tending to red. It is common throughout
Europe in July and August. The larva is
bright grey, and lives on the roots of grass,
corn, turnip, and vine.

A. obelisca, W. V. The Square -spot
Dart. Fore wings reddish brown, with the
costa and the two stigmata pale yellow. A
triangular spot in front of the orbicular stigma,
a square spot behind it, and the claviform stigma
are deep black, the last being connected with
a dark band at the base. The two transverse
lines are indistinct. The submarginal line is
pale, suffused with darker towards the hind
margin, and without sagittate spots. Hind
wings white, with the nervures and hind margins
brownish, darker in the female. Specimens with
less violet-red, and with more distinct trans-
verse lines and duller markings, are described
under the name var. ruris, Hiibn. The moth
is found throughout Central Europe in June
and July, but is not common. Tire larva is
bright brown, with dark dots and a reddisli
grey dorsal and lateral line. It feeds on low
plants till June.

A. agathina, Dup. The Heath Rustic.
Fore wings brown, tinged with reddish, with
blackish lines. There is pale streak on the
costa, extending from the base to beyond the
middle. The orbicular stigma is pale and
clearly defined, and the reniform is pale grey
and less conspicuous ; between them is a black
space, and in front of the orbicular stigma a
black triangular spot. The submarginal line
ends in a pale spot at the hinder angle. The

PLATE XII.

WP MfW ^^W

I. Epinephele janira, la. Female. 2. Epinephele tithonus, 2a. Female. 3. Epinephele hyperanthus,

3a. Under side. 4. var. arete. 5. Coenonympha pamphilus, 5a. Under side. 6. var. laidion.

7. Var. philoxenus, ;a. Under side. 8. Nisoniades tages, Female, 8a. Syrichthus alcea, Larva.

9. Syrichthus malva. 10. var. tasas. 11. Hesperia thaumas, 11 a. Female. 12. Hesperia actaeon,

12a. Female. 13. Hesperia sylvanus, 13a. Female, 13b. Hesperia comma, Under side.

14. Hesperia comma, 14a. Female. 15. Carterocephalus palaemon, 15a. Under side.

British and European Butterflies and Moths.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND lilOTIIS.

97

hind wings are pale brown. It is found in
Nortli-Western Europe in August. The hirva
is green or brown, with five white longitudinal
stripes. It feeds on heath till May.

A. recussa, Hiibn. is very like tritui,
but darker. It is found in the Alps in July.

A. nigricans, Linn. The Garden Dart.
Fore wings dark brown, with indistinct trans-
verse lines and black-edged stigmata, not paler
than the ground colour. The submarginal line
is formed of yellowish spots. Hind wings
yellowish grey, wdth a central lunule, darker
in the female. Var. rubricans, Esp. is
lighter and more reddish. The moth is common
throughout Europe in July and August. The
caterpillar is bright brown, with a lighter
zigzag lateral stripe. It feeds on low plants
in April and May.

A. lidia, Cram. Fore w'ings violet-black,
the basal and marginal areas being varied
with reddish. Both stigmata are centred with
yellowish. The transverse line, submarginal
line, and the hind border of the collar are snow-
white. The submarginal line is faint, and only
forms a distinct spot at the apex. On its
inner side there are several black sagittate
spots. Hind wings greyish brown, whitish
towards the base, with whitish fringes. It is
a scarce species, found in North-Western
Germany in June and July, in the coast
districts.

A. plecta, Linn. The Flame Shoulder.
PI. XXIV. fig. 8. This pretty little moth is
common throughout Europe in May and June
and again in the Autumn. The larva is light
or dark reddish yellow above, greenish yellow-
beneath, with four brown dots on each seg-
ment, separated by three brown dorsal lines
spotted with whitish. On the side is a yel-
lowish grey longitudinal stripe, whitish above,
reddish in the middle, in which the red
spiracles are conspicuous. The head is reddish
brown, dotted with white, and has two whit-
ish streaks. It lives on low plants in April
and May.

A. musiva, Hiibn. Fore wings dark reddish
brown, with a reddish white costa and a black
longitudinal band through the stigmata as far
as the reniform stigma. The orbicular stigma
is broad in front, running into the costa. The
two transverse lines and the submarginal line

are pale, the latter edged with black on the
inner side towards the costa. The marginal line
is without dots. Hind wings white. There is
a black triangular spot behind the collar. It
is found in Southern Europe in August, but
is scarce. The larva is yellowish green, with
a dark dorsal line and a dark green lateral
stripe. It feeds on low plants, such as chicory,
in April. The slender pupa is reddish brown.

A. flammatra, W. V. The Black Collar.
Fore wings yellowish brown, with the costa
and both stigmata lighter, and a thick longi-
tudinal band at the base. A black streak
nearly surrounds the orbicular stigma, which is
open in front. The central shade is dark,
especially between the stigmata, and the course
of the submarginal line is indicated by short
regular dark sagittate spots. The marginal
line is scarcely interrupted, and there is a
double dark band on the fringes. Hind wings
paler, with whitish fringe. The collar has a
broad black hinder margin. The antennee are
ciliated in the male. The moth is found in
Southern Europe, and one specimen has been
taken in the Isle of Wight. The larva is
green, with lighter lateral stripes, and lives on
low plants, especially dandelion and strawberry,
in April.

A. sagittifera, Hiibn. Fore wings light
grey, with a faint transverse stripe and a black
basal streak. The orbicular and reniform
stigmata are white, and are connected by a
black longitudinal streak. The hind wings are
white. It is found in Austria and Switzerland
in July.

A. signifera, W. V. Fore wings brownish
grey, varied with light grey, with a black
longitudinal streak from the base to the orbi-
cular and reniform stigmata. The hind wings
are light brownish grey. It is found in Southern
Europe in July.

A. forcipula, W. V. Fore wings fawn-
coloured dusted with white, very indefinitely
marked, but darkest between the stigmata.
The reniform stigma is bordered with white
on its lower side. The submarginal line is
marked with fine black sagittate spots towards
the base. The fringes are doubly banded.
Hind wings ashy grey, lighter in the male.
The collar has a dark transverse line, and the
thorax is crested. It is found in Southern

98

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

and South-Central Europe in July, but is
scarce and local. The larva is brown, -witli
two interrupted black lateral lines, which
are edged on the inner side with yellow,
and black spiracles in white rings, situated
on a line which is reddish at the ends, and
bordered with dark brown on both sides in
the middle. The head is brown, with black
bars. It lives in May on Rumex and other
low plants.

A. putris, Linn. The Flame Moth. Fore
wings pale wainscot-brown, with a streak be-
hind the stigmata, through the fringes, and a
similar one near the hinder angle. The stig-
mata are filled up with brown, and the hind
border of the collar and the costa are of the
same colour. The anterior transverse line
is brown, deeply zigzag, and incomplete. The
posterior is formed of a double row of black
dots. The submarginal line is wanting, and
the marginal line is dotted with black. The
hind wings have a greyish lustre, a faint
central lunule, curved line, and a dark inter-
rupted marginal line. It is found in Central
Europe from May to July. The larva is brown,
dotted with black, and finely streaked with
whitish. Beneath it is pale yellow. The dorsal
line is yellowish brown, and the head is
shining brown. It feeds on the roots of grasses,
plantain, etc., during the Summer.

A. puta, Hiibn. The Shuttle-Shaped Dart.
Fore wings light iron-grey, blackish in the
basal area, with an elongated orbicular and
very small claviform stigma. Hind wings
white in the male, pale smoky brown in the
female. It is found in Central and Southern
Europe from July to September, but is local.
The larva is ochreous brown, with three dark
brown dorsal lines. Just below the spiracles
is an indistinct double dirty white line, and
the belly is greyish green. It lives on low
plants.

A. porphyrea, W. \'. The True Lovers'
Knot. I'ore wings brownish red, with all the
markings white, including some of the nervures.
The half line and the anterior transverse line
are connected by a white longitudinal streak,
and, like the three stigmata, have dark borders.
Both the transverse lines are connected on
the inner margin of the wings by their dark
borders. The reniform stigma has a brownish

red nucleus, and the orbicular stigma is puncti-
form, with a clear space in the centre. The
submarginal line is formed of white longi-
tudinal streaks, along with which are some
dusky ones. The hind wings are reddish
grey, with whitish fringes. The moth is
common in June and July on heaths in
Central and Northern Europe. There is a
paler form, var. marmorea, Grasl. found
in the Pyrenees and Denmark. The larva
is grey, with three interrupted whitish dorsal
lines, the middle of which is edged with
brown. There is a whitish lateral line above
the legs, and the space between this and
the outer dorsal line is brown, with hook-
like markings. It lives on heath in Spring,
hibernating when full grown. The larvae may
be most easily found from November till March
by searching under the plants.

A. exclamationis, Linn. The Heart and
Dart Moth. I'l. XXIV. fig. lo. is widely
distributed throughout Europe, and is common
in June and Jul}-. The caterpillar is brown,
with a pale dorsal line and black dots. It is
often found in large numbers feeding at the
roots of grass in Spring.

A. ripae, Hiibn. The Sand Dart. Fore
wings greyish white, varied with brownish,
with two double transverse lines, and dark-
edged stigmata, which are elongated in front
and filled up with darker, the claviform
stigma being the darkest. The suffused band
is marked with a row of dark dots. Hind
wings white, with slender jellow nervures in
the female. It is found in North-Western
Europe in April and May, chiefly on the coast.
The larva is yellowish or greyish brown, with
three dark double dorsal lines, whitish on the
sides and beneath, and covered everywhere
with small dark warts. It lives at the roots
of Snhola, Cakile maritiiiia, sorrel, etc. \a.T.
obotritica, Herr-Schaff. is a white form,
with the markings very indistinct.

A. trux, Hiibn. Fore wings brownish
yellow or brownish grey, darker in front of
the hind margin. The transverse lines rise
from double spots on the costa. The hind
wings are whitish. The middle joint of the
palpi is covered with depressed hair, and the
terminal joint is pointed. It is found in the
Alps in August and September.

BRITISH AXD EVROrEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

99

A. lunigera, Stepli. The Crescent Dart.
Fore wings grey in the male, with a sepia-
brown tinge, dark sepia-brown in the female.
The orbicular stigma is pale grey, and con-
spicuous, surrounded with black, and with a
black dot in the centre. The reniform stigma is
partially obscured by a transverse cloud-like
band, and the claviform is almost black. There
is a broad sepia-brown submarginal band. Hind
wings white in the male, smoky brown in the
female, with darker nervures. It is found on
the coasts of the British Isles in August. The
larva is pale brownish, varied with darker on
the back, and with blackish green sides. It
feeds on low plants.

A. segetum, W. V. The Turnip Moth.
PI. XXIV. fig. g. is common throughout Europe,
often appearing in very large numbers. The
caterpillar is somewhat narrow behind, greyish
brown in colour, with lighter and darker longi-
tudinal lines, and four dull spots on each
segment, of which the anterior pair are placed
nearer together and are smaller than the
posterior ones. It hibernates at the roots of
grass. It is often very destructive to crops.

A. corticea, W. V. The Heart and Club
IMoth. Fore wings greyish brown, with scat-
tered dark transverse streaks. The three
transverse lines are distinct, somewhat dentated,
nearly parallel, and edged with darker. The
three stigmata have a well-defined dark border,
the claviform stigma being the smallest and
blackest. The submarginal line is indistinct,
and the marginal line consists of small lunules.
The fore wings are almost uniform brownish
gre}-, with a slight central lunule. It is widely
distributed in Europe in May. The larva is
very like that of exclamationis , and feeds at the
roots of grasses. It hibernates iv a cocoon
of earth, in which it becomes a pupa.

A. crassa, Hiibn. Fore wings rusty brown,
with a double transverse stripe, and a broad
white deeply dentated submarginal line. The
three stigmata are sharply bordered with black.
It is found in some parts of Central and Southern
Europe. The larva is greyish brown, with a
double black dorsal line, and feeds on the roots
of grass till May.

A. ypselon, Rott. The Dark Sword-Grass
Moth. Fore wings long and narrow, brownish
grey, with the suffused band and part of the

inner margin usually palest. The two trans-
verse lines are more or less distinct, with a
double dark edge, as are also the stigmata, of
which the claviform is the smallest and darkest.
Behind the reniform stigma is a black streak.
The submarginal line is distinct, indented with
a few pale sagittate spots towards the base,
which are most distinct in cells four and
five. The marginal line is finely spotted with
black. The fringes are darkly spotted in the
middle. Hind wings broad and white, with
brownish nervures. The moth is common
throughout Europe in July and August. The
larva is clay-coloured and shining, with in-
distinct dorsal lines. It is greenish beneath.
It lives at the roots of grasses in May.

A. vestigialis, Hufn. The Archer's Dart.
Fore wings reddish grey, varied with brown,
lightest in the neighbourhood of the median
nervure. Both transverse lines are pale, edged
with darker at the sides, the anterior being only
visible from the claviform stigma to the inner
margin, and indicated on the costa by a small
pale spot. All three stigmata are surrounded
by black. The orbicular stigma is small and
pale with a dark central spot. The reniform
is darker, and the claviform is large and
darker still, and has a yellowish brown spot
on the inner side. The pale submarginal line is
deeply indented, generally with a distinct W,
and with distinct sagittate spots towards the
base. The marginal line is marked with
dark lunules, and the fringes are dark. The
hind wings are grey, lighter towards the base;
in the male they are almost white, with darker
nervures. There is a central lunule and
marginal line. The moth is, however, very
variable. It is common in most parts of Europe
in July and August. The caterpillar is gre}',
with a light dorsal line, two white slightly
interrupted lateral lines, between which are
the spiracles, four dark spots on each segment,
and a shining brown head and collar. It is
found in sandy districts at the roots of Artemisia,
Achillea, and other low plants.

A. fatidica, Hiibn. Fore wings brownish
grey, varied with reddish violet, with fine
dark nervures and black longitudinal stripes
in the central and marginal areas. The three
stigmata are broadly surrounded with black,
the orbicular and reniform stigmata being placed

100

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

in a black pyramid. It is found in the Tyrol
and on the higher Alps, appearing in August.

FAIMILY

H A D E N I D .E.

Antennae often pectinated or serrated in
the males. Proboscis usually strong, legs
thick; the hind legs long, tibiae rarely with
bristles. The thorax is convex, broadly
quadrangular, -with obtusely angled shoulders,
and generally with strong crests in front and
behind, which frequently form a narrow ridge,
raised behind. The abdomen has tufts or
raised hair on the anterior segments. The
fore wings are distinctly broader behind, with
the hind margin oblique and the hinder angle
rounded. The fringes are deeply sinuated and
seldom entire. The hind wings are broad and
almost always somewhat contracted below the
tip. The larvae are smooth, with sixteen legs,
and hide themselves by day, coming out to
feed at night, when they may be found with
the lantern.

Genus Charaeas, Steph.

The hair on the thorax and palpi is coarse
and thin, and the antennae are pectinated in
the males. The claviform stigma is unusually
long and pale. The fore wings are broad
behind, with rectangular tips, a straight hind
margin, curved below, and entire fringes. The
hind wings are small. The abdomen is arched,
and extends far beyond the anal angle. The
only species is : — •

C. graminis, Linn. The Antler ]\Ioth.
Fore wings reddish brown or greyish brown,
darkest in the central area and on the hind
margin. Both transverse lines are almost
obliterated. The orbicular stigma is broad,
and the reniform has two white dentations
projecting on nervures 3 and 4 respectively.
The claviform stigma is very large and pro-
minent. The subniarginal line is formed with
dark sagittate spots, and the marginal line
is dark also. The fringes are yellowish white
on the anterior half. Hind wings dark grey,
paler towards the base, with yellowish white
fringes, but no central lunule. The moth varies
considerably in colour and markings. It is

common in Northern and Central Europe,
especially in mountainous districts, appearing
in July and August. The caterpillar is dark
brown, with a yellowish dorsal and lateral
stripe, and a dark smooth plate on the second
and terminal segments. It lives from Autumn
to Spring at the roots of grass, often in large
numbers, causing great destruction.

Genus Neuronia, Hiibn.

Antennae pectinated in the males; pro-
boscis short and soft ; front without any horny
projection. The fore wings are truncated be-
hind, with the hinder angle rounded. The
orbicular and reniform stigmata are surrounded
by a pale area, and are filled up with darker.
The fringes are entire. The hind wings are
short and white, with a brown hind margin.
The larvae are cylindrical, stout, and shining,
with a horny plate on the neck and an anal
fold. They feed on the roots and shoots of
grass, and assume the pupa state in the
ground.

N. popularis, Fabr. The Feathered Gothic.
'PI. XXR'. fig. 13. is common in Central
Europe from July to Sejitember. The larva
is shining dark brown, with black transverse
lines, and a light grey longitudinal stripe on
each side. It feeds at the roots of grass in
Spring, and when in large numbers is some-
times very destructive.

N. cespitis, \V. \'. The Hedge Rustic.
Fore wings dark brown, with both transverse
lines rusty yellow, edged with black. The two
stigmata are rusty yellow, the orbicular being
the darker, and the reniform lighter, especially
towards the hind margin. The claviform stig-
ma is indistinct, and is surrounded wnth rusty
brown. The submarginal line is finely zigzag,
pale yellow, sometimes interrupted, with small
dark sagittate streaks towards the base. The
hind wings are dirty white in the male, with
brownish hind margins, and brownish grey in
the female, lighter at the base. The head and
thorax are dark brown. The moth is found
in August and September in Central Europe,
but is local and not very common. The cater-
pillar is dark brown, with five lighter longi-
tudinal lines, and with the second and last
segments black. It lives on Aira and Tritkiim
repeiis in .\pril and May.

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

Wi

Genus Mamestra, Treit.

Eyes and front hair)', palpi and thorax
covered with coarse bristly hair. The thorax
is convex, with anterior and [posterior crests,
divided in the middle and not much raised.
The abdomen is more or less tufted. The anal
fold is thickly covered with hair, with stiff
bristles on the inner side, and hooks directed
inwards, of very varied shapes. The fore
wings are moderately broad, with curved hind
margins, undulating fringes, and rectangular,
somewhat obtuse apices. The hind wings are
rounded. The moths fly at night, and hold
their wings obliquely when at rest. The larvae
are smooth and cylindrical, or have a projection
from the last segment. The)' feed on low
plants and bushes, and assume the pupa state
in the ground.

M. leucophaea, W. V. The Feathered
Ear. Fore wings broad posteriorly, light or
dark brownish grej', somewhat suffused with
rusty red in the basal area, and darkest in
the central area. Both transverse lines are
bordered with darker, and the three large
stigmata are surrounded with darker. The
claviform stigma is filled up with darker, and
the other two are whitish, with a brownish
centre. The central shade is zigzag, and
the submarginal line is more or less distinct,
with sharp sagittate marks on the inner
side. The marginal line is composed of
crescent-shaped spots, which are almost con-
nected. The fringes are marked with curved
spots between the nervures. Hind wings
ashy or brownish grey, with darker nervures
and central lunule, and a pale streak or dash
in front of the dark marginal line, as well
as large pale spots between the nervures on
the fringes. The thorax is light grey, with
a transverse line over the collar. The tegulae,
or their margins only, and the dorsal tufts
are darker. The moth is common in Central
and South-Eastern Europe in May and June,
but Mickleham in Surrey is the only British
localit)'. The larva is greyish brown, with a
whitish dorsal line, which has a few black spots
beside it on each segment, and a broad j-ellow
stripe above the legs. It hibernates and lives
on grass in Spring.

M. serratilinea, Ochs. Fore wings brown-
ish grev, varied with vellowish and blackish.

Both transverse lines are broad, and edged on
both sides with darker; behind the claviform
stigma they are closely approximate. These
and the spot near the base on the whitish
submarginal line in cells ib, 4, 5, and 7 are
darkest. The reniform stigma has two white
dots towards the hind margin, and generally
another on the inner side. The marginal
line has white dots on the nervures and black
lunules between them. The hind wings are
brownish grey, darker on the nervures and
towards the hind margin, with a central lunule.
The curved line and the fringes are pale j-ellow.
The head and thorax are covered with long
hair. The antennae are shortly serrated in the
male. The moth, which is scarce, is found
in South-Eastern Germany, Austria, and
Switzerland in July. The larva is brownish,
with black spiracles. The head is brown, and
the cervical plate is small and yellowish, with
a lighter median line. The ventral surface
is greenish. It feeds in Spring on plantain
and other low plants, hiding under stones
during the day.

M. advena, W. V. The Pale Shining
Brown. Fore wings violet-grey, much varied
with rusty brown, especiall)' on the anterior
half and about the stigmata. The three stig-
mata are surrounded with black, the claviform
being the darkest. The reniform has a dark
spot in the hinder angle. From the middle of
the base passes a thin black streak, which is
smaller between the stigmata. The submarginal
line has the darkest sagittate spot on the
inner side in cell ib. The marginal line is
composed of black crescent-shaped spots. The
fringes are divided b)' fine pale nervures, and
there is a dark band through the middle. The
hind wings are yellowish grey or brownish
grey, darker towards the hind margin, with
an indistinct central lunule and a brown line
through the whitish fringes. The moth is
common in Central and Northern Europe in
June. The larva is greyish brown, with the
incisions and the belly bluish grey, covered
with small sinuous streaks. There is a white
dorsal line bordered with dark brown, and four
whitish dots beside it. The cervical plate is
dark brown, with three whitish streaks, and
the head is pale yellow. It feeds in Spring
on raspberry and other low plants.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

M. tincta, Borkh. The Silvery Arches.
Fore wings greenish grey, varied with hght
grey and brown. The three stigmata are
surrounded with black, the orbicular being
the palest, and there is a rusty brown central
shade, especially visible between the stigmata.
The submarginal line in cell ib, 4, and 5 is
spotted with dark brown on both sides, espe-
ciall}- towards the base, and there are a few
brown dots on the nervures in the suffused
band. The submarginal line is dark, and broader
between the nervures. The fringes are silvery
grey, spotted with brown. The hind wings
have a central lunule, a paler curved line, and
dirty white fringes. The head and collar in
front and the tegulse in the middle are silvery
grev, otherwise they are brown with blackish
margins. It is common in Central and Northern
Europe from May to July. The larva is ochre-
yellow, marbled with blackish, with a whitish
dorsal line in front, which bisects a dark brown
square spot on each segment. There is a
black lateral line above the legs, and a short
dark oblique streak on each segment above
this. The young larva feeds in Autumn on
birch bushes and low plants. It hibernates
preferably in rotten birch stumps and is full
grown in May.

RI. nebulosa, Hufn. The Grey Arches. Fore
wings light grey, slightly varied with brow-n,
darkest from the costa to the submarginal
line and between the stigmata. The two trans-
verse lines and the half line are bordered with
darker on both sides. The three stigmata, of
which the claviform is the darkest, are edged
with black and centred with brownish. The
submarginal line has dark spots on both sides,
and is streaked towards the base. The marginal
line is composed of black crescent-shaped
spots. The fringes are divided b\' shining
white nervures, and darkly spotted througli
the middle. The hind wings are light grey,
darker on the nervures and towards the hind
margin, with a central lunule and white fringes.
It is common in Central and Eastern Europe
in June and July. The larva is yellowisli
brown, thinly pubescent, darker on the sides.
with a longitudinal series of dark lozenge-shaped
spots along the back, dark oblique streaks along
the sides, and yellow spiracles. It feeds till May
on low plants and on birch, sallow, oak, etc.

M. contigua, \\'. \'. The Beautiful Bro-
cade. Fore wings brownish grey, varied with
reddish and whitish. The tips of the wings,
the suffused band, and the hinder angle are
lightest, and there is a pale yellowish spot on
the costa between the half line and the black
streak at the base. The central area nearly
to the inner margin, the reniform stigma,
which is suffused with yellowish brown, and
the spot behind it, are darker brown. The
black triangular spots of the marginal line
are sharply defined, white, and zigzag towards
the base. The hind wings are light grey,
with a black interrupted marginal line and
whitish fringes. The head and thorax are
brownish grey and the abdomen grey, whilst
the brush-like tuft on the thorax and the anal
tuft of the male are somewhat darker. It is
widely distributed in Central and Northern
Europe in June, but is not as a rule abundant.
The larva is yellowish green when young,
afterwards becoming brownish, with yellowish
dorsal and lateral lines, which are partially
interrupted. It lives in Autumn on broom,
raspberry, and other low plants.

M. thalassina, Borkh. The Pale-shouldered
Brocade is very similar to genista. Fore wings
rich coppery brown, with the central area but
little darker. The space behind the sharply
defined black beak-shaped claviform stigma is
not lighter than in front. The submarginal line
and the basal spot in front of the black streak
are whiter. It is common in Central Europe
from April to June. The larva is greenish
with interrupted red lines on both sides of the
back. It feeds in Autumn on low plants,
and on birch and barberry.

M. suasa, \V. V. The Dog's Tooth Moth.
Fore wings liver-coloured, lighter in the male,
with narrow whitish markings, of which the sub-
marginal line is the whitest and most distinct.
The three stigmata are incompletely bordered
with black. There is a black streak at the
base, and the marginal line is made up of
black crescent-shaped spots. The fringes are
dark, chequered with lighter. Hind wings
light brown, with the central lunule, nervures,
and marginal area darker, and the collar with
a black transverse line. It is common in
Central and Northern Europe from May to
August. The larva tapers behind. The head

BRITISH AXD EURO PEAK BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

103

is flesh-colour, the back and ventral surface
being greenish-grey, with pale yellow dots.
There are three steel-blue lines on the back,
and a lemon-yellow line above the legs, edged
with black, and on each segment from the
eleventh to the thirteenth are black dots edged
with white below. It is found in June and late
in .Autumn on various low plants.

M. pisi, Linn. The Broom Moth. PI.
XX\'. fig. I. Larva la. is common throughout
Central and Northern Europe in May and
June. The larva is found from July to Sep-
tember on various low plants, including peas,
vetches, etc., and also on whitethorn.

M. brassicae, Linn. The Cabbage Moth.
PI. XXV. fig. 2. is abundant everywhere in
May and June. The larva varies from green
to brownish. When full grown it is dark
grey, with a greenish lustre, and has a broad
nearly black dorsal line, enclosing a row of pale
spots. On the sides is a white interrupted
line, darkly spotted above, and on the last
segments a few horseshoe-shaped spots. There
is a broad dirty yellow stripe above the legs,
which is reddish about the black-ringed white
spiracles. It lives from June to October on
cabbages and other vegetables, and is often
very destructive.

M. persicariae, Linn. The Dot. PI. XX\'.
fig. 3. Larva 3a. is widely distributed and
common in Central Europe from May to August.
The larva is light or dark green or brown,
with a yellow dorsal line, and two thin black
lines on the sides. The head is green and
the belh' bluish green. It lives on Polygonum,
elder, wild vine, nettle, hop, and other plants.

M. albicolon, Hubn. The White Colon.
Fore wings brownish grey, with a metallic
lustre and indistinct markings. The transverse
lines are black, and the submarginal line is
composed of yellow spots, with faint sagittate
markings on the inner side. Both stigmata are
somewhat paler. The reniform stigma has
two small white dots near the hind margin,
and there are similar dots on the nervures,
especially towards the hind margin. The
marginal line is spotted with yellow on the
nervures, and there are small black lunules
between. The fringes are darker, with two
curved bands. The hind wings are brownish
grey, darker towards the hind margin, with

dark nervures and a marginal line. The head
and thorax are brownish grey, with black
tegulae, and the antenn.ne are simply ciliated
in the male. It is found in Central Europe
in May and June, but is not common. The
larva is similar to that of hrassico". It is dark
green, with three light dorsal lines, which have
black oblique streaks between them and a red-
dish stripe on the side. It lives on low plants
in July and August.

M. aliena, Hiibn. Fore wings dark brown-
ish grey, the grey predominating on the costa.
Behind the reniform and close to the clavi-
form stigma the wings are reddish. Both
transverse lines ar-e paler, with a dark margin
on each side. The three stigmata are bordered
with black, the claviform being dark, and the
two others pale, with a brown centre. There
is a black streak from the middle of the base.
The submarginal line is pale yellow, with the W
mark only slightly developed. The deeply
dentated fringes are brown, with a row of white
spots. Hind wings ashy grey, with yellowish
fringes. The collar has two dark transverse lines,
and the abdomen is reddish grey. It is found
chiefly in East -Central Europe, including
Switzerland and Piedmont, in June, but is scarce
and local. The larva is brownish grey, with fine
longitudinal lines, black dots, and white spiracles
in black rings. It feeds in Autumn on Cytisns,
Anthyllis, Hippocvepis, etc.

M. splendens, Hubn. Resembles (j/^ra^M,
but the fore wings are shining coppery red. The
central shade and the two transverse lines are
sharper, the latter being more zigzag. The sub-
marginal line IS finer and yellower, more sharply
suffused with darker towards the base. The
stigmata are distinct and yellowish. The reni-
form stigma is ^shy grey on the inner side.
The hind wings are yellowish grey. It is
found in June and July in the North of Germany,
Hungary, and Galicia, but is scarce every-
where. The larva is very variable; it is light
or dark brown, with three rows of very small
white warts in black rings.

M. oleracea, Linn. The Bright-Hne Brown
Eye. PI. XXV. fig. 4. is common through-
out Europe in May and June, and again in
August, especially frequenting kitchen gardens.
The larva, which varies considerably, is dirty
greyish green or green with a number of black

104

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

dots, and three darker dorsal stripes, and an
almost white stripe along the sides above
the legs. It lives in Summer and Autumn
on various vegetables, such as cabbage,
lettuce, etc.

M. genistae, Borkh. The Light Brocade.
Fore wings brownish grey, with the stigmata
darker, and a black streak at the base. The
whole of the inner margin is grey, not brown.
The central area is paler as far as the claviform
stigma, and there is a distinct central shade
between the stigmata. The triangular spots
of the marginal line have no pale indentations
on the inner side. The moth is common in
Central Europe in Ma}- and June. The larva
is brownish grey, afterwards yellow, finely
dotted with reddish brown, and with brownish
red oblique streaks on the sides. The spiracles
are similar, with a somewhat paler line below.
The head is greenish, with two reddish brown
crescents. It feeds in July and August on
broom, bilberry, Sarothamnus, etc.

M. glauca, Hiibn. The Glaucous Shears.
Fore wings bluish grey, lightest in the marginal
area, with three transverse lines, which are
lighter and edged on both sides with darker.
It has the three stigmata whitish, surrounded
with black, a thick black longitudinal streak
from the claviform stigma to the posterior
transverse line, and a few similar spots behind
the reniform stigma. The submarginal line is
white, with black sagittate spots at the tip
on the inner side, and three similar ones from
the median nervure towards the inner margin
of the wing. The marginal line consists of
black lunules. The fringes are banded with
darker through the middle, and are intersected
by wedge-shaped white spots on the nervures.
The hind wings are ashy grey, darker towards
the hind margin, with a central lunule. They
have a dark marginal line, and whitish fringes
spotted with darker through the middle. The
head and thorax resemble the fore wings,
and the abdomen has dark tufts of hair above.
The moth is found in many parts of Central
and Northern Europe in May. It is found
principally in moimtainous localities, and is
a somewhat scarce insect. The caterpillar is
cinnamon-brown, with darker lozenge-shaped
markings, four paler spots on the back of
each segment, a reddish lateral stripe above

the spiracles, three white stripes on the cervical
segment, and a bright brown head. It feeds
in Summer on gentian, bilberry, etc.

M. dentina, W. V. The Shears. Fore
wings brownish gre^', darker in the central
area. The inner margin is narrowly yellow on
the inner side. The three transverse lines are
darkly bordered on both sides. There is a
black streak at the middle of the base, and
the three stigmata are sharply edged with black.
The claviform stigma is the darkest, and be-
tween it and the orbicular is a paler and more
oblique double streak towards the hinder angle,
which is bounded on the inner side by a black
streak, running to the posterior transverse line.
The pale submarginal line is spotted with
darker on the sides, and the suffused band is
the palest. The marginal line is composed of
black lunules, and the fringes are intersected
by fine light lines on the nervures. Hind
wings brownish grey, with whitish fringes
slightly spotted with darker. The head and
thorax are bluish grey, with a black-margined
collar and tegulas. It appears in May and
June, and is common in most parts of Europe.
The larva is dark brown, with lighter sinuous
dorsal and lateral lines, having black streaks
between them, and a straight line above the
black spiracles. It feeds till Autumn on the
roots of dandelion.

M. marmorosa, Borkh. Fore wings walnut-
brown, varied with dark brown and brownish
grey. The three transverse lines are distinc*'.
edged on each side with darker. The tl
stigmata are bordered with darker. The i
form is the palest, and is bounded on
inner side by a pale double-dentated stri-pk,
extending as far as the zigzag central shade.
The claviform stigma is the darkest. The sub-
marginal line has sharply defined sagittate dark
spots towards the base in cells 2 to 5. The
hind wings are yellowish brown, darker near
the hind margin, almost bandlike, with a dark
curved line and central lunule. The fringes
are yellowish white. The head and thorax
are brown, the collar with two dark transverse
lines, and the abdomen is greyish brown. The
antennae are ciliated in the male. The moth
appears in May, and is found in mountainous
districts in Central and Southern Europe. It
flies about Cucuhalus at night, and is generally

PLATE XIII.

^^.

I. Acheroniia atropos, la. Larva. 2. Sphinx convolvuli, za. Lan^a. j. Sphinx lignistii.

British and European Butterflies and Moths.

BRITISH AXD EUROPE AX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

105

rare. A very dark variety, microdon, Guen.
inhabits the higher Alps. The larva is bright
blue-black, very finely pubescent, with a fine
white dorsal line above the first three segments,
having two lemon-yellow stripes of unequal
breadth on each side, interrupted at the in-
cisions, and with black dots between. The
head is blackish. It feeds on Hippocrepis comosa,
Oi-niiliopiis, and Coronilla in June.

M. chenopodii, W. V. The Nutmeg
Moth. Fore wings brownish grey, with rusty
brown markings. The reniform stigma is
darkest on the lower half. The submarginal line
is whitest. The fringes are rusty brown, divided
by white conical spots on the nervures, and
through the middle passes a rusty brown band.
Hind wings dirty white, whitest on the ner-
vures, with a central lunule and a greyish
brown band near the hind margin, and a light
spot in front of the marginal line towards
the anal angle. The head and thorax are
grey, and the abdomen greyish white. The
antennae are ciliated in the male. The moth
is common throughout Europe during the
Summer. In England it is found chiefly in
the Southern Counties. The larva is green
or brownish, varied with darker and lighter,
with a dark dorsal line edged on both sides
with white, and a red lateral line above the
legs edged with white. It feeds from July
till Autumn on Chenopodium, Atriplex, and other
low plants.

M. saponariae, Borkh. The Bordered
Gothic. Fore wings with the hind margin
slightly curved in front of the apex, walnut-
brown varied with purplish red. The ner-
vures as far as the posterior transverse line
and all the markings are sharply defined and
pale yellow. The claviform stigma is margined
with black, and the nearly straight transverse
lines are sharply bordered with black on both
sides. The deeply dentated submarginal line has
a W mark and thick sagittate spots on the
inner side. The marginal line is composed of
black triangular spots, and the fringes are
finely intersected with white on the nervures.
Hind wings greyish brown, lighter towards
the base, with a central lunule, and with fringes
yellow at the base and white at the tips. The
thorax is sHghtly tufted, walnut-brown, and
the abdomen greyish brown. The antennae

are ciliated in the male. It is common in
May and June in Central and Northern Europe,
flying at night near Echium. The caterpillar
is light green without markings, with a brown-
ish green head and cervical plate. It lives
on the unripe capsules of Silenc, Saponaria,
carnation, etc.

M. dysodea, W. V. The Small Ranunculus.
Fore wings short, with obtuse tips, ashy grey,
more or less varied with orange, especially on
the markings. The central area is the darkest.
The transverse lines are distinct, the posterior
uniformly thickened and deeply dentated. The
three stigmata are edged with darker, the
claviform being the darkest. The marginal
line is composed of faint dark crescent-shaped
spots, edged with paler towards the base. The
fringes are light, varied with darker. Hind
wings light grey, darker in the female, with
a lighter curved line, darker marginal band,
and the fringes white in their anterior half.
It appears in June and July, and is common
in Central and Southern Europe. The larva
is grass-green, with bright warts, a white or
yellowish lateral line above the legs, and
yellowish spiracles. The head is darker green,
and the belly and legs are darkest of all. It
feeds in August on the seeds of lettuce,
Chenopodium, etc.

M. Serena, W. V. The Broad-barred
White. Fore wings milky white or bluish
grey, varied with brownish grey, especially
in the dark central area. The transverse lines
are distinct, bordered on both sides with
darker, and the three stigmata are edged with
black. The orbicular and reniform stigmata
are of the pale ground colour, with a brownish
centre, and the central shade is more or less
distinctly dentated. The submarginal line is
indistinct, with three darker spots. The
marginal line is formed of crescents, and the
fringes are white, marbled with brown, banded
in the middle, and especially in the apical half,
with white on the nervures. Hind wings grey,
lighter towards the base, with a faint curved
line, a few lighter spots in front of the inter-
rupted dark marginal line, and fringes, which
are whitish in the apical half. It is not un-
common in Central and Southern Europe in
June and July. The larva is green, with black-
ish green connected lozenge-shaped spots on the

ro6

BRTTISTI AXD El'ROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

back, and a blackish light-edged lateral stripe.
It feeds on the flowers of Hieraciuin and other
plants.

Genus Dianthoecia, Boisd.

This Genus is distinguished from the last
only by the shape of the abdomen in the
females, which is very pointed, with a long
projecting ovipositor, and the pupae have the
wing-cases produced into a button-like pro-
jection at the end. They are middle-sized
moths, which rest with the wings sloping
obliquely. The antennae are ciliated in the
males. The larvae are smooth and slender,
and live in Summer in the capsules of
various species of carnations. The anal fold
is as in the last Genus. They change to the
slender pupa either on the ground or beneath it.

D. caesia, W. V. The Grey Moth. Fore
wings bluisli grey, with very indefinite markings,
a pale central area, but no claviform stigma.
The base, central area, and submarginal line are
greyish yellow; here and there, especially about
the stigmata, ochre-yellow. The darkest parts
are around the anterior transverse line, on the
costa between the two stigmata, and the space
around the posterior transverse line not quite
as far as the inner margin. Hind wings dark
grey, lighter towards the base. The head
and thorax are bluish grey, and the abdomen
dark grey. The moth is found in the Jura
and the Alps in June, and in Britain in the
Isle of Man and in Yorkshire. The larva is
sea-green, with two white lateral lines. It
lives in July in the capsules of various species
of Silene, etc.

D. conspersa, W. Y . The Marbled Coronet.
Fore wings marbled with light and dark brown,
with a double black half line on a white
ground. Both transverse lines are black, double,
and interrupted. The stigmata are shining
white, partially edged with black, and some-
times centred with brownish, the orbicular
being white, with a white blotch below it.
There is a yellowish submarginal line, irregularly
spotted with black on both sides and a single
white spot at the ends. The marginal line
is black and curved, and between it and the
hind margin is a row of black spots between
the nervures. The fringes are white, chequered
with brown. The hind winsrs are brownish

grey, darker on the nervures and towards the
hind margin, with whitish fringes on the an-
terior half. The head, collar, and tegulae are
white, with black spots, and the abdomen is
brownish grey. It is common throughout
Europe in May and June. The larva is yel-
lowish green, with a fine darker median line,
dark oblique streaks, and two dark lateral
lines. It feeds in July on the capsules of
Lychnis floscucnli.

D. barrettii, Doubl. Barrett's Marbled
Coronet. Fore wings brown, with indistinct
markings. The two stigmata are slightly paler
than the ground colour, and both have a
central shade. They are almost connected
below by a pale mark, and there is a large
pale patch nearly opposite the reniform stigma,
as well as another at the apex, the two being
connected by an interrupted marginal line.
The fringes are spotted. Hind wings brown,
with a paler base and darker nervures. The
moth is confined to Ireland, and is on the
wing in June and July. The larva feeds on
Silene maritniia.

D. albimacula, Borkh. The White Spot.
Fore wings olive-brown, varied with lighter,
and with black transverse lines on a white
ground. There is a regular, sinuous anterior
transverse line, delicately suffused with white
towards the base, and a posterior transverse
line composed of black crescent-shaped spots,
suffused with white towards the hind margin.
Both stigmata are snow-white, with a brown
centre. The anterior runs into the costal
area, which is here white, and on the opposite
side it is bounded by a large white spot. There
is a white submarginal line parallel to the
posterior transverse line, spotted here and there
near the base with black, a black marginal
line slightly spotted with white towards the
base, and narrow fringes interrupted with
white on the nervures. Hind wings light
grey, with darker nervures, a broad dark
marginal band, and on the anterior half whit-
ish fringes. The thorax is olive-brown, white
towards the wings, the head yellowish, and
the abdomen light grey. It is widely distri-
buted in Europe, but is scarce, and has only
been taken once or twice in the South of
England. The moth is on the wing in April
and Mav. The larva is yellowish grey, with

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AND M02HS.

107

a brown dorsal line, with oblique lines passing
from it on each segment, black and white
spots, and a pale stripe on the sides. It
feeds in July and August in the pods of Silcne
nutnns.

D. compta, W. V. PI. XXV. fig. 5. is
not uncommon in Central and Southern Europe,
but is ver}' rare in Britain. It appears in
May and June and often again late in the
Summer. The var. viscariae, Guen. is more
varied with yellow, with a white stigma and
no band. Tlie larva is reddish grey, dotted
with darker on the back, and has a reddish
brown dorsal stripe divided by a white line
and expanded into spots; and a yellowish grey
lateral stripe. It feeds in the Autumn on
the capsules of Dianthus prolifer, D. cartlinsian-
oi'uiu, etc.

D. capsincola, Esp. The Lychnis Moth.
Fore wings dark brown, marbled with black
and white, with both double transverse lines
black and indistinct. Towards the hind margin
between the nervures, there are black longi-
tudinal streaks, a large black rounded clavi-
form stigma, and white-margined orbicular
and reniform stigmata, unconnected at the
median nervure, the latter being elongated and
oblique. The submarginal line is white and
deeply dentated. On nervures 3 and 4 it forms
a • W. The marginal line and fringes are
greyish brown. Hind wings also greyish
brown, with a distinct white spot near the
anal angle. The head and thorax are dark
brown and the abdomen greyish brown. It
is common throughout Europe in May and
June and again in August. The larva is
brownish grey, finely dotted with black, espe-
cially on the back, with an interrupted whitish
dorsal line, and a lateral line above the legs
formed of oblique brown streaks. The head
is shining light brown, spotted with black. It
feeds in August and September on the capsules
of Lychnis, Saponaria, etc.

D. cucubali, W. V. The Campion Moth.
Fore wings shining brown, much varied with
reddish violet, with both double transverse
lines black, the anterior being indistinct and
the posterior suffused with violet-red, and con-
sisting of crescent-shaped spots towards the
base. There is a dark brown, very large
rounded claviform stigma, and approximated

orbicular and reniform stigmata, bordered with
yellowish, and joined on the median nervure.
Between the nervures are black longitudinal
streaks, which are interrupted by ttie deeply
zigzag yellowish submarginal line, which forms
a sharp W on nervures 3 and 4. In front
of the fringes, which are banded with darker
and lighter, are black crescents, edged with
lighter towards the base. The head and
thorax are brown, marbled with black and
\vhite, and the abdomen is greyish brown, like
the hind wings, which have black crescents
in front of the fringes. It is double-brooded
in May and July, and is common in Central
and Northern Europe, generally occurring to-
gether with the last species. The caterpillar
is dirty yellowish green, with a whitish dorsal
line, most distinct in front and behind, and
two white lateral lines, between which are
the spiracles. There are many brown or black
dots and w-arts, and in places also oblique
streaks. It feeds in June on the leaves and
flowers, and in the Autumn on the capsules
of species of Silene. The larva is bright brown,
and is enclosed in an earth cocoon.

D. carpophaga, Borkh. The Tawny Shears.
Fore wings varying from brown to yellowish
grey, with both the transverse lines yellowish
or white, edged with black, the posterior with
crescents on the inner side, and expanded
and pale in cells la and ib. There is a-
similar strongly dentated submarginal line, in
the middle of which, on the inner side, are three
black sagittate spots. The orbicular stigma
is round, with a pale margin, and the reniform
stigma is similar. The stigmata are not con-
nected. The claviform stigma is large and
pointed. Hind wings greyish brown, with a
light brown spot near the anal angle. The
head and thorax are brown, and the abdomen
greyish brown. It is found in most parts of
Europe, but is commoner in the South, and
appears in May and June. The larva is dark
grey, with a broad white dorsal line and pale
grey lateral lines. It lives in the capsules of
species of Silene in July and August.

D. capsophila, Dup. The Pod Lover.
Resembles the last species, but is larger. Fore
wings dark brown, with numerous clearly de-
fined pale markings. The two stigmata are
very distinct and are surrounded with paler.

io8

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERELIES AKD MOTHS.

There are three pale transverse lines and a sub-
marginal line, which is sharply dentated. They
are all bordered with black. Hind wings
dingy brown at the base, with a broad darker
marginal band. It is found in the mountains
of Central and South -Western Europe, as well
as in Ireland about the beginning of June. The
larva feeds on S'dcne inflata.

D. irregularis, Ilufn. The Viper's Bugloss.
Fore wings pale yellow, with rust}' 3'ellow and
brown markings, and a double half line.
The transverse lines are sharply dentated, and
their contiguous sides are dark brown. The
species is readily recognised by the simple
marginal line. The palest parts are the base,
the inner margin, the space around the orbi-
cular stigma, and the submarginal line. The
transverse stripes are double, the posterior in
cell lb forming a large curve filled up with
lighter. The two stigmata are not surrounded
by darker, and the claviform is wanting. The
submarginal line has a sharp W, is broadly
bordered with darker, and has ill-defined
sagittate spots on the inner side. The fringes
are broadh' intersected with lighter. Hind
wings yellowish grey, with a dark curved line
and almost uniform fringes. The abdomen is
yellowish white. It is found in most parts
of Central Europe, but is scarce and local in
sandy places, and it appears to have only
been taken once in Britain. The caterpillar
is yellowish grey, with a white belly, a row
of brown dots on the back, a broader brownish
gre\- line on the sides above the spiracles, and
oblique streaks dotted with brown. It lives
in July and August on the seeds of Gypsophila
paniculata and Silene oiites.

Genus Episema, Ochs.

Antennae deeply pectinated to the tips in the
male, setiform in the female. The thorax, the
front, and the short unarmed legs are densely
woolly. The abdomen is covered with de-
pressed scales, and is slender in the male,
obtuse at the end, very stout in the female.
Wings short, with broad fringes ; fore wings
somewhat pointed, with convex hind margins;
the posterior rounded. They are inactive
moths, which fly but little even at night,
coming out only late at night and sitting on
the grass with their wings erect.

E. scoriacea, Esp. Fore wings reddish
grey. The dark large stigmata are surrounded
with lighter. Both transverse lines are pale
and yellowish. T.he abdomen is light yellow.
The male has long pectinated antennse. It is
found in South-Central Europe in September.
The larva is green, with a broad white lateral
stripe and three white lines on the back. It
lives on Autliericum liligo and A. ramosum in
April and May.

Genus Aporophyla, Guen.

Antennas long and setiform in the male,
pectinated in the female, or with pyramidal
teeth, as in nigra. The front is smoothly hairy.
The palpi project upwards. The pectus and legs
are covered with woolly hair. The larvae live
on low plants and assume the pupa state in
the ground.

A. lutulenta, \\\ \'. The Deep Brown
Dart. Fore wings dark greyish brown. Both
transverse lines are broad, sharply defined,
and slightl)' paler on the opposite sides. The
claviform and orbicular stigmata are indistinct,
the reniform with two white dots and a grey
lunule on the inner side. The broad pale
submarginal line is composed of triangles, and
darkly bordered towards the base. The fringes
are margined with yellowish. The hind wings
of the male are white, brownish towards the
hind margin ; those of the female are grevish
brown, with a darker curved line and mar-
ginal band. The head and thorax are dark
brown. The antennse of the male are deeply
pectinated. The moth is found from August
to October in Central Europe, but is local. It
is, however, abundant in Devonshire, and is
found in some of the other Southern counties
of England and in Ireland. The larva is
green, with two interrupted narrow or broad
rose-coloured dorsal stripes. It feeds in May
and June on StcUaria and other low plants.

A. nigra. Haw. The Black Rustic. Fore
wings black, with a rusty red lustre in the basal
and marginal areas as far as the submarginal
line. The transverse lines and the orbicular and
claviform stigmata are black, and the reniform
yellow, with a metallic lustre. The fringes are
banded with yellowish brown through the
middle. The hind wings are whitish, with a
brown marginal line in the male; greyish

BRITISH AXD ECROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

109

brown, lighter near the base, in the female.
The head and thorax are black and the ab-
domen greyish brown, lighter in front. The
antennae of the males are finely pectinated.
It is widely distributed in Central and
Southern Europe, but is not common. The
larv-a is yellowish green, with five brick-
red longitudinal lines and a dark yellow head.
It lives in Spring on Rmiiex and other low
plants.

A. australis, Boisd. The Feathered
Brindle. Fore wings light grey, with a brown-
ish grey patch on the middle of the costa,
extended so as to enclose the well-defined
reniform stigma. All the stigmata are brown,
with a narrow black margin; beyond the middle
is a zigzag black line and another line which
is sharply angled. Between these and the
base are several other black lines. The fringes
are greyish brown, marked with white on the
nervures. The hind wings are white in the
male, with greyish brown nervures, and are
dull brown in the female. The head and
body are greyish brown, and the thorax has
a white patch on each side. It is found chiefly
in Southern and Western Europe, and has
been taken occasionally in the Southern and
Eastern counties of England. The larva is
yellowish red, with a paler dorsal stripe, brown
dots and black streaks on the sides, and a
greenish j^ellow bell}'. It feeds on Ciclwrium,
Asphodelus, etc., in March.

Genus Ammoconia, Led.

This Genus is allied to Polia, from which,
however, it is distinguished by the spined middle
and hind tibiae, and the ridged crest behind
the collar. The larvae are smooth and have
sixteen legs.

A. caecimacula, W. V. Fore wings brown,
suffused with black and red. The half line,
which ends in small black spots, is yellowish
grey, and the two transverse lines are yellow-
ish grey, edged with brownish. The two
stigmata are also edged with brownish, and
there is a shade beyond the reniform stigma.
In the position of the claviform stigma is an
oblique transverse black spot, with rusty mar-
gins. The yellowisli submarginal line has a few
brown dots, and the marginal line is also
yellow. The hind wings are whitish in the

male, with a grey hmule and hind margin and
a darker marginal line. In the female they
are dusted with grey. It is local in Central
Europe, except the North-West, in August and
September. The larva is light brown, with
dark brown dots on the back, and a pale
lateral stripe. It feeds on low plants.

Genus Polia, Treit.

Antennae with a tuft of hair at the base,
serrated and ciliated in the males. The eyes
are hairy. The thorax is quadrilateral, slightly
arched, and only slightly crested in front and
behind. The legs are unarmed. The proboscis
is spiral. The larvae are slender and cylindri-
cal, feed on low plants, and are fond of sitting
on rocks, etc.

P. polymita, Linn. Fore wings dark
olive-green, darkest in the central area. All
the markings are white, except the indistinct
claviform stigma. Both transverse lines are
edged with black, the posterior consisting of
sharply curved crescents. The stigmata are
edged with black, and have several dentations
representing a central shade. The submarginal
line is composed of sagittate streaks towards
the base. The suffused band is thickly dusted
with white. The marginal line is composed
of black crescent-shaped spots, edged with
white on the inner side. The fringes are di-
vided by white conical spots on the nervures,
and each of the black marginal crescents
has a white blotch adjoining it. Otherwise
the fringes are like the ground colour of the
wing. The hind wings are whitish, darker on
the nervures and towards the base, with a
blackish interrupted marginal line, having a
lighter band of spots in front of it. There is
also a central lunule, and the fringes are
white, spotted with darker. The head and
thorax are olive-green, the collar with a black
transverse stripe through the middle. The
tegulK in the middle and the dorsal crests
are white behind. The abdomen is ashy grey.
The antennae are obtusely serrated in the
male. It is found in Central Europe, except
the West, in Julv, but is not very common.
The larva is slender, rusty }-ellow, with three
fine white dorsal lines edged with darker, and
a dark reddish brown line on the sides above
the stigmata. The belly is pale 3-ellow. It

no

BRiriSII AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

feeds on groundsel, radish, etc., in Autumn
and Spring.

P. flavicincta, W. V. The Large Raium-
cuhis Moth. Fore wings pale grey, varied
with darker, and slightly suffused with yellow-
ish. There is a dark central shade, and a
series of black sagittate spots before the
marginal line. Hind wings dingy smoke-colour
in the male, darker in the female. It is found
in Central and South-Western Europe in August
and September. The larva is yellowish green,
with a yellow lateral line edged above with
black, and containing the pink spiracles. It
feeds on chickweed and other low plants.

P. xanthomista, Hiibn. The Black-ban-
ded Moth. Fore wings light bluish grey, with
ill-defined dark grey marbling. The central area
is the darkest. The submarginal line is more
' or less dusted with golden yellow, and so are
the transverse lines and stigmata. The black
marginal lunules are small, and the fringes
are spotted with lighter. The hind wings are
white in the male, slightly darker on the hind
margins ; dark brownish grey in the female,
with an indistinct central lunule, an interrupted
black marginal line, and white and grey
fringes. The head and thorax are bluish grey,
and the abdomen whitish. The antennae with
obtuse, pyramidal, ciliated serrations in the
male. It is found in Southern and part of
Central Europe in August and September, and
has been taken a few times in Britain. The
larva is smooth, yellowish green, with small
dark dots, and four pale warts on each segment.
The head is ochre-3'ello\v. It feeds on low
plants in April and May.

P. chi, Linn. The Grey Chi. Fore wings
light bluish grey, uniformly marbled with
brownish, with a sharp black longitudinal
streak between the tip of the black-margined
claviform stigma and the single black curve of
the posterior transverse line. The submarginal
line is somewhat dark. The fringes are grey,
chequered with brown, except on the nervures,
where they are intersected with white. The
hind wings are white, with dark nervures
and marginal line. They are darker in the
female. It is common throughout Europe in
May, June, August, and September. The larva
is slender, with two white dorsal lines and
dark green between them, and a white or

yellow line on the sides above the legs. The
head is grass-green and is flat. It feeds on
low plants in April and July.

Genus Dryobota, Led.

Thorax flattened, with an angular projection
and coarse setiform pubescence. The central
area of the fore wings is not darker than the
marginal area. The submarginal line forms an
obtuse indistinct W.

D. monochroma, Esp. Fore wings iron-
grey, with darker and lighter markings, and a
slight admixture of yellowish green, most
distinct on the inner side of the submarginal line.
In other respects it resembles the next spe-
cies. It is found in South-Central and Southern
Europe in August and September. The larva
is slender, light green, with a yellow lateral
stripe. It lives on oak in May and June.
The pupa is reddish brown, club-shaped, with
fine terminal points.

D. protea, \V. V. The Brindled Green.
Fore wings moss-green, marbled with reddish
brown or greyish brown, the costa being pretty
regularly spotted with darker. The claviform
stigma is large and is darkest, and there is
a paler shade extending in front of it as far
as the posterior transverse line, and extend-
ing to the costa in front of the orbicular
stigma. The submarginal line is bordered
with darker. Between the dark contiguous
spots of the marginal line is a row of paler
curved spots, intersected by the dark nervures.
The hind wings are brownish grey, darker
towards the hind margins, with a dark curved
line and central lunule, and a paler line in
front of the fringes. The head and thorax
are moss-green and the abdomen brownish

Efreen. It is common in Central and South-
er

Western Europe in August and September,
especially in woods. The larva is dirty grey,
with fine dark dots, and a yellow dorsal and
lateral line, the latter enclosing the black
spiracles, a yellow collar and light green head,
edged with white, and triangular black spots.
It feeds on oak in May and June.

Genus Dichonia, Hubn.

Closely allied to the last Genus, but the
front femora are thickened in a club-like
manner in both sexes, and have a groove on

BRITTSir AXD EUROPEAy BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

the outer side. The larvae have spots on the
back and hve on oak.

D. convergens, W. V. Fore wings violet-
grey, with a brown central area and a hook-
shaped black streak from the middle of the
base, and a whitish spot in front of this
reaching to the costa. It has a marginal line
and both the lighter transverse lines, of
which the anterior is hardly indented, and the
three stigmata, of which the claviform is large
and darker than the rest. The reniform stigma
is yellowish in the middle. Between the orbi-
cular stigma and the central shade, which
touches the claviform stigma, is a pale tri-
angle. In cell lb, near the hinder angle, there
is a rusty yellow blotch. The hind wings
are bluish grey, with a black marginal line,
and a lighter curved line and fringes. The
head and thorax are violet-grey, and the collar
and teguIzE are edged with black towards the
wings. It is found in Central Europe in
August and September. The larva is pale
yellow, dotted with white, with an interrupted
dorsal line edged with reddish brown, a yel-
lowish one beside it, and another above the
legs. There is a transverse row of dark red-
dish brown dots on the third and fourth seg-
ments, and from the fifth segment onwards
an irregular brown spot, indistinct in the
middle. The head is light brown. It feeds on
oak in May and June. The pupa is reddish
brown, with a terminal point.

D. aeruginea, Hiibn. Fore wings brownish
grey, with a slight violet lustre and golden
yellow markings. The stigmata and base are
varied with green. The large claviform stigma
is sharply bounded by black, and its tip
touches a sharp angle of the posterior trans-
verse line. In front of this line is a golden-
yellow blotch reaching to the golden-yellow
submarginal line. In front of the angle and of
the tip of the stigma is a pale spot. The
nervures are darker in the marginal area.
The hind wings are white, with dark nervures.
The marginal line and central lunules are
greyer in the female. The head and thorax
are brownish grey, the collar with a double
black margin, having a golden-yellow stripe in
front of it. The abdomen is pale ashy grey.
The moth is found in September in woods in
South-Central and Southern Europe. The

larva is whitish \ellow, varied with reddish
yellow dashes in front, and transversely dotted
with rusty brown. There is a white dorsal line
which bisects a series of lozenge-shaped red-
dish yellow spots on the fifth and following
segments. The spiracles are black, with white
rings and a few dots near them. The head
is brownish yellow. It feeds on oak in May.
D. aprilina, Linn. The Marvel du Jour.
PI. XXV. fig. 6. is common in Central Europe
in September and October, especially in oak
woods. The larva is dirty white, marked with
yellow and black, and with a white longitudinal
stripe above the legs. It lives in May and
June on oak, hiding between the ridges of the
bark during the daytime.

Genus Chariptera, Guen.

Wings shorter, wiJi broader hind margins
than in D. aprilina. Front and palpi with
depressed scales. The hair on the thorax
smooth, mixed with smooth scales. Fore wings
olive-brown, with pale green markings. The
larvae are stout in front, with four spines be-
hind. The only species is:

C. culta, W. V. PI. XXV. fig. 7. This
pretty moth is found in South-Central Europe
in June, but is a somewhat scarce insect.
The caterpillar is green or brown, with bluish
lozenge-shaped spots on the back and dark
spots on the sides. It feeds at night on sloe,
pear, etc., in August and September, and
hides under moss or lichens during the day.

Genus Miselia, Steph.

These moths are closely allied to the last
Genus. The fore wings are broader towards
the ends. The thorax is coarsely hairy flat-
tened, with an elevated border on the sides,
and an angular projection in front. In the male
of oxyacantha the antennae are short and stout,
with thickly ciliated serrations. The larvae
resemble those of Chariptera.

M. bimaculosa, Linn. Fore wings ashy
grey and brown, with dentated hind margins.
The two transverse lines are deeply zigzag,
edged with darker on the sides, and there are
three large stigmata. The orbicular stigma
is broad, and the reniform white, the two
being connected by a black streak. The sub-
marginal line is indistinct, but forms a black

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD .\rnTHS.

streak towards the base in cell 7 and towards
the hind margin in cell 3. There are small
dark triangles in front of the grey fringes,
which are narrowly white on the nervures.
The hind wings are ashy grey, with a large
dark lunule, dark spots near the anal angle,
a faint curved line across the middle, and a
dark marginal line. The head, thorax, and
abdomen are ashy grey. The moth is found
in Central Europe in August and September.
The larva is brown, darker on the first three
segments, with white hairy spots, a pale
curved line above the legs, and two humps
on the last segments.

M. oxyacanthae, Linn. The Green-
brindled Crescent. PI. XXV. fig. S. is widely
distributed and common in Central Europe,
appearing in September and October. A
var. capucina, Mill, with brown fore wings,
is occasionallv met with in England. The
larva is very variable. It ma}' be white and
brown or black and brown, with a lighter
dorsal line, oblique blackish streaks on the
sides, hairy warts, blackish red spots on the
bellj', and two pairs of humps on the last
segment. It feeds on whitethorn, sloe, and
fruit trees in May and June. The pupa is
stout, brownish yellow, with a dense cocoon.

Genus Valeria, Germ.

This Genus is closely allied to the two last,
but is distinguished from both by the BO^I-
BYX-like coarse woolly hair on the back, pectus,
front, palpi, and legs. The larvae are slender,
with scattered hairy warts and two obtuse
points on the last two segments. They live
on sloe, etc., hiding during the day.

V. oleagina, W. V. The Green-brindled
Dot. Fore wings bright metallic olive-brown,
varied with deep moss-green on the nervures
and in the marginal area, with the transverse
lines slightly indicated in black, the posterior
being very strongly curved. There is a black
central shade, a round orbicular stigma, nar-
rowly edged with white, a nearly oval shining
white reniform stigma, and an indistinct black
submarginal line, in places white, which forms on
the inner half of the wings large white curves.
The fringes are strongly curved, with black
lunules in front of them. The hind wings
are whitish, with a dark .dotted curved line,

and a dark marginal line, with a darker band
between. There are lighter dots on the
nervures, and the fringes are dark. The head
and thorax are thickly woolly. The abdomen
is ashy grey, with black tufts. The antennae
are strongly serrated in the male, slightly in
the female. It is found in Central Europe
and has been taken a few times in Wales.
The larva is brown, with black warts, each
with a whitish hair. There is an interrupted
black dorsal line, an orange collar, a black
spot on the fourth and fifth segments, white
beneath, and two pairs of obtuse humps on
the last two segments. The head is flattened,
dark blue, with yellowish hairs. It lives in
May and June on sloe. The pupa is brownish
yellow and stout, and is enclosed in a cocoon
of leaves, earth, and silk.

V, jaspidea, Vill. Resembles the last
species, but is distinguished as follows : — The
reniform stigma is more quadrangular, white,
with a brownish centre, which is intersected
by a white longitudinal band. The hind
wings are reddish white, with broad dark
hind margins. The antennae are dentated in
the male, filiform in the female. The moth
is local in France and Thuringia, appearing
in March and April. The larva is brown, with
small black warts on each segment, each set
with fine black hair. The head is dark brown,
with a reddish collar. It feeds on sloe in
!May and June.

Genus Apamea, Treit.

Antennae slightl)' ciliated in the males,
setiform in the females. The palpi project
straight forward to a slight extent, and only
a little beyond the front. The thorax is den-
sely woolly, arched, and quadrilateral, with
slight indications of a front and hind tuft.
The abdomen is not tufted, and is somewhat
slender in the male, stout in the female. The
fore wings are slightly broader externally,
and the hind wings rounded, with broad slightly
waved fringes. The larvae are stout and cy-
lindrical, and live on grass.

A. testacea, W. V. The Flounced Rustic.
Fore wings yellowish grey, with somewhat
lighter markings. The two transverse lines
are darklv margined on the opposed sides.
The three stigmata, of which the claviform is

PLATE XIV.

I. Sphinx ligustri, Larva, la. Pupa. 2. Sphinx pinastri, 2a. Larva. 3. Deilephila euphorbiae,
3a. Larva. 4. Deilephila galii, 4a. Larva, 4b. Pupa. 5. Deilephila livomica.

British and European Butterflies and Moths.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

the least distinct, are slightly bordered with
darker. The marginal area is darker behintl
the submarginal line. The margnial line is
interrupted, and the fringes are intersected
with lighter on the nervures. The hind wings
are dirty white, with a dark central lunule
and an interrupted marginal line. The head
and thorax are yellowish grey and the abdomen
lighter. The antennae are serrated and pubes-
cent in the male. It is common throughout
Central Europe in Autumn. The caterpillar
is short and stout, bright flesh-coloured, with
a large yellowish brown head, a cervical plate
of the same colour, edged with darker, and
a few shining plates on the posterior segments.
It lives on young shoots and the roots of
grasses in May. The pupa is smooth and
shining light brown, and rests on the ground
without a cocoon.

A. dumenlii, Dup. Dumeril's Apamea.
Fore wings yellowish brown, with a darker
central and narrow marginal band. The stig-
mata are very distinct and pale yellow, the
orbicular being oval and oblique. The sub-
marginal line is also pale yellow. The transverse
lines are brownish, edged with pale yellow ex-
ternally. It is found in Western and South-
Eastern Europe, but is rare, and only two
captures in PJritain have been recorded, both
in the Isle of Portland.

Genus Aplecta, Boisd.

These moths have stout wings, a broad
thorax and a comparatively slender abdomen,
except in prasina. The head and thorax are
thickly covered with hair, and there are more
or less distinct tufts on the thorax. The
antennae are pubescent in the males. The fore
wings are oblong and rather pointed at the
tips, with oblique hind margins and waved
fringes. The NOCTUA-pattern is well-marked,
with two transverse lines and large stigmata.
The submarginal line is zigzag or straight,
with dark sagittate spots, especially in cells ib,
4 and 5. The hind wings are large.

A. prasina, W. V. The Green Arches.
PI. XXIV. fig. II. occurs in June and July,
and is widely distributed in Central Europe.
The larva is light grey with three light dorsal
lines, with large confluent dark brown spots
between. It hibernates and lives on low plants,

such as primroses, nettle, etc., in April and
May.

A. occulta, Linn. The Great Brocade.
PI. XXIV. fig. 12. is a common species, which
is also widely distributed in Europe, appearing
from June to August. The larva is dark brown
above, with a whitish median line and a yel-
lowish longitudinal stripe, on which are elong-
ated velvety black spots, the last of which is
the broadest. On the sides there is a pale
yellow longitudinal stripe spotted with deeper
yellow. It feeds from Autumn till May on
low plants, especially bilberry.

A. sincera, Herr-Schaff'. Fore wings grey,
hind wings whitish. The fore wings have a
waved marginal line, bordered with darker,
and large stigmata. On the hind margins is
a row of black sagittate spots. It is a rare
species, occurring in mountainous districts in
Germany and Switzerland, and appears in

J»iy-

Genus Luperina, Boisd.

This genus is closely allied to Apamia.
The species have, however, a long stout
proboscis, and the abdomen in the females is
only slightly stouter than in the males. These
moths remain hidden in bushes during the
day, with their wings sloping obliquely. They
are most common in the South of Europe. The
larvae are little known, and also hide them-
selves by day.

L. haworthii, Curt. Haworth's Minor.
Fore wings short and broad, with the hind
margins straight as far as the median nervure,
dark brown, whitish towards the hind margins.
Nervures i, 3, and 4 in the central area and
the markings, except the claviform stigma, are
whitish. The two transverse lines are finely
edged with black on the sides, the posterior
being indistinct from the fourth nervure. The
two stigmata are white with a darker centre
the orbicular being small and round; from
the posterior inner edge of the claviform
stigma, a white forked nervure is continued
into the marginal area. The submarginal line
is somewhat faint, darkly spotted towards the
base, and with a white spot near the tip.
The marginal line is composed of black lunules.
The fringes are darker in their basal half,
and intersected by white nervures. The hind

114

BRITISH AND EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

wings are brownish grey, lighter near the
base, with a central lunule, yellowish marginal
line, and slightly tufted on the anterior half.
The abdomen is brownish grey. The moth
is found flying over peaty heaths in Northern
and some parts of Central Europe. The larva
is brown with darker lateral stripes and black
warts, each with a single hair. It feeds on
cotton-grass (Eriophontm).

L. matura, Hufn. The Straw Underwing.
Fore wings reddish brown, with distinct lighter
markings, of which the submarginal line and
the posterior transverse line are the whitest.
These, as well as the anterior transverse line,
bordered with black. The two stigmata are
ringed with white, the claviform being long
and narrow, and surrounded with darker.
The marginal area has black streaks between
the whitish nervures. The marginal line is
composed of black lunules. The hind wings
are yellowish, with a black marginal band and
somewhat darkly spotted fringes. The head
and thorax are brown and the abdomen yel-
lowish grey. The antennae have pyramidal
serrations in the male. It is common in Central
Europe in July and August. The larva is grey-
ish brown or greyish yellow, with alternating
fine pale and dark longitudinal lines, and a
dark and a white line on the sides. It lives on
grasses from the Autumn till the Spring, and
remains two or three months in a cocoon in the
ground before it passes into the pupa state.

L. virens, Linn. Fore wings light green,
the costal nervure, anterior half of the fringes,
inner margin, lower half of the base, the
crescent-shaped reniform stigma, and the widely
separated orbicular (when present) are all
white. The hind wings are white, suffused
with greyish. The head and collar are light
green; the abdomen white, greenish behind.
In the variety immaculata, Staiid. the white
stigma is wanting. The moth appears in July
and August, and is common in many parts of
Central Europe, especially on thistle-heads.
The larva is dull dirt\' green, without markings,
and with a black head. It feeds in the Autumn
and in the Spring till May on low jilants,
hiding under stones during the day.

Genus Hadena, Treit.
Fore wings rather broader externalh-, with

rectangular, acute or blunt tips. Hind wings
rounded, fringes waved. The thorax is coarsely
hairy and arched, with a divided anterior and
posterior crest. The abdomen, which is clothed
with erect hairs, is not stout in the females,
and is tufted on the back and sides. The
proboscis is stout. The eyes are not ciliated,
and the legs are strong and not spined. The
front, palpi, and markmgs are as in Mamestra,
except that the \V of the submarginal line is
not so well defined. The following sections
depend on the shape of the antennae in the
males and of the anal fold.

A. Anal fold slender and uniformly broad : in-
curved at the end. The antennir of the males with
pyramidal serrations and tufts of cilia. The fore
li'ings pointed (porphyrea funerea). Fore wings
rounded at the tips (adusta).

B. Anal fold expanded, the expansions being
either triangular or more or less rounded. The an-
tenna with pyramidal serrations (ochroleuca) or
setiform with short and tufted ciliations.

C. Anal fold with rounded expansion, and a
sharp spine on the inner side.

H. satura, \V. V. The Beautiful Brocade.
Fore wings brown, varied with deep cherry-
red. The marginal area and the reniform stig-
ma are the lightest. The two transverse lines
are closely approximated in cell 2, and the
central area is here broadly black, with a second
black streak on the inner margin towards
the base. The submarginal line has several
dark spots, especially towards the hind margin.
The hind wings are greyish brown, darker
towards the hind margin, with yellowish fringes,
spotted with darker. The head and thorax
;ue brown, the front of the collar being lighter
and the abdomen greyish brown. It is found
in Central and Northern Europe in June and
July, but has only been taken a few times in
Britain. The larva is reddish brown, finelv
marbled with black, with three light dorsal
lines, between which are two white spots on
each segment, and flesh-coloured insertions.
It lives in Ma}- and June on Lonicera and other
low plants growing in ilark places in woods.

H. funerea, \-. Ilein. is \cry like the dark
specimens of rurea. It is dark reddish brown,
blackish behind, the submarginal line with fine
black markings. The reniform stigma is spotted
with yellow towards the hind margins. There

BRITISH AXn EUROPEA.V BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

are white dots in cell 4 and near the costa,
and the subniarginal Hne is indistinctly zigzag.
It occurs in tlie neighbourhood of Hanover in
June, but is scarce. The larva resembles
that of rurca and feeds on grasses.

H. adusta, Esp. The Dark Brocade.
Fore wings brown, varied with rusty or cop-
pery brown. The claviforni stigma and its
streak are prominent, especially in the lighter
specimens. Tlie streak from the middle of
the base is often indistinct. The reniform
stigma has some pale spots on the basal side,
or more frequently dentated. The nervures
in the suffused band have generally a light
dot. The hind wings are whitish, suffused
with yellowish brown, especially towards the
base, and with a darker curved line at least
in the male. The moth is widely distributed
in Europe in May. The larva is dirty green
or brownish, with oblique greenish streaks,
often so closely placed as to form a stripe
above the legs. The head is brown. It feeds
on heath, golden rod, ragwort (Scnecio), etc.,
and hibernates in the larval state in a web.

H. ochroleuca, W. V. The Dusky Sallow,
has pale yellow fore wings varied with brown
and white, with a white half line, spotted
with brown. The two transverse lines are
white through the middle, and merge into one
another in cell ib. The orbicular stigma is
indistinct on a dark ground, and the reniform
is more distinct, whitish with a brownish
centre. The submarginal line is white, there is
a dark longitudinal streak in cell 4, passing
through the brown suffused band and brown
lunules between the nervures, in front of the
white and brown chequered fringes. The hind
wings are yellowish brown, darker towards
the base with a lighter curved line and brown
blotches here and there on the white fringes.
The head and thorax are pale yellow, and the
abdomen yellowish white with dark-pointed
tufts of hair on the back of the anterior seg-
ments. The antennas are light brown with
the pyramidal serrations pubescent. The moth
is widely distributed in Central Europe, but
is local. It is on the wing in July and August,
and is fond of sitting on the flowers of thistles.
The caterpillar is slender, yellowish green in
colour, with a few yellow dots and hairs, and
a lateral stripe composed of dark brown dots

divided by a yellow longitudinal line. The
head is light brown. It feeds on rye and wheat,
especially on the ears in May and June. The
pupa is small and dark brown.

H. platinea, Treit. Fore wings light
ash}' grey, with a bluish-grey shine; almost
uniform. The markings are very indefinite
yet distinguishable. The place of the orbi-
cular and reniform stigmata and the space
between the transverse lines is lighter. The
submarginal line is rather darkly shaded on
the basal side, especially in front. The mar-
ginal line is dotted with black and the fringes
have a fine double band. The hind wings are
brownish grey, lighter towards the base, with
a brown interrupted marginal line, a few
light spots in front of it, and pale yellowish
fringes. This is a rare species, found in South
Eastern Germany, Ratisbon, and near Vienna.
The larva is said to live on Hippor/epis comosa.

H. exulis, Lef. The Northern Arches,
is very variable. Fore wings dark reddish
brown, almost black, with the lines and stig-
mata paler, the posterior half of the reniform
stigma being conspicuously pale. There is a
row of whitish dots beyond the marginal line.
Hind wings grey, with reddish ochreous fringes.
It is found in Iceland and occasionally in
Scotland in July.

H. gemmea, Treit. Fore wings olive-
brown varied with violet, especially on the
nervures and towards the hind margins, with
the costa black, spotted with white as far as
the reniform stigma. There is a white double
half line edged with black, an anterior trans-
verse line, heavily bordered with black on the
outer side, and a posterior transverse line of
black crescent-shaped spots, suffused with
white towards the inner margin. The central
shade is black and deeply dentated, and the
obtuse claviform stigma is surrounded with
black. The two other stigmata are snow-white
with a dark centre. The submarginal line
is violet, edged with black sagittate markings
on the basal side, and there are similar spots
near the curved, black marginal line; the
fringes are narrowly intersected with white
on the nervures. The hind wings are light
grey, with the dots, crescents and broad
marginal bands darker. There is a black
marginal line, with a few light spots in front

ii6

DRITlSir AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

of it, and wliitc fringes. The head and collar
are whitish with black transverse lines, the
rest of the thorax being olive-brown slightly
varied with black and white. The abdomen
is light grey, darker on the back. It is found
in some parts of Northern Europe and the
Alps in August, but is scarce. The mature
larva is bright bluish or greenish grey, with
small black warts, each bearing a single short
light-coloured hair. Of these, those on the
fourth and fifth segments form a curve. It
feeds on Alopecunts. When quite young the
little caterpillars make tubular passages of
grass-stems and dung.

H. rubirena, Treit. Fore wings blackish
brown, all three transverse lines and the submar-
ginal line, as well as the central area, suffused
with reddish. The reniform stigma is yellow,
reddish towards the base like the orbicular.
The fringes are black, intersected with red on
the nervures. The hind wings are dark grey.
The head and thorax are black with a reddish
tuft. The abdomen is blackish brown, with
dark tufts of hair. It is found in July and
August in the mountains of South Central
Europe. The variety hercyniae, Staud. is
smaller, with l)lack fore wings slightly varied
with reddish, and a white submarginal line.
It is found in the Harz and in Wiirtemberg.

H. furva, W. \'. The Confused Moth.
Fore wings walnut-brown, marbled with grey
and white, with indistinct markings. The two
transverse lines are reddish brown, irregularly
bordered with black on both sides. The
orbicular and claviform stigmata are dark and
are edged with black. The reniform is white
centred with brown, especially near the tips
of the wings. The yellowish zigzag submar-
ginal line is composed of large dark spots,
suffused with lighter towards the hind margins.
The nervures are dotted with white. The
marginal line is black, and there are black
triangles between the nervures. The fringes
are pale banded with darker, and are slightly
intersected with yellowish on the nervures.
The hind wings are brownish grey, darker
towards the hind margins, with a light blotch
near the anal angle, a central lunule, darker
hind margins and yellowish fringes. The an-
tenna; are slightly serrated in the male. On
the under side of all the wings is a double

curved line. It is local in Central Europe in
July and August. The larva is violet-brown
with small black warts. The head, cervical
and anal plates are dark brown. It lives on
grasses in June.

H. abjecta, Hiibn. The Crescent-striped
Moth. Fore wings greyish brown, the central
area being darkest and the suffused band
lightest. The markings are indefinite, but the
reniform stigma has a whitish shine towards
the hind margin, and the fine light submarginal
line, as well as the white dots on the nervures
in the marginal area, are the most distinct.
The marginal line is pale with black lunules.
The fringes are pale streaked with darker.
The hind wings are brownish grey, lighter
towards the base, with yellowish white fringes.
The head and thorax are dark grey marbled
with yellow. It is widely distributed in Cen-
tral Europe in July, but is somewhat rare and
local. The larva feeds on the roots of grasses
in May and June.

H. lateritia, Hufn. Fore wings yellowish
or brownish red, generally with indistinct
markings. The two transverse lines are deeply
zigzag, and bordered with blackish, the pos-
terior with whitish dots in the dark tips.
The reniform stigma is white posteriorly, and
darker at the inner angle. The submarginal
line is spotted with lighter and is darker on
the basal side. The marginal line is slightly
spotted with black between the nervures.
The fringes are light, chequered with darker.
The hind wings are yellowish grey, darker to-
wards the hind margins and on the nervures,
with a central lunule and marginal line. It
is common in most parts of Central and
Northern Europe in July and August. The
larva is thick and cylindrical, dark greyish
brown with a lighter head, and the cervical
plate, which is rounded posteriorly, and the
anal fold brighter. It has three pale lines on
the back, with several black dots on each
segment, which are very numerous on the first
three segments. The spiracles are brownish.
It feeds at the roots of grasses in May, hiding
under stones during the daytime.

H. monoglypha, Hufn. The Dark Arches.
PI. XX\'. fig. g. is very common and wideh'
distributed in Europe in Jul\- and August.
Tlie larva is bright iirownish grey, stout and

BRITISH AXD FAJROPEAN BUTTERl-LIES AXD iMOTIIS.

cslindrical, with dark warts ami a dark head
and cervical and anal plates. It li\es till May
on the roots of grasses.

H. lithoxylea, W. V. The Light Arches.
Fore wings pale ochre-yellow, rusty brown in
the centre, in the central shade and behind
the submarginal line. All the usual markings
are present but very indistinct ; the most
distinct, however, is the posterior transverse
line, which is composed of dark curved lines
and is sharply pointed posteriorly on the ner-
vures. The marginal line forms a \\', and
in front of, and behind it is a large rusty
brown spot towards the hind margins. The
fringes have a rust}' brown spot between each
pair of nervures. The hind wings are greyish
ochreous with dark nervures, central lunule
curved line and marginal line; and between
these two last is a shade. The head and
thorax are ochre-yellow. It is common in
Central Europe in July and August. The larva
is bluish gre)', with a black head and cervical
plate. It lives in Autumn and Spring on the
roots of grasses.

H. sublustris, Esp. The Reddish Light
Arches is very like the last species but smaller.
The fore wings are yellowish varied with
rusty red, and the hind wings yellowish white
with a dark shade in front of the hind margin.
It is found in Central Europe, but is not so
common as the last species; it agrees with it,
however, in its habits and time of appearance.
By some Entomologists it is regarded as only
a variety of lithoxylea.

H. sordida, Borkh. The Large Nutmeg
^loth. Fore wings bright grey, shading into
flesh-colour, with brownish grey markings,
especially in the central area. The transverse
lines are more or less distinct, the anterior
being zigzag; the central shade is similar.
The three stigmata are slightly surrounded
with darker; the reniform has two white dots
or is white towards the hind margin. The
nervures behind the posterior transverse line
are darker with a faint row of lighter spots.
The submarginal line in front of and behind the
W is marked with dark spots on both sides.
The marginal line is composed of black cres-
cents, and there is a similar row on the fringes,
which are intersected by the light nervures. The
hind wings are brownish white, darker on the

nervures, the central lunule and the banded
hind margins, with a lighter streak near the
anal angle in front of the marginal line. The
head and thorax are grey, the collar with a
black transverse line through the middle, and
the abdomen somewhat lighter. The antenna;
are ciliated in the male. The moth is common
in Central Europe in June and July. The cater-
pillar tapers at both ends, and is light brown
with a faint darker dorsal and lateral line.
Between these on each segment are several
black dots, and below the last are some oblique
black streaks, pointing backwards. The head,
cervical plate and anal fold are dark brown. It
feeds on the roots of grasses in March and April.

H. basilinea, W. V. The Rustic Shoulder-
knot. Fore wings pale brown, sometimes
slightly suffused with grey, more rusty brown
on the costa, with a black streak from the
middle of the base. The two transverse lines
are darklj' bordered on both sides; there is a
rusty brown zigzag central shade, and a similar
submarginal line, lighter on the outer side. The
three stigmata, of which the orbicular and
reniform are large, and the latter pale, are
ringed with white. The hinder angle is black-
ish and is intersected by white nervures. The
marginal line is composed of black lunules
between the nervures. The fringes are banded
with darker. The hind wings are shining
yellowish brown, darker towards the hind
margins and on the nervures, with a central
lunule and a dark band through the fringes,
which are yellowish. The head and thorax
are brown, and the abdomen yellowish brown,
with dark tufts of hair on the back and a
large anal tuft in the male. It appears in
May and June and is common in Central and
Northern Europe. The larva is cylindrical,
somewhat more pointed behind, greyish brown
with three yellowish white dorsal lines reach-
ing over the shining cervical plate, of which
the central one is sharply edged with darker,
and the outer ones paler. On the sides is a
pale yellow stripe, edged above with darker,
which encloses the black spiracles. The head
is light brown, the cervical and anal plates
with single brown hairs. It hibernates, and is
found in Spring on grass {Elymus), etc.

H. rurea, Fabr. The Cloud -bordered
Brindle. Fore wings wainscot-brown or light

]i8

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

walnut-brown varied with darker and lighter,
with a dark blotch at the base of the inner
margin and at the hinder angle in cells ib, 4
and 5, beyond the submarginal line; or brown-
ish grey, light grey near the inner margin,
and reddish brown on the three dark spaces
mentioned, and between the stigmata. The
marginal line is composed of dark crescents.
The fringes are pale at the base and on the
nervures and are strongly undulating. The
hind wings have the nervures and central
lunule greyish brown, darker towards the hind
margins, with yellowish white fringes, incom-
pletely banded with darker in the middle.
The head and thorax are light brown, and the
abdomen greyish brown witli a few dark dorsal
tufts. The variety alopecurus, Esp. has
.dark reddish brown or blackish-brown fore
wings, on which only the two yellowish-bordered
stigmata are recognisable. The moth is com-
mon in Northern and Central Europe in June
and July. The larva is smooth, shining
brownish red, with a brown dorsal stripe bi-
sected by a clear white line, a brownish lateral
stripe, edged above with reddish, a pale reddish
one above the legs, and two pairs of pale
shining warts on the dorsum of each segment.
The spiracles are white edged with black, and
the head and thorax shining dark brown. It
hibernates and feeds in Spring on grasses.

H. scolopacina, Esp. The Slender Clouded
Brindle. Fore wings brownish yellow, darkest
on the costa as far as the reniform stigma
and towards the hind margins. Both trans-
verse lines are fine and black, especially the
posterior, which is deeply dentated. There
is a small black longitudinal spot on the inner
margin near the base, and the central shade
is especialh' distinct in front. The orbicular
stigma is small, and indicated by a small
white spot, and the reniform is white. Tlie
submarginal line is suffused with rusty red for
its whole length on the basal side, darker
towards the hind margins, here and there
intersected by the still darker nervures. The
fringes are darkest in their basal half, finely
yellow at their base and intersected by yellow
nervines. The hind wings are brownish grey
with a faint central lunule, an interrujittd
darker marginal line and yellow fringes, wliitish
in the anterior half. The thorax is l)rownish

yellow, and the abdomen has several dark
dorsal tufts. The moth is found in Central
Europe in July and August, but is not common.
Tlie larva is slaty-grey with three white dorsal
and two pale yellow lateral lines. The belly
is dirtv vellow, and the head brownish yellow
with darker markings. It feeds on grasses in
!Mav and June.

H. hepatica, Hiibn. The Clouded Brindle.
Fore wings yellowish brown with dark brown
markings. The two transverse lines are double
but incomplete ; from the middle of the base
and on the inner margin is a short thick black
longitudinal mark. The claviform and elong-
ated orbicular stigma are edged with black,
the reniform is only bordered on the inner
side by a black vertical streak. At the hinder
angle is a dark blotch divided by the yellow-
ish marginal line, which is darkly spotted on
both sides on nervure 5. The dark fringes
are spotted with yellow at their base and on
the ends of the nervures. The hind wings
are yellowish brown, darker towards the hind
margins, with a central lunule, a faint pale
curved line and a few yellowish spots in front
of the marginal line. The fringes are yellow-
ish, banded with darker through the middle.
The head and thorax are yellowish brown
with black-margined tegulae and collar. The
abdomen is yellowish brown, with a few dark
dorsal tufts. It is found in Central Eurojie
in June and July. The larva is dark brown,
witJi light reddish sides. It li\es in August
and September in the rolled -up leaves of
Braclivpodiuin silvaticunt.

H. gemina, Iliibn. The Dusky Brocade
is very variable. In the type, the ground
colour is light yellowish brown or reddish
brown, with the suffused band and the inner
margin of the central area as far as the cla\ i-
form stigma, lighter. The variety remissa,
Treit. is brighter coloured and browner, witli
black streaks from the base and tip of th<.'
claviform stigma. The moth is common in
Central Europe from May to July. The larva
jiibernates and lives in Spring on the young
shoots of various grasses.

H. unanimus, Hiibn. The Small Clouded
ISrindle. is very like the last species, but is
iHstinguished by the sharp white edge of the
reniform stigma on the outer side; and the

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

119

sharply defined large central lunule of the
hind wings, which is particularly distinct on the
under side. It is widelj' distributed in Central
Europe from May to Jul}', but is scarce. The
larva is reddish grey, with two black dots on
each segment between the white dorsal and
lateral line. It hibernates, and lives in Spring
on Phalaris arundinacea and other grasses.

H. didyma, Esp. The Common Rustic,
varies from rusty brown to dark brown. The
central area is darkest, and the whole of the
inner margin of the wings is often lighter
than the rest. The two transverse lines are
black, and the three stigmata are surrounded
with black, the reniform being white. The
variety leucostigma, Esp. has the orbicular
stigma dark, and the claviform stigma distinct
and obtuse. The submarginal line is somewhat
lighter than the ground colour, slightly zigzag,
with a lateral curve from nervures 2 to 5.
The marginal line is formed of a string of
black crescent-shaped spots. The fringes are
banded with darker, and hairy at the tips.
Tlie hind wings are light or dark grey with
yellowish fringes, banded with darker. The
head and thorax are coloured like the fore
wings, and the abdomen has dark tufts of
hair on the back. The antennje are setiform.
It is ver}' common in Central and Northern
Europe in July and August. The larva is
green, with a rose-coloured dorsal stripe and
yellowish lateral line. It feeds at the roots
of grasses till Ma\'.

H. connexa, Borkh. The Union Rustic.
Fore wings ashy grey, somewhat brownish in
the basal and marginal area, with the central
area from the inner margin to the deep
black claviform stigma blackish. The two
transverse lines are closely approximated be-
hind the stigmata. The hind wings are dark
ashy grey with yellowish fringes. The head
and thorax are coloured like the fore wings,
and the collar and tegulae are edged with dark
brown. The abdomen is grey. The moth is
found in the Northern parts of Central Europe,
but is not common. It appears in June and
July. The caterpillar is blackish, lighter above
with a light dorsal line. It hibernates, and
lives till April on grasses.

H. ophiogramma, Esp. The Double-lobed
Moth. Fore wings yellowish brown in the

marginal area, walnut-brown in the central
area from the deep black claviform stigma
forwards, and on the costa as far as the base;
the rest of the wings is yellowish grey divided
by a white line. The transverse lines are
distinct. The orbicular stigma is edged with
lighter and the reniform is yellow towards the
hind margin. The indistinct submarginal line
is edged with rusty brown towards the base,
and has an oblique grey spot towards the
hind margins in cell ib, and 4 to 6. The
marginal line is present as a black curve.
The hind wings are yellowish grey, somewhat
darker towards the hind margins with a central
lunule. The head and thorax are yellowish
grey with a dark hind margin to the collar.
The abdomen is yellowish grey with tufts of
hair on the back. The antennas are finely
serrated in the male. It appears in June and
July, and is common in Central Europe. The
larva is dirty flesh-coloured, with four small
punctiform warts on each segment. It feeds
on the stems of Iris and Glycerin, etc., till May.

H. literosa. Haw. The Rosy Minor. Fore
wings reddish grey, with dark transverse lines
and brown stigmata. The hind wings are
brownish grey with yellowish fringes. This
small moth appears from June to August, and
is common in most parts of Central Europe,
though rare in France. The larva is yellow
or greenish yellow, with a broad reddish double
dorsal line or grey dorsal and lateral lines.
It lives at first on the root, afterwards on the
shoots of Elvinns arenarius.

H. strigilis, Linn.. The Marbled Minor,
varies considerably in colour and markings.
The fore wings are black with a broad white
marginal band. The variety latruncula,
Htibn. is lighter, generally reddish, with the
markings as far as the black-margined stig-
mata quite distinct. The variety aethiops,
Haw. has the fore wings black, with a rusty
red lustre in the basal and marginal areas as
far as the suffused line. The head and thorax
are black, and the abdomen greyish brown.
The antennae are finely serrated in the male.
It is common in Central and Northern Europe
in July and August. The larva is brownish
yellow with whitish longitudinal lines. The
head and cervical plate are dark yellow. It
lives on grasses in May.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

H. fasciuncula, Haw. The Middle-barred
Minor, is somewhat smaller than the last
species. The fore wings are violet-grey, varied
with rosy red. The basal half of the wings
is rather darker, and in the very narrow
central area there is often a black longitudinal
streak in cell lb. The two stigmata are
thickly edged with l)lack on their opposed
sides. The submarginal line is bright rusty red
towards the base. It appears in July in
Western Europe, and is fond of flying about
flowers in the sunshine.

H. furuncula, \V. V. The Cloaked Minor.
is very variable. It is rusty grey almost without
markings, or greyish brown with the basal
half of the fore wings dark brown, the orbi-
cular stigma dark or light and the submarginal
line rusty red towards the base. The space
between the hind margin and the submarginal
line is darker, and the posterior light trans-
verse line runs straight to below the reniforui
stigma, where it turns off nearly at a right
angle towards the hind margin. It is found
throughout Europe in June and July, and is
common in Britain. The larva is pale }'ellow,
reddish on the back. It hibernates, and lives
on grasses till May.

Genus Dipterygia, Steph.

These moths are closely allied to the division
C of the last genus, and are only distinguished
bj' the following characters. The hinder tuft
has a bushy projection in front, the antennae
are very shortly ciliated in the males, and
the front and palpi are woolly. The onlv
species is: —

D. pinastri, Linn. The Bird's-wing Moth.
Fore wings deep blackish-brown, with a fine
black longitudinal streak and two transverse
lines, and the three stigmata similarly enclosed.
The anterior transverse line forms four equal
dentations, and the posterior line makes strong
curves. The claviform stigma is particularl}'
long and narrow. Part of the marginal area
and the outer part of the inner margin, with
a light brown patch in the form of a wing;
within this the ncrvures i, 2, 3 and 6 are
edged on both sides with white. There are
black streaks in cells 3 to 7, and the submar-
ginal line is absent. The dark brown fringes are
intersected by light brown nervures, but not

as far as the apex. The hind wings are grey-
ish brown, darker towards the hind margins
and on the nervures, with a faint central
lunule and light brown fringes, darker between
the nervures. The head, collar, and tegulae
are dark brown. The moth is found in Central
and Northern Europe in May and June, but
is not generally common. The larva is light
brown with a lighter dorsal and lateral line,
the latter surmounted by a dark brown longi-
tudinal stripe, and brown oblique streaks which
unite at an angle on the back of each segment.
It lives in July and August on sorrel and
other low plants.

Genus Hyppa, Dup.

The antennae are short, thick, and ciliated
in the males, and the cilia become longer to-
wards the end. The collar is higher than the
thorax, and arched, but not indented or hood-
like. The thorax has small tufts in front. The
fringes are entire, not waved. On the third
segment of the abdomen is a very strong erect
tuft, and on the succeeding segments smaller
tufts. The only species is: —

H. rectilinea, Esp. The Saxon. Fore
wings bluish-grey, the inner half as far as
the apex walnut-brown. The two transverse
Imes are bordered with deep black on their
opposed sides. The anterior forms two large
dentations towards the inner margin, into
which runs a deep black streak from the base.
A similar streak runs from the anterior den-
tation to the oblique uninterrupted posterior
transverse line, which is only continued in
front from the median nervure by a white
streak. The submarginal line also disappears
about this point, being replaced by a number
of black streaks on a walnut-brown ground.
The corner of the wing bomided by these two
lines is bluish grey with an oval brown spot,
intersected with white at the hinder angle.
The hind wings are greyish brown, darker
towards the hind margin, with a faint curved
line and central lunule and white fringes, in-
completely banded in the middle. The head
and collar are reddish white, both transversely
streaked with black through the middle. The
back of the thorax is bluish grey and more
than half of the outer part of the tegulae is
dark brown. The abdomen is greyish brown

PLy\TE XV.

I. Choerocampa celerio. 2. Chcerocampa elpenor, 2a. Larva. 3. Chnerocampa porcellus.
4. Choerocampa nerii. 5. Smerinthus ocellatus, 5a. Larva, 5b, Pupa. 6. Smcrinthus populi, 6a. Pupa.

British and European Butterflies and Moths.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

^^ith strong dark tufts of hair. It is found in
June and July in Central and Northern Europe
except Belgium and the Netherlands. The larva
is yellowish brown, with a dark dorsal stripe
bisected by a pale line, and a less distinct
lateral line. On each segment there are dark
oblique lines. The spiracles are white, and
there are two yellow spots on the sides of
the last segment but one. The head is dark
brown. It lives on bramble, bilberry, Loniccra,
etc., in the Summer and Autumn.

Genus Rhizogramma, Led.

Antennas setiform, with short bushy cilia
in the males. Thorax quadrate, with smooth
sessile hair and a divided anterior and posterior
crest. The collar is very broad, excavated,
sharply ridged in the middle and forming a
long projecting point which extends almost
to the antennas. The legs are covered with
fine smooth hair. Tke terminal segment is
excavated beneath and is produced into a
sharp angle on the upper side. The only
species is: —

R. detersa, Esp. Fore wings light or
dark ashy grey varied with brownish. The
transverse lines are slightly developed, with
a long black streak extending from the middle
to the elongated orbicular stigma. This and
the reniform stigma are indistinct and are
connected towards the inner margin of the
wings by a black line which is broader behind.
Near the hinder angle is a dark dash, and
from this several other fine dark streaks extend
obliquely to the apex. The fringes are whit-
ish at the base and at the ends of the ner-
vures; otherwise they are chequered with light
and dark brownish gre}'. The hind wings are
whitish and are varied with brownish grey
towards the hind margins and on the nervures.
The head and thorax are ash)' gre}', with dark
margins to the collar and tegulae. The ab-
domen is whitish. The moth is found in
Central Europe in June and Jul)-. The larva
is clay-coloured, streaked with darker, with a
light dorsal line, several interrupted lines on
the sides and a dark brown stripe above the
legs. The spiracles are black, and the head
is shining brown and heart-shaped. It feeds
on barberry till May, and can be obtained by
beating at night. The pupa is reddish brown.

and is formed in a clay cell, rather deep below
the surface of the ground.

Genus Cloantha, Boisd.

Rather small moths, brightly coloured, with
the lines obsolete, but with dark longitudinal
streaks, especially in the marginal area. There
is a dark transverse tuft between the short,
evenly ciliated antennae, and the collar is
transversel}' banded. The thorax is crested
in front and behind, and there are tufts of
hair on the back of the anterior segments of
the abdomen. The hind wings are without
markings. The palpi are obliquely raised.
These moths fly in the day-time about flowers.
The larvae are stout, and live in the Summer
on Hypericum.

C. hyperici, W. V. Fore wings brown
and grey, darkest between the stigmata, in
the inner half of the basal area, and in the
marginal area. The usual lines are obsolete,
but there are two gre}' stigmata surrounded
with black and centred with brown, a black
claviform stigma with a longitudinal streak
from it to the base, and an irregular row of
short longitudinal streaks in front of the fringes,
which are chequered with lighter and darker.
The hind wings are ashy grey, lighter towards
the base, with the fringes white on the anterior
half. The head and thorax are like the fore
wings; the collar and tegulas are edged with
darker. The abdomen is ashy grey, with thick
tufts of hair on the sides. It is found in
Southern and South-Central Europe in May
and in the Autumn, but is local. The cater-
pillar is violet-brown with blackish, interrupted
markings and a yellow lateral stripe. It feeds
on Hypericum in August and September.

C. polyodon, Clerck. The Purple Cloud.
Fore wings curved towards the apex, which
is sharpl)' pointed, and with deeply dentated
hind margins. It is walnut-brown, espe-
cially on nervures 3, 4, 7, and 8, varied con-
siderably with bone-colour and rosy red. A
lighter streak runs from the middle of the
base to near the reniform stigma, and the apex
is also lighter. The reniform stigma is large,
bone-coloured, concentrically ringed with light
brown. The orbicular and claviform stigmata
are wanting. On the nervures mentioned
above there are sharp light -coloured zigzags

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUrTKRFLTKS AXD M(rrnS.

through the fringes, instead of a siibmarginal
line; these interrupt the Hglit marginal line.
Between these and the black longitudinal
streaks are a few siniikir markings beyond
the reniform stigma and one from the base
above the light streak. The fringes are banded
with darker. The hind wings are brownish
j-ellow with blackish nervures, central lunule
and marginal line and a broad brownish
marginal band. The collar is pale grey with
three slender brown transverse lines; the tegulse
are similar with brown edges. The abdomen
is ashy grey. The moth appears in May, and
is widely distributed but local in Central and
Northern Europe and is an extreme rarit\' in
England. The larva is cherry-brown, finely
dotted and hairy, with a fine yellow dorsal
line, a yellow lateral stripe above the legs,
and spade-shaped spots on the back with their
points directed backwards. It feeds in August
on Hypericum and, it is said, on some other
plants also.

C. radiosa, Esp. Fore wings pale yellow
varied with brown, the reniform stigma large
and white. The nervures are brown with
sharp light-coloured zigzags passing through
the fringes. The hind wings are yellowisli
with a broad black marginal band, dark central
lunule and white fringes. It inhabits South-
Central Europe but is scarce. It is found
chiefly in mountainous districts and ilies in tlie
day-time about ilowers. The larva is reddisli
brown with three dull dark lines on the back
and a rediiish vellow longitudinal stripe on the
sides. It lives on Hypericum in July and August.

Genus Eriopus, Treit.

Fore wings rather broad, with waved hind
margins, somewhat prominently angulated at
nervure 4. The nervures are light, the two
transverse lines double and the submarginal line
interrupted. The hind margins of tlie hind
wings are incised on ner\-ure 5. The antenna?
are setiform, somewhat thickened in the first
third in the male, beyond which they become
more slender, with long bristles between the
cilia, which grow shorter on the terminal
third. The palpi are slightly raised, with a pro-
minent oval terminal joint. The thorax has a
slight double crest. The middle legs are covered
throughout their length with shaggy liair.

E.purpureofasciata, Pill. PI. XX\'. fig.
10. This pretty moth is found in the south
of Central Europe. The larva is smooth,
green or brownish, with a dark brown crescent,
bordered with yellow, on the back of each
segment, directed backwards. There is a
yellowish line above the legs, bordered with
brownish below. It lives in Summer on Ptcris
aqmlina and spins a cocoon on the ground at
the end of .A.ugust, but does not pupate till
the following May.

Genus Polyphaenis, Boisd.

Front, palpi, and base of the antennae,
with fine smooth hair. The thorax is arched
and is finely clothed with pointed scales. Of
the two crests, only the posterior is distinct,
the anterior being scarcely indicated. The
abdomen is covered with smooth scales, and
has strong tufts on the middle. The proboscis
is stout and the eyes naked. The antennae
in the males have short dense ciliated pecti-
nations, which do not quite reach to the end,
in the females they are setiform. The larva?
remain hidden during the day among dry
leaves.

P. sericata, l-2sp. Fore wings brown varied
with olive-green, darkest in the basal area,
and the suffused band. The two transverse
lines are broadly white towards the inner
margin, and are placed rather widely apart.
The submarginal line has a black sti'eak in cells
lb and 3, towards the base. The hind wings
are pale orange-yellow, with a dark marginal
band and central lunule. The head and thorax
are brown, varied with olive-green. It is
found in the South of Central Europe in Jul\-.
The larva is light grey finely dotted with
black, with a distinct dorsal line, enclosing
two other blackish lines which converge at
the front of each segment. It is darker above
the legs and on the belly. The head is light
brown and rounded. It hibernates and lives
till May on honeysuckle, privet, etc.

Genus Trachea, Hiilm.

Tliis Genus is distinguished from Hadcna
by the fine woolly clothing on the front and
palpi, the smooth scales dispersed among the
hair of the thorax and the densely woolly hair
at the base of the antennae The antennx in

BRITISH AXD EVROrEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

the males are setiform, shortl}' ciliated. The
fore wings are obtuse at the tips. The only
species is: —

T. atriplicis, Linn. The Orache Aloth.
Plate XXV. fig. ii. Larva iia. This moth
is common in Central and Southern Europe
in June and July. The larva is green when
young, reddish brown when mature, marbled
with darker and with a dark dorsal line, a
pale grey double lateral stripe and two yellow
spots above the anus. It feeds from July to
October on AiripUx, Polygonum, etc. On the
Continent it appears in large numbers in some
years, wandering about in companies which
sometimes number hundreds of thousands, but
in England it is very' local and rarely abundant.

Genus Trigonophora, Hiibn.

This is distinguished from the Genus Hadena
b}' the fore wings being dentated and the
thorax not crested. The antennas are dentated
and ciliated in the males.

T. flammea, Esp. The Flame Brocade.
Fore wings violet-brown, with darker patches
near the base below the stigmata and on each
side of the reniform stigma. Tliis is conspi-
cuous, pale yellowish, with a wedge-shaped
dash passing from its lower end towards the
base. There is a narrow whitish streak on
the inner margin. The hind wings are smoky
brown, paler at the base, and have a dark
crescent-shaped central spot. It is found in
Western Europe in September and October.
The larva is greyish brown or greyish green,
with three pale lines and a row of darker
lozenge-shaped spots on the back. It feeds on
low plants from Februarj- to Ma}-.

Genus Euplexia, Steph.

Thorax broad, very strongly arched, hairy,
intermingled with fiat scales, smooth over the
whole of the back, with two prominences at
the extremity which extend far beyond the
end of the thorax. The abdomen is some-
what short and slender with tufts on the third,
fourth, and fifth segments, that on the third
being especially large and prominent. The
antennae are setiform and shortly ciliated in
the males. The anal fold is long and slender,
in curved and strongly concave on the under
side. The only species is: —

E. lucipara, Linn. The Small Angle-
Shades. Fore wings bright walnut-brown,
nearly black in the central area, with two
double black transverse lines, a few small
black spots in the basal area, and imperfectly
black-edged stigmata. The orbicular stigma
is large, and indistinct on account of its dark-
ness, the reniform is straight and yellowish
white, with a brownish nucleus near its extre-
mity. The submarginal line is yellowish and
indistinct, darkly suffused on the inner side
and marked with black, especially in cells 6
and 7. The space between this and the
slightly black -spotted marginal line is suf-
fused with purple like the costa. The fringes
are dark with curved bands which are yellow
at their extreme base. The hind wings are
greyish yellow, darker towards the hind mar-
gin, with an indistinct curved line expanded
on nervure 2 into a small black spot, and a
pale zigzag line near the hind margin opposite
the anal angle. The fringes are yellow at
their base, and white at the extremity, the
remainder from the front to the anal angle
being dark brown. The head and thorax are
blackish brown marbled with yellow, and the
abdomen brownish-grey with tufts of hair on
the back. The moth is common in Central
and Northern Europe from May to July. The
larva is grass green or brown, with the sides
and incisions lighter, with a whitish yellow
line below the dark brown spiracles and two
connected oblique streaks on the back of each
segment. It lives on bramble, raspberry and
other low plants in August and September.

Genus Habryntis, Led.

The fore wings are triangular, with the
apices produced. The thorax, legs, front and
palpi are clothed with fine smooth hair. The
palpi are curved upwards and form with the
hair of the front a short, obtuse snout. The
collar is excavated. The thorax behind the
collar has a sharp crest which is produced in
a sharp longitudinal ridge, and rises into a
saddle-shaped projection behind, terminating
in a truncated prominence. The abdomen is
slender and not tufted. The proboscis is
spiral and the eyes are naked. The antennas
are setiform, very short in the males and
closely ciliated. The anal fold is slender and

124

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERILIES AXD MOTHS.

pointed and is hollowed in the middle. The
only species is: —

H. scita, Hiibn. PL XXVI. fig. i. This
beautiful moth is found in many parts of
Central Europe but is scarce everywhere, and
is absent in the North-West. It especially
frequents mountain woods. The larva is green
with dark dorsal angular markings and a rather
indistinct pale lateral stripe. It feeds in the
Autumn and Spring on Ptcris aquilina and
Ficaria ranuiiculoides, etc.

Genus Brotolomia, Led.

Like the last Genus, but with thick tufts
on the abdomen. The fore wings are longer
and narrower and their hind margins from
nervure 4 to the inner margin are dentated.
The wings are held close to the body when
at rest. The only species is: — ■

B. meticulosa, Linn. The Angle-shades
Moth. PI. XX\T. fig. 2. This is very common
and widely distributed throughout Central and
Southern Europe. It appears in May and
June and again in August. The larva is green
or brown with dark oblique streaks on the
back, a white stripe on the sides and a small
elevation on the twelfth segment. It lives on
various low plants from Autumn till May, and
again in July.

Genus Mania, Treit.
Wings large and broad, dull-coloured and
strongly dentated on the hind margins. The
fore wings are dentated, somewhat concave
at the hinder angle, and are provided with
an appendicular cell. Nervures 8 and 10 rise
separately from 7, and 9 from 8. All the
markings are distinct, the two stigmata are
large with light borders and the suffused band
is very broad. The hind wings have rather
more slender nervures. Nervures 3 and 4 are
separated, and 6 and 7 rise from a short com-
mon stalk. The body projects beyond the hind
wings. The palpi are erect and laterally com-
pressed, with a uniformly broad middle and
short thread-like terminal joint. The antennas
are shortly ciliated. The thorax is very
strongly tufted from behind the collar to the
end, and the anterior segments of the abdomen
are also tufted. The legs are long, the an-
terior unarmed, but the middle and posterior
have strong spines.

M. maura, Linn. The 0*ld Lady. PI.
XX\'.hg. 12. is common in Central and Southern
Europe in July and August, especially near
streams, under bridges, in boat-houses, out-
houses, etc. The larva is cylindrical, some-
what narrower in front, dark grey with a
yellowish dorsal line, and two yellowish humps
on the eleventh, and one on the twelfth seg-
ment. It lives in April and May on low
plants, especially dandelion and lettuce, and
occasionall}^ on bushes. It remains hidden
during the dav.

Genus Naenia, Steph.

Closely allied to the last Genus. The
palpi are similar, but the terminal joint is
somewhat longer. ■ The front has a triangular
tuft between the antennse. The thorax has
flat scales among the hair, a broad divided
crest at both ends, equally raised and with
the space between smooth. The abdomen is
not tufted, and the middle and posterior tibiaj
are set with short bristles. The anal folds
are somewhat spatulate, very slightly in-curved
and obtuse at the end. The wings are but
slightly dentated. The only species is: — -

N. typica, Linn. The Gothic Moth. PI.
XX\T. fig. 3. It is common and widely distri-
buted through Europe in June and Juh". The
larva is thicker behind, dark grey with reddish
grey lateral stripes and a small head. It lives
on Cynoglossinn and other low plants in April
and May.

Genus Jaspidea, lioisd.

Thorax arched, quadrate, with the hair
loose and divergent at the end, passing into
pointed flattened scales. Behind the collar is
a small blunt vertical tuft, notched above, anvi
at the end a loose raised ridge. The tegulre
are short and raised at the sides. The abdomen
is conical with tufts of hair in the middle.
The thorax, femora, and front tibiae are clothed
with W00II3' hair, the middle and posterior
tibiae with smooth scales. The front and palpi
are also woolly, and the eyes are naked. The
antennae are setiform, with slight pyramidal
serrations in the males and are ciliated. The
fore wings are broad and sharply pointed.
The only species is: —

J. celsia, Linn. PI. XX\T. fig. 4. This
beautiful moth is found here and there in

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

sandy districts in Northern and Eastern
Europe. It appears in August and September,
and sits on the upper sides of the broad leaves
of plants, especially burdock. The larva is
light yellowish gre}' with transparent dorsal
vessels, and the large head, cervical and
anal plates shining reddish brown. It feeds
at the root of Aira cespiiosa and other grasses
in July and August.

Genus Helotropha, Led.

Palpi, thorax, and abdomen as in Hadcna,
■ but the hair is finer and more silky, and the
abdomen tapers to a point in the female. The
antennae are setiform, very short in the male
and ciliated. The anal fold is nearlj- straight,
slightl}' indented below, and consequentl}-
narrowed. The only species is: —

H. leucostigma, Hubn. The Crescent
Moth. Fore wings uniform black with yellow
or white spots, or brown with an outer yel-
lowish grey band (var. fibrosa, Hiibn.) It
is found in Central Europe, but is not common.
The larva i^ white, brownish above, with
black warts and a brown head. It feeds in
May and June in the lower parts of the stems
of Iris pseudacorns.

Genus Hydroecia, Guen.

■Medium-sized moths with pointed fore wings,
uninterrupted dark transverse lines, dark
sharply defined stigmata, and a dark marginal
line. The antennae are thick and ciliated
in the males, smooth and setiform in nictitans
but serrated in the other species. The front
and the short palpi are clothed with short
woolly hair. The terminal joint is obtuse
and quite hidden by the hair. The thorax is
convex, with a ridged crest behind the collar
and an obtuse tuft at the end. The larva;
are thick and rounded, yellowish, with dark
warts and a horny cervical plate. They live
in bulbous roots, and pass into the pupa in
the ground.

H. nictitans, Borkh. The Ear Moth.
PL XXVI. fig. 5. is common in Central and
Northern Europe in July and August. The
caterpillar is dirty brown with a dark shining
collar, and a row of brown dots on the sides.
It feeds on the roots of grass in May.

H. micacea, Esp. The Rosy Rustic.
Fore wings coppery red with yellowish red
base and marginal area, and brown transverse
lines, of which the outer is nearly straight
from the inner margin to nervure 8 and is
situated at some distance from the reniform
stigma. There is a slight central shade, and
the two stigmata are edged with brown. The
submarginal line is faint towards the base,
and bordered with darker as far as the half
red and half yellowish brown marginal line.
The hind wings are yellowish with a distinct
lunule, a grey curved line near the hind
margin and brown-streaked fringes. The head
and thorax are coppery red and the abdomen
is yellowish grey. The moth is common and
widely distributed in Central and Northern
Europe in y\ugust and September. The cater-
pillar is flesh-coloured with a shining dark
brown dorsal plate and rows of brown dots
on the front segments, as well as six small
dots on each of the others, each with a small
tuft of hair. It lives in the roots of Glycerin
spcdabilis, Iris, etc.

H. petasitis, Doubl. The Butter Bur
Moth. Fore wings greyish brown, darker in
the central area, with two dark transverse
lines, of which the outer is somewhat curved,
especially on nervure i. The nervures in the
marginal area are finely dotted with white,
otherwise they are like those of the last spe-
cies. It is a very local insect which is found
in Lancashire, near Edinburgh, in Perthshire
and at Howth, as well as in Bavaria. The
larva is cylindrical, smooth, very bright flesh-
coloured, with a violet shade in the incisions,
a pale greyish dorsal line and brown wart-like
spots covered with short hair around the
spiracles. The heart-shaped head is reddish
brown, the collar black, and the anal plate
bright yellow. It lives in the stem and root
of the Butter Bur (Petasites vulgaris).

H. leucographa, Borkh. Fore wings deep
yellow varied with rusty-red, with a light sub-
marginal line and white stigmata, the reniform
stigma being large. The hind wings are yel-
lowish with white fringes. This pretty moth
is scarce and local in South-Central Europe.
The larva is pale rose-coloured with a dark
dorsal line, and lives in the root of Peucedanum
longi folium.

126

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

Genus Gortyna, Ochs.

Like tlie last Genus,, but with a horny
wedge-shaped projection on the front, which
is hidden under the hair. The anal fold is as
in Helotropha, but shorter, and without a trans-
verse s]iine. The only species is: —

G. flavago, W. V. The Frosted Orange.
PI. XX\'I. fig. 6. This is common and widely
distributed throughout Central Europe in
August and September. The larva is dirty
white with punctiform black warts, a brown
head and cervical plate, and a black anal
plate. It lives in May and June in the stalks
of thistle, burdock, foxglove, and other plants.

fa:\iily
LEUCANIU.'E.

Hair not so coarse and bristly as in the
HadenidiT but fine and woolI_v, either smooth or
with a small sharp tuft behind the collar.
The abdomen is not tufted. The eyes are
either naked or hair}-. The colour is usually
grey or brown like dry reeds, with dull mark-
ings. The transverse lines and the stigmata
are either absent or only slightly developed.
Instead of the outer transverse line there is
often a curved row of dark spots on the ner-
vures, and on the lower median nervure there
are often dark particles, massed into dull
longitudinal streaks. The hind wings are white
or dirty 3'ellow without markings, or with the
usual central spot and curved stripe. The
larvae, almost without exception, live in the
stems and roots of plants.

Genus Nonagria, Ochs.

Middle-sized and small moths, light straw-
coloured or brownish red, without the pattern
usual in the NOCTU^, but with the ner-
vures conspicuous on account of their thick-
ness and colour. Nervures 7 and 8 are close
together, or rise together from the tip of the
long appendicular cell. Nervure g rises from
8, 10 from the tip of the appendicular cell,
and 1 1 from the discoidal cell. The hmd
wings are without markings. Nervures 3 and
4, 6 and 7 rise from a single point, the last
by a long stalk. 5 is more slender than the
rest. 8 springs from the base, and is con-
nected with the costal ner\ure of the discoidal

cell. The head has a horny horizontal pro-
jection on the front, which is hidden under
the scales and which distinguishes this Genus
from Leiunnia. The proboscis is stout, and the
third joint of the palpi is horizontal. The
thorax is covered with long hair, and is some-
times slightly ridged. The abdomen, which
is not tufted, is very long, with a divergent
tuft in the males, and with a convergent tuft
in the females. The larvse are long, slender and
pale or transparent. They live in the roots
of water plants, in which they also pass into
the pupa.

N. nexa, Hiibn. Fore wings short, rusty-
red, darkest in the central area, with two
faint light transverse lines, a white circumflex -
shaped reniform stigma, centred with blackish,
sometimes a white orbicular stigma, a sub-
marginal line composed of blackish dots, ner-
vures dusted with black in the marginal area
and a dark brown marginal line. The hind
wings are grey with a darker curved line,
dark brown marginal line, and reddish fringes.
The head and thorax are rusty red and the
abdomen is grey. The antennas are most
strongly pectinated in the male. It is found
in the North of France and Germany, and in
Sweden, but is local. The larva is long and
slender, transparent, bluish green, with three
very indistinct darker longitudinal lines and
somewhat yellowish incisions. It lives in the
stems of Glyceria spcctahilis, etc.

N. cannae, Ochs. The Reed Wainscot.
Fore wings broad with sinuated hind margins
and pointed apices; brownish yellow or dark
reddish brown, with a darker median nervure,
two dark dots in place of the anterior
transverse line, a complete row of dots in
place of the posterior, and a darker marginal
line. The hind wmgs are reddish grey in
the male, yellowish in the female, with
the basal half dark antl sharply bounded by
a curved line. Tlie head and thorax are like
the fore wings, and the abdomen is ashy gre\',
with a reddish tinge in the female. It is widely
distributed in Central Europe, appearing in
August. The larva is yellowish or greenish
with black -edged spiracles and small dark
warts. It lives in June and July in the stems
of Typha latifoUa, Iris, and ether plants growing
in damp places.

BRITISH AA'D EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

127

N. sparganii, Esp. The Bur-reed Wain-
scot. Fore wings reddish yellow in the male,
brownish yellow in the female, dusted with
brownish and on the nervures with light
grey, with two black dots in place of the
anterior transverse line and a complete row
of dots on that of the posterior. There is a
similar one in front of the fringes between
the nervures. The hind wings are yellowish
or reddish, grey towards the base. It appears
in July and August and is almost as common
on the Continent as ^V. arundinis. It has been
taken in Surrey. The larva is light or dark
greenish, with four darker dorsal lines, obliquely
placed black dots between them, and spiracles
encircled with brown. The collar and anal
plate are bright green and the belly is also
green. It lives on the stems of Typha latifoha,
SparganiiDii ramosum, etc.

N. typhae, Esp. The Bulrush Moth. Fore
wings with tolerably straight hind margins
and obtuse apices, wainscot -brown or red-
dish grey, with whitish nervures, bordered
more or less with darker, a few dark dots
in place of the anterior transverse line and a
more complete row in place of the posterior.
The reniform stigma is indicated by a light
spot. There are small black sagittate spots
in place of the submarginal line. The marginal
line is composed of black crescents, and the
fringes are darker on the basal half, inter-
sected with light nervures. In the variety
fraterna, Treit. the wings are dark brown
and without markings. The hind wings are
yellowish with a darker marginal band, inter-
sected by the lighter nervures and a blackish,
slightly interrupted, curved marginal line. The
head and thorax are like the fore wings, and
the abdomen is yellowish-grey. It is com-
mon throughout Central Europe in August,
especially in marshy places, and is the largest
species of the Genus. The larva is dirty
flesh-colour, with three lighter lines on the back;
blackish spiracles, a brownish cervical and a
dark brown anal plate. It feeds in the stems
of Typha latifolia. The pupa is yellowish
brown, elongated, with a blunt raised proboscis
sheath, and a wart-like elevation near the anus.
It is placed head downwards above the hole
in the stem for the emergence of the moth.

N. geminipuncta, Hatch. The Twin-spotted

Wainscot. Fore wings greyish-brown, inclining
to coppery red, with the margins somewhat
lighter, and the nervures irregularly dusted
with lighter or darker. There are sometimes
small dark streaks in place of the posterior
transverse line, and one or two small white
dots bordered with black in place of the reni-
form stigma. The hind wings are yellowish
grey with light fringes, light inner margins
and blackish hind margins. It is widely
distributed in Central Europe, appearing in
August. Var. guttans, Hiibn. has the wings
dark, of a red or reddish brown colour, with
a dark spot in place of the reniform stigma,
and unspotted hind margins. Var. nigricans,
Stand, has almost black wings with very
indistinct markings. The larva is dirty white,
with a black cervical plate and distinct dark
brown warts with scattered hairs. It lives in
Arundo phraginites.

N. neurica, Hiibn. Fore wings straw-
coloured or brownish-red, lightest on the broad
hind margin, with a dark longitudinal streak
through the middle, and between this and the
hind margin, black dots, of which the second
represents the orbicular stigma and the third
indicates the inner border of the anterior half
of the white-edged reniform stigma. There
is a row of black dots bordered on both sides
with white, in place of the posterior transverse
spot, and a row of black crescents in front
of the unicolorous fringes. It is found in the
North of Germany and the Rhine district in
August. The larva is whitish with a reddish
back. It feeds on reeds.

N. dissoluta, Treit. The Brown-Veined
Wainscot. Fore wings dark brown, with the
central spot present on the under side. The
var. arundineta, Schmidt, has light grej'ish
yellow fore wings. The moth is local in
Central Europe, and has been taken in the
fens of Cambridgeshire. It appears at the
end of July and in August. The larva is
greyish, with three lighter dorsal stripes and
small black warts. It lives in Typha in June.

Genus Coenobia, Haw.

This Genus is very like the last, but differs
in the short uniformly ciliated antennas of the
males, the slender drooping palpi, the pointed,
not quadrangular, horny plate on the front, and

12S

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

the weak, smooth-haired legs. The abdomen
is very long. The only species is: — ■

C. rufa, Haw. The Small Rufous Moth.
Fore wings light or dark reddish brown, with
the nervures dusted with whitish, and black
rows of dots in place of" the posterior trans-
verse line, which are continued on the lighter
liind wings and brownish grey fringes. There
are no stigmata or marginal line. The hind
wings are grey tinged with brown, with
yellowish fringes, and a fine blackish lunule
in front of them. The head and thorax are
like the fore wings. The abdomen is white
and very slender. It is found in swamp}'
places in North-Central Europe in July. The
larva lives in the stems of Juncus lampvocarpus
in June.

Genus Senta, Stepli.

Slender moths with the front vertical and
clothed with smooth scales, and without a
horny projection. The proboscis is spiral and
the eyes are naked. The antennas are seti-
form, very short and thickly ciliated in the
males. The palpi are curved upwards, covered
with smooth hair, and have a pointed terminal
joint. The thorax is rounded and smooth,
with a sharp longitudinal ridge behind the
collar. The abdomen is flattened and is
clothed with smooth scales. The fore wings
are long, with the costa and inner margin
convex and the apex rectangular. The only
species is: —

S. maritima, Tausch. The Silky \\'ainscot.
Fore wings pointed at the apex with oblique
hind margins. They are pale wainscot-brown,
or greyish brown, delicately dusted with black.
There are no transverse lines, but more or
less distinct white dots in place of the stigmata,
small white dots on the thickest nervure, and
a row of black dots in front of the yellow
fringes. The hind wings are white, with
brownish nervures, and a light brown marginal
line. The head and thorax are like the fore
wings, the latter being tufted, and the slender
abdomen is yellowish white. It is very local
in Central Europe, appearing about July. The
moth varies considerably. Var. bipunctata.
Haw. has two black stigmata on the fore
wings, whilst the variety wismariensis,
Schmidt, has a broad black stripe through

the middle of the fore wings, reaching nearly
to the hind margin. The larva is slender and
cylindrical, vellowish ochreous, with several
fine pale longitudinal lines. It lives on the
stems of reeds in Spring, and feeds on the
leaves. It is most easy to find in June
when it has passed into the pupa-state, its
presence being indicated by the stems which
have been woven together.

Genus Tapinostola, Led.

This Genus resembles Lcucania in form and
Nonagria in the shape of the wings, the
arrangement of the coarse mealy scales and
the broad fringes. The head is contracted,
the eyes naked, the proboscis strong, com-
paratively short, the front without a pro-
minence and with diverging hairs. The palpi
are slightlj; drooping. The antennas are seti-
forni and shortly ciliated in the males. The
thorax is convex, quadrate, and not tufted.
The abdomen and legs are short, the latter
with long thin hair on -the outer side. The
fore wings have the apex rounded in elymi
and extreina. In the others it is rectangular.
These moths liy in July, and are fond of sitting
on flowers and the stems of plants in the
day-time. The larva:; are fusiform, and live
in or on tlie stems of grasses.

T. musculosa, Hi'ibn. The Brighton
Wainscot. Fore wings slightly concave on
the costa near the apex, somewhat convex on
the inner margin near the base, with three
greenish yellow longitudinal streaks branching
along the nervures towards the hind margin,
and with whitish stripes between. These are
the only markings. The hind wings are white
with a 3ellow tinge. The head and thora.x
are straw-coloured, but the abdomen is lighter.
It appears in July and is widely distributed in
Central and Southern Europe, but is scarce.
It is fond of sitting in wheat-fields, where
it may be found feeding on flowers.

T. fulva, Hiibn. The Small Wainscot.
Fore wings obtuse, longer and more pointed
in the male, pale ochreous, varying almost to
brick red, without transverse lines or other
markings. The ntrv ures are darker, the median
bluing thick and black. There is a darker
suftuscd area near the hind margins, and
long pale, almost rosy retl fringes. The hind

IM.ATE XVI.

I. Smerinthus tiliie, la. I,an-a. 2. Pterogon proserpina. 3. Macroglossia fuciformis, 3a. Lar\-a,

3b. Pupa. 4. Magroglossia bombyliformis. 5. Macroglossia stellatarum, 5 a. Larva.

6. Trochilium apiforme. -. Sesia tipuliformis. 8. Sesia culiciformis. g. Ino pruni. 10. Ino stadces.

II. Zygaena minos. 12. Zygsna achillese. 13. Zygtena trifolii, 13a. Lana, 13b. Pupa.

14. Zygaena epialtes. var. trigonelte. 15. ZygajDa fausta.

British and European Butterflies and Moths.

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTITS.

129

wings are particularly small, ashy grey, lighter
towards the base and on the fringes. The
abdomen is long, grey, and suffused with red-
dish. It is the smallest of the Genus. It is
found in damp meadows in Central Europe
in July and August. The variety fluxa, Treit.
is paler, being reddish or greyish straw-coloured.
The larva lives in June in the lower parts of
the stems of Poa aqtmtka, and species of Carex.

T. hellmanni, Eversm. The Mere Wain-
scot. Fore wings light yellowish grey, pointed,
with a whitish spot in the centre, and a dark
macular submarginal line. The variety saturata,
Staud. is darker, with the fore wings often quite
red. It is found in Central Europe in August,
but is somewhat local. In England it has
been taken in the fens of Cambridgeshire.
The larva is fusiform, white, reddish above,
with a yellowish brown head and yellowish
cervical and anal plates. It lives in the stems
of Calamagrostis epigeios, in June.

T. extrema, Hcibn. The Concolorous
Moth. Fore wings dirty white, somewhat
darker in the central area in the male, without
any markings, or at most only one or two
small dots in place of the posterior transverse
line, and one on the hind margin, which may
be somewhat brownish. The hind wings are
white, brownish towards the hind margin.
The head and thorax are like the fore
wings, whilst the abdomen is almost white.
It appears in July, and is widely distributed
in Central Europe, but is rare and local. It
has been taken in the fens of Cambridgeshire.

T. bondii, Knaggs. Bond's Wainscot,
closely resembles the last species but is distin-
guished by the colour, which is always lighter
on the fore wings and darker on the hind
wings. It has been found in the Woolwich
^Marshes and near Folkestone in June and July.
It has also been taken in Greece.

T. elymi, Treit. The Lyme Grass Wain-
scot. Fore wings with the hind margin pro-
jecting on nervure 3, pale ochre-yellow, with
the rkervures dusted with darker and a row of
black dots beyond the middle. The hind
wings are white with a yellowish tinge. The
abdomen is very slender. It is a scarce spe-
cies found on the coasts of the North Sea
and the Baltic. In England it occurs in the
fens of Norfolk. It appears in June and July,

and frequents sandy places. The larva is
stout, whitish, with a pale red back and a
light brown head. It lives in the stalks of
Elymus arenarius, from August to May.

Genus Calamia, Hubn.

This Genus resembles the last, but the
head is not contracted. The fringes are of
the usual length, and the fore wings have
sharper and more prominent apices. The
species resemble Lcucania, but have naked eyes.
The antennae of the males have long cilia in
hitosa and short uniform cilia in phragmitidis.
The larvae Hve in the stalks of reeds.

C. lutosa, Hi'ibn. The Large Wainscot,
is the largest of the Genus. The fore wings
are very long and pointed with sinuated
hind margins, pale wainscot-brown, sometimes
reddish, heavily dusted with black, with a
light streak between each pair of nervures,
a strongly curved row of dots on the nervures
in place of the posterior transverse line, and
sometimes three at the base as well as a
row of marginal black dots. The hind wings
are somewhat lighter, with a distinct row of
dots through the middle. The antennas are
thick in the male, and very strongly ciliated.
It is found in Central and Eastern Europe
in Septeiiiber and October. It has been taken
in many places in England. The caterpillar
is flesh-coloured, tinged with brown, with a
row of crescent-shaped brown booklets on the
outside of the prolegs, and a brown head,
cervical and anal plates. It lives till July in
the stalks and roots of reeds, avoiding those
which grow in the water. It passes into the
pupa either in the stalk or in the ground.

C. phragmitidis, Hubn. The Fen Wains-
cot. Fore wings broad and short, arched at
the hind margins, pale greenish yellow, palest
at the base and on the nervures. The hind
margins are rusty reddish and the fringes
darkest, without any markings. The hind wings
are white, dusted with brownish, . especially
towards the hind margins, and with light
yellow fringes. The thorax is covered with
long hair. It is scarce and very local in
Central Europe, appearing in July. The larva
is slender, dirty white, with a row of violet-
brown spots on the back, brown warts, and
a brown head, neck, and anal plate. It feeds

«30

BRITISH AND EUROPE AX BUTTERFLIES; AND MOTHS.

in all parts of the stems of Arundo phragmites
in May, and assumes the pupa-state in the
ground.

Genus Meliana, Curt.

This Genus is most closel}' allied to Senta
but the eyes are hairjr and the scales more
like these of Lencania. The thorax is arched
and has smooth hair and no ridge. The ab-
domen is slender, elongated, conical and arched;
obtuse in the male, and pointed in the female.
The only species is: —

M. flammea. Curt. The Flame Wain-
scot. Fore wings yellowish grey merging into
red, with scattered black dots on and between
the nervures. The wings are very pointed.
The hind wings and abdomen are yellowisli
grey. It appears in May and June in Central
Europe, but is local. In England it has been
taken in the fens of Cambridgeshire and
Huntingdonshire. The larva is long, light,
flesh-coloured, with very slender pale longi-
tudinal lines, and a pale head and cervical
plate. It feeds in reeds in the Autumn, and
passes into the pupa-state before Winter.

Genus Leucania, Ochs.

Fore wings with strong nervures and with-
out markings, or at most with onl}' a row of
dark dots replacing the posterior transverse
line and small light or dark dots in the place
of the stigmata. Nervures 8 and g rise by a
common stem from 7. The appendicular cell
is large. Nervure 5 of the hind wings is
slender, and 3 and 4, 6 and 7 rise side by
side, the last named being sometimes stalked.
The absence of the horny plate on the front
distinguishes this genus from Nonagria. The
larvae are long, and tapering at the ends with
fine longitudinal lines. The}' feed on low plants
and some of them on reeds.

L. impudens, Hiibn. The Striped Wain-
scot. Fore wings with tolerably straight hind
margins, orange-yellow or brownish red, with-
out transverse lines, dusted with darker be-
tween the nervures, especially towards the hind
margins and on the median nervure, and with
reddish fringes. Tlic hind wings are brown
with a reddish tinge. The fringes are usually
somewhat lighter in the male. The abdomen
has several small tufts on the back in the

male, and a reddish anal tuft. It is common
in Central Europe in June, but is somewhat
local in England. The larva is dirty white
with three white dorsal lines, the two outer
of which are edged with black, and three fine
light lines on the sides and a grey stripe on
the legs. It feeds on grass till Maj^, and
passes into the pupa state on the ground.

L. impura, Hiibn. Tlie Smoky Wainscot.
Fore wings obtuse, wainscot -brown, with-
out transverse lines, and with rather lighter
nervures, edged with darker, especially on the
median nervure and on those towards the
base. At the point of division of the median
nervure there is a small black dot, and there
are also some in the position of the posterior
transverse line. There is a very indistinct
row of dots in front of the striped fringes.
The .hind wings are brownish grey, lighter
towards the base, with white fringes. The
head and thorax are wainscot-brown. It flies
in June and September, and is common in
Central Europe. The larva is pale reddish
grey with a white median dorsal line, edged
with dirty yellow, and a light lateral stripe,
above the legs, containing two white lines.
It feeds on grass from Autumn till Ma}'. The
pupa is elongated.

L. pallens, Linn. The Common Wain-
scot. Fore wings pale ochre-j-ellow like dried
reeds and without transverse lines. The ner-
vures are light with small black dots at their
points of division and also on nervures 2 and
5 in the position of the posterior transverse
line. The hind wings are white, suffused
with yellowish grey. It is common in most
parts of Europe in June and in August and
September. The caterpillar is yellowish or
reddish, with grey finely pubescent warts, a
white dorsal line edged with blackish, an inter-
rupted blackish lateral line, and another, dark
above and light beneath, placed above the
legs and enclosing the spiracles. It is double
brooded, being found in June and September,
and lives on low plants and grass.

L. obsoleta, Hiibn. The Obscure Wain-
scot. Fore wings yellowish brown or reddish
grey without transverse lines, with lighter,
dark -bordered nervures, a white dot on the
median nervure, a row of black dots on the
nervures in the position of the posterior trans-

BRITISH AKD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

verse line, dark streaks between the nervures
and black dots in front of the light and dark
striped fringes. The hind wii'.gs are dirty
white, greyish brown on the nervures and
towards the hind margins, with scattered spots
in front of the fringes. The head and thorax
are like the fore wings and the abdomen like
the hind wings. It is common in Central
Europe in June and September. The larva
is transparent greyish yellow, with a dark
dorsal line and cervical and anal plates and
black dots around the large spiracles. It feeds
in the summer on the leaves of the reed {A nmdo
pJiragmiles) and conceals itself during the day
in the hollow stems, which it fills with green
excrement.

L. straminea, Treit. The Southern Wain-
scot. Fore wings reddish ochre-yellow, lightest
in front, without transverse lines. The ner-
vures are whitish bordered with rusty red and
with a streak of the same colour between
them. There are small black dots surrounded
with white at the division of the thick median
nervure, some similar spots in the position of
the posterior transverse line and a row in front
of the fringes, which are banded with rusty
red. The hind wings are wliite, dusted with
grevish brown, except on the costa, and are
marked with black dots across the middle.
The head and thorax are like the fore wings,
the collar with tw-o dark grey transverse lines
with a lighter one between, and the abdomen
is white with a dark anal tuft. It is common
in Central Europe in July. The larva is at
first yellow with a bluish grey dorsal line,
but becomes olive-coloured afterwards. It
hibernates in the stem of the reed and feeds
on it till May.

L. scirpi, Dup. Fore wings straw-coloured,
suffused with yellowish or reddish. Hind
wings white or somewhat darker. It is found
in Southern Europe in May. The caterpillar
is flesh-coloured with a dark dorsal line. It
feeds on grass.

L. brevilinea, Fenn. Fenn's Leucania.
The male only is known. The fore wings are
brownish ochreous, with numerous scattered
brown scales, a well-defined short black dash
from the middle of the base and a curved
row of small black dots from the costa to the
inner margin beyond the middle. The hind

wings are grey, paler towards the base, with
an indistinct transverse row of black dots
rather beyond the middle. It has been taken
in Norfolk, flying over Typha latifolia in August.

L. comma, Linn. The Shoulder-striped
Wainscot. Fore wings yellowish grey, whitish
on the costa, without transverse lines and
with whitish nervures, especially the median
nervure. Between the nervures are several
black dashes, the most conspicuous of which
runs from the base in cell ib. The hind wings
are greyish brown, lighter towards the base,
with yellowish fringes. It is common through-
out Europe in June and in September and
October. The larva is dark reddish brown
with three fine black dorsal lines and a yellow-
ish grey belly. It feeds on Festuca and other
grasses in April and July.

L. conigera, W. V. The Brovra-line
Bright-eye. Fore wings bright reddish yellow,
with the two transverse lines dark brown and
uninterrupted, the anterior deeply incised, the
posterior fairly straight. The central area has
a distinct light reniform stigma, and towards
the inner margin a broad white orbicular
stigma, which is faint and may be entirely
wanting. The nervures in the anterior half
of the wings are brown, and so is the marginal
line, whilst the marginal area is lighter as far
as the indistinct submarginal line. The hind
wings are shining ochre-yellow, with a darker
curved line and a yellow marginal line. The head
and the crested thorax are like the fore wings,
and the abdomen like the hind wings. It is
found in June and July in Northern and
Central Europe and is not uncommon. The
larva is cinnamon-coloured, with white, red
and brown longitudinal stripes. The head and
cervical plate are light brown, the former with
two black lines. It feeds on grass, strawberry,
etc., till May.

L. evidens, Hiibn. Fore wings cinnamon-
brown, with a dark half line, and the transverse
and submarginal lines formed of dark cres-
cents. The orbicular stigma is darkly nucleated,
and the reniform is only dark below on account
of the central shade. The nervures are dark
and so are the suffused band and marginal
line, whilst the fringes are rust-coloured. The
hind wings are yellowish brown dusted with
grey, darker on the hind margins, with yellow-

132

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

ish fringes. The thorax has short tufts. Tlie
abdomen is more yellow. It is found in South-
Eastern Germany and Hungary in August, but
is rare. The larva is reddish yellow with a
j-ellow head. It feeds at night on the flowers
of Sescli montanum.

L. vitellina, Hubn. The Delicate Moth.
Fore wings straw-coloured, with a reddish
tinge, two dark transverse lines, of which the
anterior is dentated; two dark stigmata, of
which the orbicular is a dark dot and the reni-
form contains a black spot below. There is
a dark submarginal line, which runs parallel
to the posterior transverse line and like it is
composed of crescents. The hind wings are
milky white, delicately dusted with }'ellow
near the hind margins. The head, thorax,
and abdomen are straw-coloured, with scattered
white hairs. It is found in Southern Europe
and has been taken a few times in England.
The larva is flesh-coloured, with three white
dorsal lines and a row of black dots on the
sides. The spiracles are black, with a yellow-
ish white stripe beneath. It lives on grasses
in Spring. The pupa is contained in a loose
cocoon in the ground.

L. 1-album, Linn. The White L Wainscot.
PI. XXVI. fig. 7. is common in Central and
Southern Europe in June, August and Sep-
tember, but is very rare in England. The
larva is flesh-coloured, with a double dark
dorsal line and two dark green stripes on each
side. It feeds on grasses in the Spring and
in July.

L. albipuncta, W. V. The White-point
Moth. Fore wings yellowish gre}' or rust}'
brown with faint lighter transverse lines, of
which the anterior is darkly bordered on the
outer side, and the posterior on the inner
side, the latter with a row of dark spots near
the hind margin. There is a white spot in
the place of the reniform stigma and the
orbicular is wanting. In the position of the
submarginal line the wings are darker towards
the base. The marginal line is dark and the
fringes are light banded with darker. The
hind wings are yellowish grey, with a yellow
marginal line and whitish fringes. The moth
is common, though local, in Central and
Southern Europe, but has only been taken a
few times on the East Coast of England. The

larva is reddish grey with scattered hairs,
with a white dorsal line edged with black
and an adjacent blackish interrupted line, in-
distinct in front, followed by white, blackish,
and light grey lines, the last being above the
legs and spiracles. The head and cervical plate
are light brown, the latter with two brown
lines. It lives on grass till May. The pupa
is brownish yellow and has a loose cocoon.

L. lithargyrea, Esp. The Clay Moth.
Fore wings reddish grey, with an indistinct
blackish anterior transverse line and a posterior
line formed of an incomplete row of dots.
The two lines are closely approximated in
front of the inner margin ; there is no orbi-
cular stigma and the reniform is pale and
incomplete, forming a white spot towards the
inner side. In the position of the almost ob-
literated submarginal line the wings are some-
what darker towards the base. The hind wings
are reddish grey, darkest towards the apex.
The fringes are lighter. It is widely distri-
buted throughout Europe in June and July,
and is a common moth in the British Isles.
The larva is light cinnamon-coloured, with a
light dorsal line edged with black, and a
broad whitish longitudinal streak on the side,
edged with brown above, and containing the
brown spiracles. The belly is yellowish grey,
finely dotted with black. The head and cer-
vical plate are shining light brown, the former
with two dark curved streaks, and the latter
with three white dashes. It lives in Spring
and Autumn on low plants, especially chick-
weed, plantain and grasses.

L. turca, Linn. The Double -line Moth.
Fore wings shining cinnamon-brown, trans-
versely streaked with darker, somewhat lighter
in the basal area. The transverse lines are
both sharply defined and slightly curved.
There are some white, darkly edged streaks
near the hind margin, instead of a reniform
stigma, and there is no trace of an orbicular
stigma or submarginal line, whilst the marginal
line is dark and interrupted. The hind wings
are bright reddish grej' with a lighter costa
and red fringes. The femora are thickly
covered with hair. The moth is widely distri-
buted in Central and Southern Europe in
June and July, but is nowlitre very common.
The larva is rather thick, brownish red, dotted

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

133

with dark brown, with a narrow light brown
dorsal line, a sinuated line near it, as well as
a broad lateral stripe of the same colour above
the legs. It feeds on grasses till May,

Genus Mythimna, Guen.

Head retracted, eyes small and hairy, pro-
boscis spiral. The antenna are provided in the
males with short stout pectinations, shortly
ciliated; in the females they are setiform with
a felt-like pubescence. The front, palpi and
legs are thinly covered with coarse hair. The
thorax is arched, quadrilateral in the males,
rounded in the females. The abdomen is not
tufted, slender, and obtuse at the extremity
in the males, pointed in the females. The
anal fold is short and obtuse, and is slightly
expanded at the end. The wings are shorter
and broader than in Leucania.

M. imbecilla, Fabr. Fore wings yellow-
in the male, rusty brown in the female, with
two dark transverse lines and a smaller yellow
reniform stigma, whitish on the outer side.
The hind wings are black. It is widely distri-
buted through Europe, except in the North-
West and Scandinavia. It appears in Jul}-
and is found chiefly in mountainous districts.
On Alpine meadows it often occurs in large
numbers, flying about the flowers of Polygonum.
Tlie larva is dirty grey, with an oval dorsal
spot divided by a white line, and a dark
grey lateral stripe. It feeds on low plants
in Spring.

FAMILY

CARADRINID^.

These moths form a connecting link be-
tween the Lencanida and Orthosida. They
are not very stout, have the eyes naked,
the front vertical, and usually the abdomen
untufted and the legs without spines. The
fore wings are obtuse in all the species, rather
broad externally, dull clay-coloured or brown-
ish, with more or less shining entire fringes.
The two stigmata are small, and either of the
colour of the wings or only slightly darker. The
two transverse lines are fine and indistinct.
The outer usually consists of crescents arranged
in a row, often darkly dotted on the nervures.
The central shade is distinct, and the sub-
marginal line faint and slightly sinuated. The

hind wings are rounded and without markings,
generally slightly suffused with grey, and are
grey towards the hind margins. The moths
fly at night and hold their wings flatly over-
lapping when at rest. The larvae are smooth
and generally without markings.

Genus Grammesia, Steph.

Rather small and stout moths, -without any
trace of stigmata on the wings, with two
straight transverse lines, with a more or less
distinct central shade between, taking the same
direction. The eyes are naked and the head
is covered with short smooth hair. The pro-
boscis is spiral. The antennse are thick and
shortly pectinated and ciliated in the males,
setiform in the females. The abdomen is short
and not tufted.

G. trigrammica, Hufn. The Treble-lines
]\Ioth. PI. XXVI. fig. 8. is common in Central
and Southern Europe in June and Juh",
especially in woody localities. It is fond of
flying about flow-ering grasses in the evening.
The variety bilinea, Hiibn. has two distinct
pale yellow- transverse lines on the fore -wings
and a brow-n streak in the middle. The larva
is ashy grey, with interrupted longitudinal
streaks and bristly hairs. It hibernates and
feeds on low plants in April and May.

Genus Stilbia, Steph.

Body and legs smoothly scaled, those on
the thorax being flattened and shining, w-ith
a thick horizontal raised tuft on the scutellum.
The antennae are setiform, ciliated in the
male. The male is very slender, the female
stouter, with narrow-er w-ings. The only spe-
cies is: —

S. anomala, Haw. The Anomalous Moth.
Fore wings bluish grey, shading into reddish,
with the submarginal line and two stigmata
lighter. The hind wings are greyish yellow,
darker towards the hind margins. The head
and thorax- are like the fore wings and the ab-
domen light grey. It is found in the British
Isles, France, and some parts of Germany,
but is local. It appears in August and Sep-
tember. The larva is green or brown, with
three w-hite dorsal lines and a bluish-white
lateral stripe. It hibernates and lives on grass
in Spring.

9*

134

BMITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS

Genus Caradrina, Ochs.

Rather small moths with broad fore wings,
with rounded apices and straight hind margins.
The markings are slight, the two transverse
lines being least distinct. Of the two stig-
mata, the reniform is distinct. The marginal
line is slightly waved. The hind wings are
unmarked and the body is slender. The front
is low and broad. The antennas are shortly
ciliated in the males, with two strong bristles
on each segment. The larvffi are sluggish
and remain hidden during the day. They live
on low plants and pass into the pupa state in
the ground.

C. morpheus, Hufn. The Mottled Rustic.
Fore wings yellowish brown heavily dusted
with black and more or less indistinctly marked.
The half and the two transverse lines are
darker, the posterior being the most distinct,
and formed of dots. The two stigmata, if
present, are edged with yellow, and darkly
centred, with a distinct central shade between
them. The yellow submarginal line is distinct,
broadly edged with darker on the inner
side; the marginal line is yellow, with a row
of black dots within it. The hind wings are
yellowish white, with a yellow marginal line
and faint lunules. The head and thorax
are like the fore wings, and the abdomen is
yellowish white, with a stout yellowish anal
tuft in the male. It is common in Northern
and Central Europe in June and Jul}'. The
larva is covered with short hair, brownish
red, with a yellowish dorsal and dark brown
lateral line above the legs, enclosing the back
spiracles. Along the back are yellow scaly
markings, edged with dark brown. It feeds
in the Autumn on bindweed, nettle and other
low plants, and forms a loose cocoon on the
ground in October.

C. quadripunctata, Fabr. The Pale Mot-
tled ^Villow !Moth. Fore wings 3'ellowish grey,
with four dark dots on the costa, and indis-
tinct transverse lines, only indicated by dark
dots and spots, and a central shade. The
orbicular stigma is a small dark dot ; the reni-
form is more distinct with a few small white
dots around it. The wings are darkest in
front of and behind the zigzag submarginal
line. In front of the light marginal line is a
row of small black dots. The hind wings are

white, somewhat brownish on the ncr\"ures,
with a darker marginal line. The moth is
common throughout Europe in June and July.
The larva is vermiform, deeply contracted
between the segments, and wrinkled. It is
pale brownish grey, sprinkled with darker,
with two brownish dorsal and lateral lines.
A horny cervical plate and black spiracles
edged with whitish. It feeds in April and
May on Alsiiie, Stellaria, and other low plants.

C. selini, Boisd. Closely resembles the last
species, but has finer markings and less shading.
It varies considerably. The colour is grey,
with a sharph' dentated posterior transverse
stripe and the submarginal line darkl}' suffused
as far as the hind margins. It is local in
German)', the Hartz Mountains, Silesia, the
Valais, and the Pyrenees.

C. pulmonaris, Esp. Fore wings oright
rusty yellow, the two transverse lines brown
and double, the posterior being dotted on
the nervures. There is a large central shade.
The two stigmata are large, the reniform being
filled with blackish. The brown submarginal
line is slightly curved; the marginal line is
sharp and hardly interrupted, and the fringes
are long and rusty brown, somewhat sprinkled
with yellow. The costa is brown, spotted with
\ellow. The hind wings are bright grey, witli
light fringes chequered with darker. It is
found in some parts of Central and Southern
Plurope, but not in the North-West. The
larva is greyish green with white dorsal and
lateral lines, and white dots on each segment
between them. It feeds on Pitlmonaria till May.

C. respersa, W. V. Fore wings reddish
grey with a metallic lustre, with the half and
the two transverse lines darker, and for the
most part made up of dots and curves, es-
pecially the posterior, which consists of a.
double row. The stigmata are indistinct, the
orbicular appearing as a long dark spot, the
reniform, when distinct, is edged with yellow.
Between them is a distinct central shade. The
submarginal line is yellow, edged with darker
internally, especially in its anterior half; the
marginal line is formed of small black dots.
The hind wings arc whitish grey, darker
in the female, with a yellow marginal line
and lighter fringes. It is a scarce and local
moth, found in Central and Southern Europe

BRITISH AXD ECROrEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

135

in June and July, but not in tlic North-West.
The larva is dark brown, with a lighter dorsal
line streaked with black, containing two yel-
lowish white dots on each segment and scat-
tered hairs; and with two yellowish white trans-
verse lines on the last segment. It hibernates
and lives in the Spring on the lanceolate
plantain, base knot-grass, etc.

C. alsines, Brahm. The Uncertain Moth.
Fore wings rusty brown, with the stigmata,
marginal and submarginal lines lighter, and
the half line, the two transverse lines, the
centres of the stigmata, the central shade, the
broad inner border of the submarginal line and
the row of spots in front of the hind margins
dark brown. The anterior transverse line is
indistinct; the posterior is formed of a curved
row of dots. The central shade often has a
branch from the middle of the wing to the
reniform stigma. The fringes are slightly
chequered. The hind wings are yellowish grey
in the male, darker in the female. The moth
is found in Northern and Central Europe and
is common in many places. It appears in
June and Jul}. The larva is dusty grey on
the back with three fine white dorsal lines,
edged with darker, and with four distinct hairy
warts on each of the segments, from the fifth
to the ninth, and black dots l:)etween them.
The sides are dark with a zigzag lateral line
running up in the middle of each segment
^nd down towards the black spiracles. It
feeds till May on various low plants.

C. superstes, Treit. Fore wings light
yellowish gre}' with numerous black markings,
which are massed to form an anterior trans-
verse line and a central shade. The posterior
transverse line is composed of a double row
of dots. The dark-centred stigmata are edged
with 3'ellowish, as is also the submarginal line,
which has a darker inner border. The space
in front of the light marginal line is darker
still, and is preceded by a row of small black
triangular spots. The fringes are chequered
with lighter and darker. Hind wings clear
white, with a brown marginal line in the
male, slighth' dusted with vellowish in the
female. The abdomen is light grey, with a
yellowish white tuft in the male. It is found
in June on the Rhine and in the Alps, but is
scarce. The larva resembles that of alsines,

but is almost white. It lives on plantain and
other low plants in May and June.

C. ambigua, W. V. Fore wings dusty
grey with the usual markings; the two stig-
mata are dark-centred and surrounded with
yellowish, the orbicular being comparatively
large. The posterior transverse line is double,
and contains a row of black dots. In front
of the submarginal line and the pale marginal
line the colour is darkest. The hind wings
are clear white in the male, slightly suffused
with brown, and with a black marginal line
in the female. The abdomen is rounded,
with a fine anal tuft in the male. It is found
in Southern Europe at the end of July. The
larva is dark brown with numerous blackish
lines, especially on the sides, and hook-like
hairs. There are three darkly bordered whit-
ish lines on the back, black dots between
them, and a dark brown lateral line, yellowish
in front and behind, above the spiracles, as
well as black dots in small indistinct yellowish
spots on each segment. It feeds on plantain,
dandelion, and other low plants in Autumn
and Spring.

C. taraxaci, Hi'ibn. The Rustic. Fore
wings yellowish brown, with indistinct trans-
verse lines, of which the anterior generally
consists of three black dots on a somewhat
lighter base, and the posterior of a row of black
dots on a broad light base. There is a fine
submarginal line, a black-dotted marginal
line, but no darker marginal area, light-edged
darkly centred stigmata, and a large central
shade. The hind wings are white towards
the base in the male, suffused with brownish
towards the hind margins, with dirty white
fringes. In the female they are yellowish
brown, usually with a lunule. The moth is
common throughout Central Europe in June
and July. The larva is very like that of alsines,
but is dark grey in colour. It feeds on nettle
and sorrel in Ma)-.

C. palustris, Hiibn. The Marsh Moth.
Fore wings broadly triangular and light red-
dish grey in the male, much smaller, narrower
and darker in the female, with a blackish
submarginal line. The hind wings are whitish,
with a dark marginal line and small black-
ish spots in the middle. It is widely distri-
buted in Northern and Central Europe in

1.S6

BRITISH AXD ECROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

June, but is scarce. The larva is clay-coloured
with a white interrupted dorsal line, and dark
angular spots with hairy warts beside them.
It lives on plantain and other low plants in
June and Jul)".

C. arcuosa, Haw. The Small Dotted
Buff. Fore wings brownish yellow with tolerably
rectangular rather truncated apex, rounded at
the hinder angle with entire fringes and some-
what indistinct markings. The hind wings
are grey with rounded apices, and are narrow
in the female. The abdomen is slender, and
tufted on the sides. It is common in Central
Europe in June and July. The larva is dirty
yellowish white with small dark warts. It
feeds on Aira ccspitosa till May.

Genus Acosmetia, Steph.

Proboscis spiral, front and palpi smoothly
scaled; the last is curved upwards in a sickle-
shape, and the terminal joint is long, uniforml}-
thick and obtuse. The antennae are setiform,
and shortly ciliated in the males. The thorax
is rounded, with smooth shining hair. The
abdomen reaches as far as the anal angle, is
slender, not much thicker in the females than
in the males and, like the thin legs, is covered
with smooth scales. The anal fold is short
and broad, and is rounded and hollowed like
a spoon. They are slender moths with delicate
nervures, long fore wings much expanded ex-
ternally, with straight hind margins, and broad
rounded somewhat convex hind wings.

A. caliginosa, Hi'ibn. The Reddisn Buff.
Fore wings dark ashy grey, without stigmata
and with the two transverse lines indistinct.
The central shade and the nervures behind the
posterior transverse line are longitudinally
streaked with black and slightly dotted with
white. The submarginal line is scarcely paler
than the ground colour and the marginal
line is formed of slight dark lunules, suffused
with whitish on the inner side. The fringes
are banded with darker, especially on the fore
wings. The moth is found throughout Central
Europe from May to the end of July, fre-
quenting damp meadows, and may be disturbed
in long grass in the daytime. The larva is
greenish, with yellow ring-like incisions and a
tew fine white longitudinal lines. It lives in
J line and August on Scrratula iindoria.

Genus Rusina, Boisd.

These moths resemble the larger Caradrina
in their shape and general characters. The
thorax is, however, provided with a small trans-
verse crest behind the collar and at the extre-
mity. The pectus and legs are thickly covered
with woolly hair. The palpi are well developed
and erect, and are rather prominent. The
antennas are strongly pectinated in the male,
and ciliated towards the tips; in the female
they are setiform. The body is thick in the
female. The only species is: —

R. tenebrosa, Hiibn. The Brown Rustic.
PI. XX\T. lig. 9. It is widely distributed in
Europe, appearing in July. The larva is
smooth, and stout, reddish brown, darker above,
with three light dorsal lines, and blackish
oblique stripes. It lives from Autumn till April
on low plants.

Genus Amphipyra, Ochs.

Large or middle-sized moths with the
usual markings, but with the claviform stigma
nearly always wanting and the two other stig-
mata often ill-defined. The fore wings are
tolerably broad at the base, and slightly broader
behind, with the apices almost rectangular.
Nervure 5 of the hind wings is rather more
slender than the others. The vertex and front
are broad, and not tufted. The thorax is not
tufted; the palpi are raised; the proboscis
is stout and the antennas are simply ciliated.
The legs are long, the femora compressed and
smoothly scaled. The abdomen is depressed.
The moths fly in July and August and are
single -brooded. They sit with the wings
nearly horizontal and crossed at the hinder
angle, and pass the day hidden in the cre-
vices of palings and in the bark of trees,
quickly slipping from one crevice to another
if disturbed. There are several European
species, but only two are found in Britain.

A. tragopogonis, Linn. The Mouse. Fore
wings greyish brown, the nervures sometimes
darker, with three black spots in place of the
two stigmata. The hind wings are lighter,
whitish or reddish towards the base, with a
darker marginal line and the fringes yellow-
ish at the base. It is common throughout
Central and Southern Europe in July and
August. The larva is green with three white

PLATE XVII.

I. Lirliosia complana. 2. Gnophira quadra, female, 2a. Larva. 5. Eniydia striata.

4. limydia jacobaiic. 5. Nemcophila plantaginis. 0. Callimorpha dominula, 6a. Larva.

;. CallimcH-pha hera. 8. Arctia caja, Sa. Larva. 9. Arctia villica. 10. Arclia purpurata.

11. .\rctia hobe. 12. Spilosoma fubginosa. 13. Spilosunia menthasin. 14. S]iilosoma lubricipcda.

British and European BiUUrfites and Moths.

BRITISH AXD EUROPE AX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

137

longitudinal lines on the back and a white line
on the sides. It feeds on Rnmcx, Tragcpogon,
etc., in May and June.

A. livida, W. V. Fore wings violet-black,
without any markings, except occasionally a
slight dark trace of the reniform stigma. The
hind wings are cinnamon-coloured, dusted with
black towards the hind margins, especially
in the female. The head and thorax are like
the fore wings and the abdomen is dark grey.
It is found in South-Central and Southern
Europe in July and August. The larva is
yellowish green with a dark dorsal line edged
with lighter, yellowish dorso-lateral lines and
a yellow stripe on the sides. The head is
bluish green. It feeds on dandelion in May.

A. pyramidea, Linn. The Copper Under-
wing. PI. XXVI. fig. 10. is common through-
out Europe in July and August. The larva
is grass-green with white lines and dots and
a red pointed elevation on the twelfth segment.
It feeds in May and June on willow, oak,
poplar, and other trees.

A. perflua, Fabr. Fore wings dark violet-
brown, somewhat whitish in the basal area,
and with the space between the double dark
transverse lines, and also the marginal area
whitish yellow; the nervures here are dark
and there are a few sagittate spots on the
submarginal line. The orbicular stigma is light
and faint with a dark centre, and the reniform
is wanting. The marginal line is formed of
dark crescents, bordered with paler on the
inner side. The fringes are curved, with
almost straight dark bands in front of the
middle. The hind wings and abdomen are
reddish grey. The head and thorax are like
the base of the wings. It inhabits Central
Europe, except Britain, but is rather scarce.
It appears in August. The larva closely re-
sembles that of pyramidea, but is without the
red tip on the elevation on the twelfth segment,
the white lines are broader, and the lateral
stripe is interrupted from the third to the sixth
segment. It feeds in May and June on sallow,
elm, beech, etc.

A. cinnamomea, Goeze. Fore wings dark
cinnamon-brown, especially on the inner half,
with pale yellow and brown streaky markings.
The nervures are dark and there is a black
streak from the base. The sinuated fringes

are intersected with lighter on the nervures
near the base. The hind wings are pale cin-
namon-brown with irregular fringes marked
with lighter on the nervures. The palpi have
a short oval terminal segment. It is found
in South-Central Europe in July and August,
but is rare. The larva is yellowish green with
a whitish dorsal line, yellow oblique stripes on
the eleventh and twelfth segments, and a yel-
low stripe on the sides. The head is bluish.
It feeds on elm, poplar and spindle-tree
(Euoniinus) in June and July.

FAMILY

ORTHOSID^.

Thorax broadly covered with thick woolly,
almost smooth hair or with a sharp longitu-
dinal crest behind the collar. The thorax is
strongly arched and the abdomen is short and
not tufted. The legs are generally short. The
wings are comparatively small, the fore wings
with rectangular, more or less sharply pointed
tips, and with the hind margins and fringes
oblique or somewhat convex, usually entire.
The hind wings are short and rounded. The
central area of the fore wings is only slightly
if at all darker than the ground colour. The
two stigmata are bare or indistinct, the two
central lines fine and dusted, often quite faint,
sometimes converging so that the central area
becomes triangular. The central shade is faint
or quite wanting. The submarginal line is
often indistinct and scarcely indicated; the
fringes are uniform in colour with the borders
of the wings. The hind wings are grey or
white, with the usual central spot and curved
line below it. The eyes are naked or hairy
and the antennae pectinated or pyramidal.
They fly at night, and keep the wings sloping
when at rest. The larvae are smooth and bare.

Genus Teeniocampa, Guen.

These moths are distinguished by their
Bombyx-like appearance. The antennae of the
males are pectinated, in the species from gothica
to stabilis, the pectinations being rather long,
regular and reaching to the extremity; in the
others they are pyramidally serrated, witli
brush-like cilia. The thorax is densely pubes-
cent. The head is retracted; the legs and

1.58

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

abdomen short and the wings strong. The
anal fold varies in form, but is usually pro-
duced into a point. The fore wings are narrow,
slightly broader externally, with a straight
costa, somewhat prominent slightly obtuse
apex, oblique hind margin and rounded hinder
angle. The hind wings are comparatively
small and narrow, much longer than broad,
with a strongly rounded anal angle and obtuse
projecting apex. The costa is consequently
one third longer than the inner margin. The
fringes of all the wings are broad and entire.
These moths remain hidden under foliage
during the day, generally near the ground.
Most of the species may be found on sallow-
blossom in Spring. The larvae are smooth
and cylindrical, and live chiefly on forest trees,
pupating in the groimd.

T. gothica, Linn. The Hebrew Character.
Fore wings light or dark brown with the half
line and the two transverse lines yellowish,
edged with black lines or spots. The trans-
verse lines run from black spots on the costa.
The two stigmata are edged with yellow, and
between them is a black spot half enclosing
the orbicular stigma on the inner side, with
a black streak behind the light space of the
rcniform stigma. The yellow submarginal line
is finely bordered and dentated on the inner
side. The marginal line is yellow with small
black dots. The hind wings are reddish
ashy-grey with the fringes lighter. The head
and thorax are brown marbled with grey. The
abdomen is ashy grej- with a reddish tinge,
and there is a divided reddish anal tuft in the
male. The antennae are light brown, whitish at
the base, and are pectinated, and ciliated in
the male. It is common throughout Europe in
April and May. The larva is yellowish green
with small yellow dots, of which two on the
b?ck of each segment are more conspicuous
than the rest. There are three yellow dorsal
lines, the median line being the broadest, a
white lateral line and white spiracles ringed
with dark brown, of which only the first and
last lie above it. It lives on oak, honey-
suckle and various other plants.

T. miniosa, \\". \'. The Blossom Under-
wing. Fore wings grey or ochre-3'ellow, tinged
with red, with the two transverse lines lighter,
edged with darker on the inner side. The

stigmata have dark centres and are ringed
with yellow, and the central area is also dark.
The submarginal line is yellowish, spotted on
the inner side, and darkly bordered, and there
are dark dots on the hind margin. The hind
wings are white with a darker curved line,
a dark lunule and a still darker marginal
line. The abdomen is grey suffused with red-
dish. It is widely distributed through Central
Europe, appearing in the early Spring, but is
not common. The larva is blue on the back
with a yellow longitudinal line and with two
black spots on each segment bordered with
yellow. The sides are black with yellow and
black lateral stripes, spotted with white on
each segment. The head is whitish with large
black spots. It lives on oak, birch and poplar
in June. The larva is enclosed in a firm
earthy cocoon.

T. pulverulenta, Esp. The Small Quaker.
Fore wings reddish brown or reddish grey,
very indistinctly marked, only the dark yellow-
edged reniform stigma being distinct. The
posterior transverse line is indicated by a row
of black dots and the submarginal line by small
yellowish spots. In front of the long fringes
there are also some small black dots. The
hind wings are yellowish ashy grej' with lighter
fringes. The head and thorax are like the
fore wings and the abdomen like the hind
wings, It is common in Central and Southern
Europe in April and May, especiall\- in oak
woods. The larva is green with three \ellow-
ish dorsal lines, the median being the broadest,
and a brownish spotted lateral line containing
the spiracles. On the twelfth segment there
is a transverse stripe. It lives on oak in July
and August.

T. populeti, Treit. The Lead-coloured
Drab. Fore wings ashy grey with a violet
tinge. The two transverse lines are most
distinct on the costa and hind margin, but
faint at their termination. The two stigmata
are somewhat darker, and are edged with
whitish; between them there is a reddish shade.
The light submarginal line, which is blotched
with reddish brown internally, is distinct and
the yellowish marginal line is spotted with red-
dish brown. The hind wings are reddish grey
with a dark, transparent lunule and light fringes.
The thorax is thickly hairy and the abdomen

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTIERFLIES AND MOTHS.

139

is ashy gre}', reddish in the male. The an-
tenna; are pectinated in tlie male. It is found
in Central Europe at the end of March and
in April. The larva is yellowish with black
spiracles, and a w-hitish dorsal stripe with a
narrower one on each side of it. The head
is white. It feeds on poplar in May, lying
coiled up between two leaves.

T. stabitis, W. V. The Conmion Quaker.
Fore wings varying in colour, ashy grey, red-
dish grey, yellow or flesh-coloured with the
transverse lines faint or only indicated by
dark dots. There may be a central shade.
The stigmata are bordered with yellow and
are comparatively large and filled up with
darker; they sometimes touch on the inner
side. There is a yellow, nearly straight sub-
marginal line, edged with darker on the inner
side, black dots in front of the yellow mar-
ginal line and light nervures in the marginal
area. The hind wirigs are like the fore wings,
but are suffused with grey and have light
fringes. The head and thorax are like the
fore wings and the abdomen like the hind
wings. It is common throughout Central and
Southern Europe. The larva is green with
small yellow warts, a yellowish line on the
back, terminating in a short transverse line
and a yellow lateral line above the legs. It
feeds in May and June on lime, oak, willow
and other trees.

T. gracilis, W. V. The Powdered Quaker.
Fore wings whitish grey with a reddish tinge,
dusted with black, and lightest at the base.
The transverse lines are only indicated by
dark dots, and the stigmata are darkly centred
and edged with yellow. There is a distinct
yellow submarginal line edged with darker on
the inner side; a yellow marginal line, with
dark dots in front of it ; and light nervures in
the marginal area. The hind wings are white,
with a grey lunule, and are suffused with
grey on the costa and hind margin. They are
crossed by a row of dark spots, which are
often faint, and have a blackish marginal
line. The head and thorax are covered with
long hair, and are of the same colour as the
fore wings; the abdomen is yellowish grey.
It is found in Central Europe and is not un-
common, appearing in March and April. The
larva is whitish grey or reddish grey with a

faint spot on the back of each segment, which
is intersected by the alimentary canal, whicli
shows through it. The belly is yellowish
green and the spiracles black. It lives between
the leaves of bramble, sallow, wormwood, etc.,
in June and July.

T. incerta, Hufn. The Clouded Drab.
Varies much in colour, from the palest ashy
grey to deep rusty brown. The two transverse
lines are very indistinct, and are indicated
by light or dark dots, at least on the costa.
The orbicular stigma is elongated and approxi-
mated to the inner part of the reniform; both
are bordered with yellowish, and between them
at the base of the reniform stigma is a central
shade. The submarginal line is particularly
distinct, light in colour, with three brown
spots on the inner side at each end and one
in front of the middle; the marginal line is
lighter with small black dots. The hind
wings are ashy or rosy grey with a dark mar-
ginal band, and lunulas, and lighter fringes,
which are white at the base. The head and
thorax are like the fore wings and the ab-
domen like the hind wings. The serrations
of the antennae are sliortly conical in the male.
It is common in Central and Southern Europe
in early Spring. The caterpillar is generally
greenish yellow with four rows of yellow dots,
a yellow lateral stripe and a green one on
the back, which is however not constant. It
lives on lime, oak, elm and fruit-trees in June
and July.

T. opima, Hiibn. The Northern Drab,
is ashy grey. The fore wings have two more
or less distinct brown transverse lines, yellow-
ish-bordered stigmata, a broad central shade,
a nearly straight yellow unspotted submar-
ginal line bordered with reddish brown on the
inner side, a dark marginal line and yellowish
fringes. The hind wings have a dark mar-
ginal line, a faint lunule and light fringes.
The moth is found in April in most parts of
Central Europe, but is not common. The larva
is brow-n with a yellowish head. It feeds on
oak in July and August.

T. munda, W. V. The Twin-spotted
Quaker. Fore wings greyish ochreous with
indistinct markings. In the place of the an-
terior transverse line and especially in that
of the submarginal line are a few black spots

140

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

or dots. Of the dark, yellow-edged stigmata
only the reniform is visible, and in front of
the hind margins are a few black longitudinal
streaks. The hind wings are yellowish grey
with lighter fringes. The head and long-
haired thorax are somewhat darker and the
abdomen lighter. The antennae are pectinated
in the male. It is common in Central Europe
in early Spring. The larva is brown, with
a yellowish grey dorsal line, a row of yellowish
dots on each side, and a pale grey line on
the sides edged above with darker, enclosing
the spiracles; beneath it are triangular white
spots on the fifth and sixth segments. It
lives in June and July on oak, beech, elm
and lime. The pupa hibernates in an earthy
cocoon.

Genus Panolis, Hiibn.

General characters of the last genus, but
the head is more retracted, the palpi are rudi-
mentary, and in spite of their long hair hardly
reach as far as the front, whilst the terminal
segment is quite indistinguishable. The legs
and palpi are more roughly hairy than in
Taniocampa. The eyes are hairy and the an-
tennae in the males are slightly serrated. The
only species is: —

P. piniperda, Panz. The Pine Beauty.
PI. XXVI. fig. II. Larva iia. is common in
Central and Southern Europe in April and
May, appearing in large numbers in some
years. It is usually confined to fir-woods, and
may be found sitting on the trunk or branches
of the trees. The larva is slender, smooth
and green with three broad white dorsal lines
and four yellow or red lateral lines. It feeds
on fir and pine in July. The pupa may be
found in the Spring under moss.

Genus Pachnobia, Guen.

Like Taniocampa, but the eyes are naked,
there are bristles on the middle and hind
tibiae, the fore wings are shorter and more
obtuse, with much shorter apices, and the
anal fold is slender, uniformly broad, and only
slightly narrowed at the end which is incurved.
The antennee of the males are pectinated in
leuconrapha and jiyraniidally serrated in rubricosa.

P. leucographa, \\". \. The White-marked
Moth. Fore wings reddish brown varied with

white and ochre-yellow, with indistinct white
transverse lines and central shade, whitish
orbicular and reniform stigmata, centred with
brown, and a faint white claviform stigma
divided by a brown longitudinal line. There
is a coppery red submarginal line dusted with
white, and three yellow dots on the light tips
of the wings. The fringes are brown chequered
with darker. The hind wings are j-ellowish
white suflfused with brownish red towards
the hind margins, with a brownish marginal
line and dirty white fringes. The head is
reddish brown and the thorax brown with a
double crest and a darkly bordered collar.
The abdomen is lighter with black tufts of
hair on the back, and a red anal tuft in the
male. The antennae are long and filiform in
the male, and are simply ciliated. It is found
throughout Central Europe in April, but is not
common. The caterpillar is grey with a brown
oblique stripe on the sides, as well as a reddish
yellow or black-bordered band. It lives in
May and June on plantain, bilberry and other
low plants.

P. rubricosa, W. V. The Red Chestnut.
Fore wings bluish and reddish brown, with
four brown dots on a grey space between the
costa and the posterior transverse line, and
several white ones towards the apices. The two
transverse lines are grey, deeply dentated and
partly interrupted, and the stigmata are pale.
The reniform stigma is rendered rather darker
by the central shade. The submarginal line is
tolerably straight, lighter, and closely approxi-
mated in the middle to the posterior trans-
verse line. In front of the brown fringes there
is an interrupted marginal line. The hind
wings are reddish asliy grey with lighter
fringes and an indistinct lunule. The antennae
of the male are shortly pectinated, and partly
ciliated. It is found throughout Central and
Southern Europe in early Spring. The larva
is reddish with an indistinct darker dorsal
line, yellow in front. On each side tliere is
a row of pale yellow dashes, between which
the ground colour is dark brown, and two
pale yellow dots in blackish triangular spots.
There are whitish lines on the sides between
which are the black spiracles, and a row of
black dots above the legs. It feeds on sorrel
and other knv plants in June and July.

BRITISH AND EUROPEAX BUrTERFLlI-:S AXD MOIJ/S.

141

Genus Mesogona, Boisd.

Closel}^ allied to the last genus. The head
is not retracted. The thorax, palpi and ab-
domen are covered with fine smooth hair, the
last being elongated. The antennae are seti-
form, and ciliated in the males. The fore
wings are long with sharp rectangular apices
and convex hind margins, and the hind wings
are rounded. The larvae are smooth, rounded,
and tolerably short and thick. They remain
hidden during the day, feed at night on
trees, and pass into the pupa state in the
ground. The moths are on the wing about
the end of the Summer.

M. oxalina, Hiibn. Fore wings greyish
red with a yellow half line and complete
straight transverse lines, which nearly touch
on the inner margin. The dark-centred stig-
mata are encircled with yellow, and the sub-
marginal line is yellow, spotted with darker on
the inner side. The central area is almost
triangular and greyish brown; the marginal
line is pale and the fringes are dark brown.
The hind wings are 5'ellowish grey, darker in
the basal half, on the marginal band and on
the fringes. The antennse are rusty yellow
with the base whitish. The abdomen is reddish
or yellowish grey. It is found in the South
of Germany, Switzerland and Hungary in
August. The larva is light brown with a
purple tinge, with a lighter dorsal and blackisli
lateral stripe, beneath which the ground colour
is whitish yellow. Between the stripes tliere
are yellowish dots and black spiracles. It
feeds at night in Spring till June on willow,
poplar and low plants.

M. acetosellae, W. \'. Fore wings grey-
ish red, dusted with brown, with vellow
slightly curved transverse lines edged with
brown on the inner side, and distinctly approxi-
mating at the inner margin. The stigmata
are large, edged with yellow and darkl}' centred ;
the reniforni being somewhat compressed on the
inner side, with a dark centre. The submar-
ginal line is indicated b}' dark and light spots,
the marginal line is curved and darker with
small dark spots between the nervures, and
the fringes are light, banded with darker.
The hind wings are reddish grey with a darker
curved line and yellowish fringes. The ab-
domen is grevish vellow. It is found chieflv in

South-Central and Southern Europe, appear-
ing in August and September. The larva
is dirty flesh-coloured, heavily blotched with
blackish above, and with an indistinct blackish
dorsal line. It feeds on oak and other plants
in May and June.

Genus Dicycla, Guen.

Middle-sized moths with a straight dark
marginal line, dark nervures and fringes
sharply intersected with white at their ends.
All the Noctua-m&i'kmgs are well developed.
The palpi are raised. The antennae are bi-
pectinated in the male. The thorax is densely
woolly. The abdomen is cylindrical and
pointed, with a horny ovipositor in the female.
The only species is: —

D. 00, Linn. The Heart Moth. Fore
wings pale ochreous grey with double trans-
verse lines, nervures, and half lines. The
two transverse lines in the middle, of which
the anterior is double and the posterior com-
posed of lunules, the edges of the three stig-
mata, the central shade, tlie submarginal line
and the sharply-defined marginal line are
all rusty-red. The hind wings are white
with a thin rusty reddish marginal line. The
body is ochreous grey. It is common in
Central and Southern Europe in June and
August. The larva is red with a dorsal row
of white spots, a white lateral line and another
which is sinuated, above the legs. The head
and legs are black. It feeds between the leaves
of oaks in Ma}' and June, and the pupa also
rests between the leaves.

Genus Calymnia, Hubn.

The antennae of the males are setiform,
and the front, the palpi and legs are clothed
with smooth hair. The abdomen is short, and
does not project beyond the anal angle; in
the females it is very pointed, but without a
projecting ovipositor. The fore wings are
broad, and pointed and rounded above the
hinder angle. The hind wings are tolerably
large. The larvae are smooth, with small
punotiform warts, and live on trees, between
leaves, which they spin together.

C. pyralina, ^^'. X. The Lunar-spotted
Pinion. Fore wings coppery red, more or less
suffused with grey, with grey transverse lines

142

BRITJSH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERI-LIES AND MOTHS.

darkly margined on tlie opposed sides; the an-
terior is deeply dentated and the posterior
forms a dentation on the outer side. The cen-
tral shade is faint, the stigmata are indistinct
and the submarginal line is thin, and like
the posterior transverse line commences with
greyish white hooks on the costa, whilst behind
it are a few small dark spots on the outer
side. The tringes are slightly dentated. The
hind wmgs are yellowish grey, darker towards
the hind margins, with lighter fringes. It is
found in Central Europe in July. The larva is
yellowish green with three white dorsal stripes,
the median being the broadest, a similar lateral
line above the legs and white dots on the
back. The head is dark green. It feeds in
May on oak, birch, and fruit trees, and is a
cannibal. The pupa is short, with light rings,
and is placed between leaves spun together.

C. diffinis, Linn. The White-spotted
Pinion. Fore wings chestnut brown suftused
with reddish grey, especially on the inner
margin and towards the base. There are
white transverse lines, edged with darker on
the opposed sides ; of these the posterior forms
a dentation in front near the hind margin.
The central shade is faint and the stigmata are
scarcely indicated. The submarginal line is
white and fairly straight, and there is a row of
dark brown dots in front of the slighly dentated
fringes, which are most distinct at the apex.
The commencement of the two transverse lines
forms a shining white spot on the costa, but
the half line and submarginal line are much
thinner. The hind wings are yellowish grey,
darker towards the hind margins, with yellow
fringes, darker on their basal half. The head
and thorax are reddish grey and the abdomen
is yellowish grey. It inhabits Central and
Southern Europe in July and is common in
many localities, but is local in England. The
caterpillar is yellowish green with five white
longitudinal lines placed at equal distances
from one another, brown hairy warts on white
spots, brown spiracles, a shining brown cer-
vical plate and a dark brown head with a
lighter forked frontal line. It feeds in j\Iay
and June between leaves of elm, which it has
spun together. The chrysalis is reddish brown
dusted with Ijlue, and is contained in a loose
cocoon on the ground.

C. aflfinis, Linn. The Lesser-spotted
Pinion. Fore wings reddish brown, dustetl
with black, with whitish transverse lines, edged
with darker on the opposed sides, of which
the posterior forms a strong dentation towards
the hind margins in front. The central shade
is faint and the two stigmata are present as
light unmargined spots with a black centre,
the reniform forming a figure of 8. The
submarginal line is represented by darker and
lighter spots and there is a row of black dots
behind it, of which the second from the tip
is the largest, and the fringes are dentated.
The two transverse lines and the submarginal
line rise from small white spots on the costa.
The hind wings are black, especially the outer
half, with yellow fringes. The head and thorax
are reddish brown and the abdomen is black.
It is common in Central and Southern Europe
in July. The larva is yellowish green with
three white lines on the back, almost uniting
on the anal plate and a similar Ime on the
sides; black hairy warts, black spiracles, and
a yellowish green head. It lives on elm, oak,
etc., in June. The pupa is reddish brown
dusted with blue.

C. trapezina, Linn. The Dun-bar. PI.
XXVI. fig. 12. is coininon tlnoughout Europe,
especially in oak woods, and appears in
July. The larva, which is a cannibal, is dull
green, with three delicate white dorsal, and
two sulphur- yellow lateral lines above the
legs ; between these on each side there are
black warts. It feeds between the leaves of
various trees. The pupa is brown and is
contained in a slight cocoon on the surface
of the ground.

Genus Gosmia, Ochs.

Shape longer than the last genus. The
abdomen is longer, projecting for a third of
its extent beyond the anal angle, with a pro-
minent ovipositor in the female. The front,
palpi and legs are clothed with woolly hair.
The antennas of the males have long, bushy
cilia in paleacea, but are closely ciliated in the
others, with a stout bristle on each segment.
The larvae feed on trees.

C. paleacea, Esp. The Angle-striped
Sallow. Fore wings bright ochre-yellow, dusted
with brownish, with rusty brown simple trans-

BRITISH AA'D EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

M3

verse lines, of which the posterior is somewhat
curved and the anterior angulated. There is
a rusty brown ill-defined central shade, dark
stigmata, a dark spot in the lower part of the
reniform stigma, a very feebly developed sub-
marginal line and dark dots in front of the
fringes, which are tipped with reddish. The
hind wings are straw-colour with a darker mar-
ginal line. The head and thorax are ochre-
yellow and the abdomen is straw-colour, with
a horny ovipositor in the female. It is found
throughout the greater part of Europe, but
is not generally common. It appears about
the end of July or in August. The larva is
yellowish green with three whitish dorsal and
lateral stripes and a darker one above the
legs. The head is yellowish red. It feeds in
May and June between the leaves of birch,
oak and alder.

C. contusa, Freyer. Fore wings greyish
red, with two transverse lines, of which the
anterior has two curves on the outer side, and
the posterior is almost straight, and only
slightly convex on the outer side. There is a
central shade, a rusty yellow orbicular and
a paler, bipupilled reniform stigma. The
hind wings are dark grey with the fringes
scarcely lighter towards the tips. It is found
in North-Eastern Germany and in Saxony in
July and August, but is rare and local. The
larva is whitish yellow, with a shining black
head. It feeds between the leaves of aspen,
which it spins together closely.

Genus Dyschorista, Led.

Distinguished from the last genus by the
obtuse fore wings. The abdomen of the female
is of the ordinary form, with a rather long
slightly projecting ovipositor and an anal fold
expanded at the inner edge. The antennas
are setiform, shortly and thickly ciliated in
the males.

D. suspecta, Hubn. The Suspected Moth.
Fore wings brownish red, or greyish brown with
a red tinge. All the markings are lighter, the
most distinct being the outline of the two
stigmata. The two transverse lines are bor-
dered with black on the opposed sides, and
the fringes are of a uniform grey colour. The
hind wings are uniformh- dark ashy grey with
lighter fringes. The head and thorax are

brownish red, and the abdomen is ash}' grey,
elongated in the male. It appears in August
and is widely distributed in Central Europe,
but is rare and local. The larva is unicolorous
green and feeds on low plants in May and June.
D. ypsilon, W. V. The Dismal Moth.
Fore wings light or dark rusty brown, with
indistinct lighter transverse lines somewhat
approximating on the inner margin ; light sub-
marginal lines forming a sharp angle at the
apex of the wings on the inner side and forming
black triangles nearer the base; a fairly distinct
central shade, and a short black streak from
the centre of the base. The claviform stigma
is surrounded with black, and the two others
are close together, almost touching at the
hinder angle, the opposed edges in front form-
ing a black V. The marginal Una is composed
of black lunules, and the fringes are darkly
banded through the middle and at the apex
and are intersected by fine nervures. The
hind wings are light or dark grey, lighter to-
wards the base, with a central lunule; a dark
marginal line; and yellowish fringes, spotted
slightly with darker in the middle. The head
and thorax are like the fore wings, and the
abdomen corresponds with the hind wings.
It is common in most parts of Europe in June
and Jul}-. The larva is brown with three light
dorsal lines, the median expanding into dia-
monds at the incisions and bounded by black
spots on the sides. The spiracles are placed
on a reddish base. It feeds in May and June
on poplar and willow, remaining hidden during
the day in fissures of the bark.

Genus Plastenis, Boisd.

General characters the same as in Calymnia.
The thorax has a sharp longitudinal crest,
the front, palpi, pectus and legs are woolly,
and the hind margin of the wings is convex.
The eyes are naked and the antennae are seti-
form, and shortly ciliated in the males. The
larvae are slender and live in May between
the leaves of willow and poplar, spun together,
between which they also pass into the pupa
state.

P. retusa, Linn. The Double Kidney
Moth. Fore wings fawn colour, with concave
hind margins, almost straight parallel trans-
verse lines of a delicate yellow edged extep-

144

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

nally with darker, and a central shade, also
parallel with them, passing through the reni-
form stigma. This and the elongated kidney-
shaped orbicular stigma are bordered with
yellow. The submarginal line is deeply zigzag,
especially towards the inner margin, and is
lighter towards the base than towards the
hind margin. The marginal Hne is dark and
the fringes are doubly banded with darker.
Tlie hind wings are brownish grey with yel-
lowish fringes. The head, the crested thorax,
and the abdomen are greyish brown, the last
lighter with an almost yellow anal tuft in the
male. It is common in Central and Southern
Europe, appearing in July. The larva is light
green or brownish with three white stripes on
the back and another on the sides, as well as a
row of white spots between the subdorsal and
lateral stripes. It feeds in May and June on
willow and poplar. The pupa is brown and
is contained in a loose cocoon between leaves
or on the ground.

P. subtusa, \V. V. The Olive Moth.
Fore wings slightly arched, greyish brown with
three yellow transverse lines, two of which
are darkly bordered on the inner side for part
of their course and slightly converge towards
the inner margin. There is a straight central
shade through the comparatively large reniform
stigma which, like the elongated orbicular and
the claviform stigmata, is edged with yellow.
The submarginal line is yellowish, and des-
cribes large curves. The marginal line is darker
and is yellow at the base. The hind wings
are brownish grey with yellowish fringes. The
head and crested thorax are greyish brown
and the abdomen is lighter, especially at the
tip. The moth is common in Central Europe
in July. The larva is light green with yellow-
ish longitudinal lines, small whitish dots, a
shining black head and a white front. It feeds
on poplar in May. The pupa is light brown
and rests in a slight cocoon between the leaves
or on the ground.

Genus Cirrhoedria, Guen.

Like the last genus, witli a ritiged longi-
tudinal crest, hut with dentated hind margins
and a projection on ncrvure 4 of the fore
wings. These moths are on the wing in August
and hide durin^^ the day in dry wood with

their wings sloping. The larvae resemble those
of Xanthia and are short and stout with a
small head and a horny cervical plate. They
live on wild fruit trees and ash, feeding only
at night.

C. ambusta, W. V. Fore wings sharply
pointed, reddish brown, tending to fawn-colour,
darkest in the central area, which is narrower
towards the inner margin. There are two
yellow transverse lines, a rather large reniform
stigma sharply bordered with yellow, and a
yellow zigzag submarginal line and brown
fringes. The hind wings are white, blotched
with brownish red, with ashy grey fringes.
The body is reddish grey and so are the
antennae, which are white at their base. It
appears in August, in Central Europe, except
the North West, and is scarce and local.
The caterpillar is dirty flesh-colour with three
white dorsal lines, obhque brownish streaks
and a yellowish lateral line. It feeds on apple
and pear in IMay.

C. xerampelina, Hiibn. The Centre-
barred Sallow. Fore wings ochre-yellow with
white transverse lines, and a red central area
and hind margins. The hind wings are greyish
yellow, darker towards the hind margins. It
is very local in Central Europe, but commoner
in the North West. The larva is greyish
brown with a yellow dorsal line, a black line
beside it, and black longitudinal streaks between
them. It feeds on ash, and forms its pupa in
the ground.

Genus Cleoceris, Boisd.

This is distinguished from the next genus
(Orthosia) only by the pectinated antennae of
the males, a slight horizontal tuft of hair on
the second abdominal segment and the Hadena-
like pattern. The larvae are slender and feed
between the leaves of willows, which they have
spun together, between which they undergo
their transformations.

C. viminalis, Fabr. The ]\Iinor Shoulder-
Knot. Fore wings ashy grey or lighter, with
a brownish central area, rusty yellow behind
the reniform stigma. The stigmata are broadly
bordered with black, especiallj' on the opposed
sides, and there is a hollow reniform stigma.
From this to the posterior transverse line runs a
short streak and another sharply-defined streak,

PLATE XVIII.

^

^

yv:

■j'i^m^

1. Heijicilus hiimuli, female. 2. Cossus ligTiiperda, 2a. Larva. 3. Zeuzera a^sculi.

4. I.imacodes testudo, 4a. Larva, 4b. Pupa. 5. Psyche unicolor, 5a. Larva. 6. Orgya antiqua,

6a. Larva. 7. Orgya gonostignia. 8. Dasychira pudibunda, female, .Sa. Lar\-a.

9. Leucoma salicis, 9a. Larva, 9b. Pupa.

British atid European Butterflies and Moths.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

145

bordered with white in front, passes from
the middle of the base. The hind wings are
whitish grey, darker at the apex, with the
hind margins sHghtly sinuated. The head and
thorax are ashy grey; the collar is striped
transversely with black in front of its hind
margin ; and the abdomen is grey. It is com-
mon in Central and Southern Europe in July.
The caterpillar is green with five fine white
longitudinal lines; white transverse incisions;
and a brown head. It feeds on sallow in
May and June.

Genus Orthosia, Ochs.

Head and legs covered with woolly hair;
the palpi raised on the head, with a short
terminal joint, straight or projecting slightly
outwards. The proboscis is spiral; the eyes
naked, bristly at the edges. The thorax is
arched, with smooth hair, and no tufts. The
abdomen is somewhat thicker in the female
than in the male. The antennae of the male
of ruticilla are serrated and ciliated, but not
quite to the tip; in litura they are pubescent
in the male and setiform in the female; in
the males of the other species they are only
slightly ciliated. They are middle-sized moths
with more or less expanded fore wings, gene-
rally with strong apices, and oblique hind
margins ; rarely with rectangular rounded
apices or with slightly oblique hind margins
curved above the inner angle. They fly in
Autumn, hibernate and reappear in Spring.
The larvse have a rather small head, and
are usually somewhat thickened behind. They
are smooth, green or clay-coloured, with fine
longitudinal lines or oblique markings. They
live on low plants or bushes, remaining hidden
during the day and assume the pupa-state in
the ground.

O. ruticilla, Esp. Fore wings rusty-red
or brownish grey, very variable in colour;
with the markings rendered indistinct by the
dark scaling. There is a reniform stigma,
only filled with darker in the lower half; a
central shade; a yellowish nearly straight
submarginal line and a row of black dots edged
with yellow stripes, in front of the fringes.
The hind wings are shining grey with reddish
yellow fringes. The abdomen has a thick
anal tuft in the male. The moth appears in

April and is scarce and local in Central
France and North-Western Germany, though
common in Southern Europe. The larva is
brown with dark angular markings and a black
head. It feeds in May and June on the buds
of the oak, but is said to eat wild thyme in
confinement.

O. lota, Linn. The Red-line Quaker.
Fore wings shining reddish grey with the
transverse lines only indicated by black dots;
and yellowish -bordered stigmata, the orbicular
being kidney-shaped, and the reniform with a
black dot in its lower part. There is a nearly
straight submarginal line, dentated in front and
of a yellow colour bordered with purple; a
yellowish marginal line; and a band of the
same colour through the fringes. The nervures
are whitish, at least in their anterior half,
here and there dotted with darker. The hind
wings are dark grey with a still darker mar-
ginal band, a lunule and yellowish grey
fringes. It is common and widely distributed
throughout Europe in Autumn. The larva is
greyish brown, with a violet tinge, with an
interrupted white dorsal line, somewhat ex-
panded on each segment, and on both sides
of it a line marked with small white warts
or dots, most distinct in front and behind, as
well as a few broad oblique streaks on the
sides. It feeds between the leaves of willow
and sallow, which it has spun together.

O. macilenta, Hiibn. The Yellow-line
Quaker. Fore wings reddish yellow, with the
transverse lines only indicated by blackish
dots. There is a more or less distinct central
shade and dark edged stigmata, the orbicular
being indistinct and the reniform blackish in its
lower angle. The submarginal line is yellow,
unspotted, and bordered within with darker;
it is nearly straight, but forms a tooth inwards
in front. There is a small dark spot in front
of the yellowish marginal line. The hind wings
are yellowish grey with a lunule showing
through, and yellowish fringes. The head and
thorax are reddish yellow, thickly covered
Avith hair, and the abdomen is yellowish grey
with yellowish hair at the sides and extremity.
It is common in Central Europe in August
and September. The larva is whitish grey
with an interrupted black dorsal line, a red-
dish brown head and dark brown cervical

146

BRITISH AND EUROPEAK BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

plate. When young it lives between the
leaves of the beech which it has spun together,
and afterwards on plantain, hen-bit, etc.

O. circellaris, Hufn. The Brick Moth.
Fore wings reddish yellow, with the half line
and the two transverse lines darker in the
middle; and the two stigmata bordered with
darker, the reniform with a sharply-defined
iron-grey spot. The central area has a more
or less distinct central shade. The distinctly
darker marginal area has a greyish lustre and
contains a yellow submarginal line, blotched
with brown on the inner side. The marginal
line is similar; and the nervures are dusted
with white. The hind wings are yellowish
grey with sometimes a semi-transparent central
lunule and curved line, and yellowish costa
and fringes. The abdomen has a yellowish
extremity. The antennae are notched in the
male. It is common in Central Europe in
Autumn. The larva is reddish brown, dotted
with darker, with a light dorsal and lateral
line, the latter above the legs, and dark oblique
stripes on each segment, forming a V, with
the point behind, and most distinct on the
posterior segments. There is a white cervical
plate and a pink belly and legs. It lives in
June on oak and aspen and the pupa has a
dense earthy cocoon.

O. helvola, Linn. The Flounced Chestnut.
Fore wings pale olive-green or cinnamon-colour
with the stigmata surrounded with olive-yellow.
Hind wings smoky grey, bordered with red-
dish on the costa and hind margins. It is
common in Central and Southern Europe.
The larva is brownish red with a white stripe.
It feeds in May and June on oak.

O. pistacina, W. V. The Beaded Chest-
nut. Fore wings yellowish grey, reddish grey
or rusty brown, with the costa lighter as far
as a dark spot near the apex. The nervures
are light, and the two transverse lines are
bounded externally with darker. The stigmata
are dark grey with paler margins, the orbi-
cular being very narrow, and the submarginal
line is also dark grey. The inner margin, the
central shade in front of the reniform stigma,
and the space between the transverse and
submarginal lines (in front of which is a row of
dark spots), are the darkest parts of the wings.
The fringes are yellow with tiarker crescents.

The hind wings are light or dark grey, with
yellow fringes, like the fore wings. The moth,
which hibernates, is common in Autumn in
Central and Southern Europe. The larva is
thinly pubescent, yellowish green, with whitish
or rust-coloured spots, a more or less rust-
coloured dorsal and lateral line and a white
spiracular band bordered with rust-colour above.
It feeds in June on Centaurea scabiosa, Raniiiiculiis
hulbosHs and other low plants.

O. nitida, W. V. is brownish yellow. The
fore wings have the half line, the two dark-
bordered transverse lines across tlie middle,
the margins of the stigmata, and the submar-
ginal line, which is dotted with black and com-
mences in front as a dark streak, as well as
the nervures, all yellow. The centre of the
stigmata, of which the orbicular is elongated
and approaches the reniform closely behind,
a dusky line from this to the inner margin
and the marginal line, which is composed
of curves, are darker. The hind wings are
suffused with grey and have yellowish fringes.
The anus is yellowish. It is widely distri-
buted through Central Europe, except the
North-West, appearing in July and August,
the later specimens hibernating. The larva
is greyish brown, with a reddish tinge, with
small scattered hairs, and a black cervical
plate, with two black lines upon it. It feeds
on Veronica and other low plants in Ma}- and
June.

O. humilis, W. \'. Fore wings light or
dark ashy grey with a reddish brown tinge,
dusted with black and with two light trans-
verse lines, edged on the inner side with red-
dish and on the outer with dark grey. The
stigmata are bordered with reddish, the orbi-
cular being generally centred with black. There
is a central shade, a yellowish submarginal
line, a marginal line formed of black punctated
lunules, brown fringes and light nervures,
the whole so arranged that the wings appear
reticulated. The hind wings are brownish
grey with a faint central lunule and yellowish
white fringes. The abdomen is without any
tinge of red and is provided with an ovipositor
in the female. The moth is found in South-
Central Europe in July, but is scarce and local.
The larva is green, with fine scattered hairs,
with three white longitudinal lines, the median

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

147

of which is bordered on both sides with black,
but the lateral ones only above. It feeds on
low plants in May and June.

O. laevis, Hiibn. Fore wings light reddish
or yellowish grey, with the half Hne and the
two transverse lines lighter; these are bordered
with grey on both sides or on the inner side
only. The stigmata are yellow centred with
darker; the orbicular is small, and above it
is the commencement of a rusty yellow central
shade; the reniform stigma is still darker and is
black below. The submarginal line is rust-
coloured, and behind it on the nervures are two
rows of black, and between them a single row
of white dots. The marginal line is darker
and the fringes are reddish. The hind wings
are grey with yellowish fringes, generally darker
in the female. The abdomen is ashy grey with
a yellowish anal tuft. The antennae are
notched in the male. It is found in Central
Europe, but not in Britain, and is scarce
and local. The larva is light brown with
a narrow pointed head, a yellowish dorsal
stripe and a black cervical plate on which
are two white lines. It feeds on low plants
in ^lay.

O. litura, Linn. The Brown-spot Pinion.
Fore wings greyish coppery red with a black
half line, two light transverse lines bordered
with darker, and a dark shade between the
yellow-margined stigmata, which is angulated
beyond them and continued straight as far as
the inner margin. There is an indistinct
yellow submarginal line dotted witli black, a
similar marginal line and a yellow line on
the middle of the fringes. The two trans-
verse lines, the central shade and the sub-
marginal line commence at the costa with a
black spot. The hind wings are brownish grey
with a yellow marginal line, and the fringes
are brownish. It is common throughout
Central and Southern Europe in September
and October. The larva is very variable,
usually green dusted with black and white
and covered with small white warts, with a
white or yellowish sharp-edged dorsal stripe,
a white or yellow lateral line, sharply defined
above, and beneath passing into the colour of
the belly, and white ringed black spiracles.
It feeds in May and June on various low plants,
especially pinks, and on some trees.

Genus Xanthia, Treit.

Middle-sized or small moths with narrow,
usually bright yellow fore wings, with curved
hind margins and pointed apices. All the
Noci'zM-markings are present. The two trans-
verse lines are each formed of two rows of
dark lunules, in such a way that the posterior
is dentated towards the hind margins. The
palpi are distinctly prominent, with a curved
terminal joint. The antennae of the males
are slightly ciliated. The tegulas are generally
compressed so as to be keeled or comb-like.
The larvae resemble those of the last genus,
and many live between leaves which they
have spun together. When about to pass into
the pupa-state the larvae bury themselves in
the ground and remain there for some time
before undergoing the change.

X. citrago, Linn. The Orange Sallow.
Fore wings sulphur-yellow, dusted with rusty
yellow, with a rusty yellow half line and two
simple transverse lines, a sharply -defined
central shade, nearly parallel with the posterior
transverse line, and rusty yellow nervures.
The stigmata as well as the submarginal lines,
are slightly indicated in rusty yellow, and
between the latter and the rusty yellow mar-
ginal line are some similar spots between
the nervures. The hind wings are straw-
coloured with brighter fringes. The head and
thorax are sulphur-yellow, the latter with a
rusty yellow crest, and the abdomen is straw-
coloured with a reddish anal tuft. It is found
throughout Europe and appears about the
middle of July or in August. The larva is
reddish grey with a black cervical plate, a
white dorsal line with black dots on each side
and a broad yellowish white lateral line. It
lives in May between leaves of the lime,
which it spins together. The pupa also rests
between the leaves.

X. sulphurago, \\' . V. Fore wings sulphur-
yellow with rusty brown markings. There is
a half line and two complete transverse lines,
a sharply-defined and doubly angulated central
shade and a submarginal line composed of dots.
The marginal area and the fringes are rather
lighter brown. The orbicular stigma consists
of one or two rusty-brown dots, the reniform
is so reduced as almost to form two brown
rings, one superimposed on the other. The

148

BRITISH AND ECROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

hind wings are yellowish white with darker
fringes. It is found in South-Central Europe
in September and October and is rare. The
caterpillar is reddish or yellowish grey with
a white dorsal line edged with bright brown,
a white brown-bordered spot on each side of
each segment, dark brown oblique streaks
beside them, inclined towards one another
posteriorly, a broad white spiracular line
suffused with reddish, and a white dot above
each spiracle. The head is light brown barred
with black. It feeds between the connected
leaves of maple in May.

X. aurago, W. \'. The Barred Sallow.
Fore wings reddish yellow with a golden yel-
low half line and two transverse lines. The
submarginal line is similar and commences with
a golden yellow spot at the apex of the wings.
The stigmata are indistinct in the female, and
there is a golden yellow central area, in which
the stigmata appear as reddish spots in the
female. The hind wings are yellowish with
reddish fringes and a similar curved line placed
somewhat nearer the hind margin. The head
and thorax are golden yellow varied with
reddish, or orange varied with golden yellow.
The abdomen is j-ellowish or reddish. It is
common throughout Central Europe in Sep-
tember. The larva is grey with dark oblique
streaks and feeds between connected leaves of
the beech.

X. flavago, Fabr. The Pink-barred Sallow.
Fore wings orange-yellow with rusty red
markings. There is a spot on the costa to-
wards the base, a second between the indistinct
«tigmata and a third between the submarginal
line and the posterior transverse line; these
are fused with the central shade, and form a
transverse band beyond the middle, in which
may be distinguished the more or less complete
pale posterior transverse line and reniform stig-
ma. The anterior transverse line and the sub-
marginal line are represented by rows of rusty
red dots, and there is a similar row of spots in
front of the chequered fringes. The hind
wings are straw-coloured with reddish fringes
and a more or less distinct curved line and
central lunule. The head, antenna; and collar
are rusty red, and the abdomen is straw-
coloured, more or less suffused with red. It is
common in Europe in August and September.

The larva is narrow in front, widening gradu-
all}' towards the hinder extremity. It is rusty
brown, with small brown, j'ellow, red and
whitish dots, which form an interrupted dorsal
line. There is a broad indistinct lateral line
above the black spiracles and a dark anal
plate. The head is brown with darker markings.
It lives in Spring on sallow and afterwards on
bramble, etc.

X. fulvago, Linn. The Sallow Moth.
Fore wings sulphur-yellow with the following
rusty markings: a spot on the costa towards
the base and near the tip, two double trans-
verse lines formed of small streaks, the margins
of the stigmata, the central shade and a row
of simple spots representing the submarginal
line. The reniform stigma, which is rendered
indistinct by the central shade, has a light-
centred dark brown spot at its lower end.
The fringes are somewhat suffused with red-
dish, and have brown tips. The hind wings
are bright yellowish white. The head and
thorax are sulphur-yellow and the abdomen
is whitish. The variety flavescens, Esp.
is almost devoid of markings, except for the
dot at the reniform stigma. The moth is
common in most parts of Europe and appears
about September. The larva is greyish brown
with a whitish stripe on the sides, and a black
cervical plate with two white lines upon it.
It lives in the catkins of willows when young,
later between the connected leaves and after-
wards on low plants.

X. gilvago, Esp. The Dusky-lemon Sallow.
Fore wings greyish yellow, yellow or reddish
brown, with a darker half line, two double
transverse lines, the anterior being more or
less distinct or broken up into spots, and a
distinct central shade between the very in-
distinct stigmata, of which the reniform ends
in a point. The submarginal line commences
in a dark spot on the costa and consists of a
dark, sometimes black, row of dots between
the nerxures; on its outer side is a second
row of dark spots in front of the hind mar-
gins, and there is an additional line on the
fringes. The hind wings are straw-coloured.
The moth is common in Central Europe in
August and September. The larva is some-
what flattened, reddish brown with a pale
dorsal and lateral line. It feeds when young

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUITERFLIES AND MOTHS.

149

in the catkins of poplars ami on the seeds of
the elm, and later on low plants.

X. ocellaris, Borkh. is distinguished from
the last species onl}' by the distinctly pro-
jecting apex, the fine light nervures and the
white dot below the reniform stigma. It is
found throughout Central Europe, but is rarer
than the last species and does not appear to
occur in Britain. The larva is very like that
of gilvago. It lives on the catkins of the poplar
and afterwards on low plants.

Genus Hoporina, Boisd.

Like the last genus in the form of the
thorax and partially also in the markings; like
Orrhodia, in the shape of the wings and in
that of the obtuse flattened abdomen. It is
distinguished from both by the front, which
is furnished with a pointed tuft of hair, which
forms a compressed snout with the palpi. The
only species is : —

H. croceago, W. V. The Orange Upper
^Vi^g. PI. XXVI. fig. 13. It is Common in
woods throughout Central and Southern Europe.
It appears in September, hibernates, and re-
appears in March and April. The variety
Corsica, Mab. which inhabits the coasts of
the Mediterranean is straw-coloured. The
larva is reddish brown with small darker an-
gular streaks and a thick black transverse
streak on the twelfth segment, behind which
are two straw-coloured spots. It lives on oak
from May to Jul}-.

Genus Orrhodia, Hubn.

Middle-sized Nodncs with long, nearly
uniformly, broad fore wings with rectangular
apices. All the transverse lines, the central
shade and the submarginal line are present or
indicated, as well as the two stigmata. The
abdomen is very broad and compressed, with
tufts of hair on the sides and at the end. The
thorax is smooth or somewhat keeled; the
antennee are simply ciliated with an elongated
bristle on each side of each joint, thicker in
the male. The eyes are hairy. The pectus
and legs are clothed with fine wool, and the
tibiae have short smooth hair. These moths
fly late in Autumn; they hide themselves among
dried leaves, and hibernate. The larvae are
covered with smooth, thick or thin hair. They

live on low plants and assume the pupa-state
on the firound.

O. fragariae, Esp. PI. XXVI. fig. 14.
is found in South-Eastern Europe in Septem-
ber and October, but is rather scarce. The
larva is velvety orange-yellow with a brown
head and a black cervical plate. It feeds from
May and June on grass and is a cannibal.

O. erythrocephala, VV. V. The Red-
headed Moth. Fore wings reddish brown,
suffused with grey, especially on the costa, as
far as the reniform stigma, with two double
dark transverse lines, a light submarginal line
commencing near a dark spot, a central shade,
and lighter nervures between this and the
hind margin. There' is a yellowish marginal
line, dark crescents edged with grey on the
inner side and fringes banded with grey on
the middle. The stigmata are grey, bounded
with brown, the reniform with black spots on
its inner half. The hind wings are reddish
grey with a faint dark central lunule and a
darker marginal line. The head and collar
are light brown, and the abdomen is reddish
grey. It is widely distributed in Central
Europe, appearing in September, but is not
common. The variety glabra, W. V. is darker
brown, especially in the central area, with the
margins of the two stigmata light grey. The
larva is brownish grey, dotted with white,
with a black cervical plate and two white
lines. It lives in May and June on low plants
such as plantain and lettuce, and also on oak.

O. silene, W. V. Fore wings brownish
ashy grey with lighter nervures, indistinct
light transverse lines, a submarginal line rising
from a brown spot, and a central shade.
The yellow-margined stigmata contain small
velvety black spots intersected by the light
nervures and there are indistinct dots in front
of the yellow marginal line. The hind wings
are reddish ashy grey with a dark central
lunule and yellowish fringes. The moth ap-
pears in September and October and inhabits
Central Europe, except Britain, but is not
common. The larva resembles that of vaccinii.
It is brown on the back, dotted with whitish
and has a whitish yellow lateral stripe and a
black cervical plate with white lines on it. It
lives on low plants, especially plantain. When
young it feeds on sloe and buckthorn.

15°

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

O. vaccinii, Linn. The Chestnut Moth.
PI. XXVI. fig. 15. varies considerably in colour
and markings; in the darker portions the
markings become more or less indistinct. In
the variety mixta. Stand, the transverse hnes
are light or ma\- be completely absent; whilst
in the varietj- spadicea, Hiibn. they are more
or less dark. The moth is common in Central
and Northern Europe and frequents woods.
The larva is yellowish brown, with the sides
suffused with reddish brown and the belly
with greenish yellow. There are three indis-
tinct, somewhat faint yellow lines on the back,
a dark cloud above the legs and black spi-
racles. It feeds in June on low plants such as
bramble and bilberry, and when young on oak.

O. ligula, Esp. The Dark Chestnut IMoth
is very like the last species, but dark violet
with a white suffused line and the tips of all
the wings somewhat elongated. The variety
polita, Hiibn. is blackish, marbled with grey,
and the variety subspadicea, Stand, is reddish
brown or dark brown barred with whitish.
The moth is common in Central and Western
Europe. The larva resembles that of vaccinii,
but is plain greenish brown with the back
lighter and the lateral stripe composed of light
dots. It feeds, when young, on whitethorn
and sloe growing in sunny hedge-rows, and
afterwards on various low plants.

O. rubiginea, W. \'. The Dotted Chest-
nut ]\Ioth. Fore wings shining yellow or
rusty red, lighter in the male, varied to a
greater or less extent with rusty brown and
with dark brown dots, which form the trans-
verse lines, marginal and submarginal lines
and the larger ones the central shade. The
fringes are also spotted with darker. The hind
wings are yellowish grey with a dark mar-
ginal line and lighter fringes. It is common
in most parts of Europe in September and
October. Specimens are often found on oaks
and low bushes and the hibernated ones on
flowering sallow. The larva has thin hair and
is brownish with a black band of spots along
the back. It feeds on forest and fruit trees
and afterwards on low plants. The pupa is
brown with two curved points at the end.

Genus Scopelosoma, Curt.
This genus is distinguished from the last b}'

the longer fore wings, sharply dentated on the
hind margins and fringes, and the collar with
a ridge in the middle, behind which is a sharp
longitudinal crest. The anal fold has obtuse
spots above and is rounded below. The only
species is: —

S. satellitia, Linn. The Satellite. Fore
wings bright greyish yellow or reddish brown,
darkest in the central area, with two dark
transverse lines, of which the anterior is nearly
straight and the posterior zigzag. There is
a central shade and a scarcely visible orbi-
cular stigma. The reniform stigma is white
or yellow with two dots of the same colour
at each end of it. There is a light suffused
band, a light zigzag submarginal line, darker
at the base, and a dark zigzag marginal line
and dentated fringes. The hind wings are
brownish grey with a dark central lunule and
yellowish fringes with a dark band in the
middle. It is common and widely distributed
throughout the greater part of Europe in
September and October. The larva is velvety
brownish-black with scattered hairs, clay-
coloured on the sides and beneath, with a
square cervical plate with yellow markings,
white spots over the legs on the second to
the fifth and also on the twelfth segment,
and two yellow longitudinal streaks at the
extremity. It feeds in June on low plants
and on oak, sloe and almost every other
tree.

Genus Scoliopteryx, Germ.

Antennas shortly pectinated in the male,
but with only a single row of sharp serrations
in the female. The collar has a sharp ridge,
and the thorax and abdomen are broad, the
latter slightly longer than the hind wings,
with tufted hair in front and on the sides.
The fore wings are broad behind, with the
apex and the middle of the hind margin pro-
jecting, verj' short fringes and no stigmata.
The only species is: —

S. libatrix, Linn. The Herald Moth. Fl.
XXVI. fig. 16. This is common throughout
Europe from August till Spring, and may be
found in March and April at sallow blossom.
The larva is slender and smooth, grassy-green
with a yellowish lateral stripe. It feeds on
poplar and willow till late in the Autumn, and

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

151

passes into the pupa state between leaves
which it has spun together.

FAMILY
X Y L I N I D ^.

Antennae closely ciliated in the males;
palpi pubescent, small and prominent; thorax
and pectus broad, the latter convex and thickly
covered with wool; legs comparatively short.
The fore wings are very long, slender, obtuse
and of uniform width. The dark longitudinal
branch at the base and the submarginal line
which is often marked on the inner side with
sagittate streaks or dark spots or interrupted
in the form of a W, as well as the colour give
the moths the appearance of polished stones.
The hind wings are small. The larvae are
smooth and cyhndrical, with sixteen legs, and
undergo their metamorphoses in the ground.
The moths rest during the day on planks,
tree-trunks and rocks.

Genus Xylina, Ochs.

The thorax has, at least in front, the form
of a shield, since the outer edges of the tegulae
project sharply above the anterior margin and
the expanded halves of the collar form a trian-
gular point in front. The thorax is tufted.
The fore wings are very long and narrow,
of nearly uniform width, with obtuse apices,
and usually with splinter -like longitudinal
streaks, which render the usual iVof/zw-pattern
more indistinct. The abdomen is almost of
uniform breadth, distinctly flattened in the
males, with elongated tufts of hair on the
sides, a truncated anal tuft and often dorsal
tufts. The hind wings are uniform grey with-
out markings and the front tibiae are without
bristles. The moths fly in the end of Summer
and in Autumn, and hibernate singly. The
larvae are smooth and round and live on various
trees, during the day-time. They pass into the
pupa state in the ground.

X. semibrunnea, Haw. The Tawny
Pinion closely resembles the next species,
but is distinguished by the following points:
The fore wings though of the same length
are narrower, the reniform stigma and the
longitudinal streak behind it in cell 5 are rusty
yellow and in the marginal half of cell ib. is

an intense black longitudinal stripe. The ab-
domen has a row of dark brown tufts of hair
on all the joints. It is found in Central and
Western Europe in August and September.
The larva is green with a white lateral stripe
and a yellow one above the legs. It feeds on
Ligustrum vulgare in May and June.

X. socia, Hufn. The Pale Pinion. Fore
wings brownish grey or pale walnut-brown,
sometimes rather darker on the inner half.
The stigmata are only indicated by pale spots;
there is a central shade, and instead of the
posterior transverse line two dots on each
nervure, whilst the anterior is almost repre-
sented by long hooks. The submarginal line, if
present, is regularly dentated. The hind wings
merge rather into grey, with an indistinct
central lunule and lighter fringes. The collar
is transversely lined with darker, and the ab-
domen is grey. It is found in Central and
Southern Europe and is very abundant in
the South -West of England and in Ireland.
It appears in August and September. The
larva is apple-green with a broad white dorsal
stripe, a similar lateral line and between them
several larger or smaller spots on each seg-
ment. The spiracles are white, ringed with
black, and the head is bright green. It feeds
in May and June on oak, lime, elm and fruit-
trees.

X. furcifera, Hufn. The Conformist. PI.
XXVII. fig. I. is found in Central Europe
but is rare in the North-West and excessively
so in Britain. The larva is slender, and after
the last moult brown, lighter on the sides
and darker on the back, dotted with white, with
a black collar, a row of elongated alternating
black and j-ellowish spots on the back, and a
yeflowish lateral line interrupted by two elon-
gated black spots. The head is nearly grey,
dotted with black. It remains hidden during
the day and feeds at night on birch, alder and
low plants in June and July.

X. ingrica, Herr-Schaff. resembles the
last species but is whitish grey with more
distinct transverse and submarginal lines, a
smaller and more rounded reniform stigma,
which is brownish internally, and there is no
reddish tinge beneath. It is found in the Alps
and in Northern and Eastern Europe, but is
very scarce and local.

'52

BRITISH AXD EUROPE AX BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

X. zinkenii, Trcit. The Nonconformist.
Fore wings light bkiish grey, with the dark
portions prominent. The anterior transverse
line is distinct and lighter, the posterior is
wanting, being fused with the submarginal line;
and onlj' separated at the end. The claviform
stigma is absent. The thick black streak,
which is somewhat faint in front, from in front
of the anterior transverse line to the submar-
ginal line, the orbicular and reniform stigmata
are sharph* bordered with black on the inner
edge of the wings and there is a brown central
shade between. It is found in Northern and
Central Europe in Autumn, but is scarce. The
variety lambda, Fabr. is uniform bright bluish
grey with the markings not prominent. The
two stigmata are indistinct and are not bor-
dered with black towards the inner margin of
the wings, and there is no claviform stigma.
There is a short black longitudinal streak
bordered with white internally between the
hardly distinguishable transverse lines, and a
black streak, edged with white in front, from
the middle of the base. . It is found in the
neighbourhood of Berlin. The larva is bluish
green dotted with whitish, with three whitish
dorsal lines and a yellow lateral stripe. It
feeds on Vaccinium uligtnosiim and Myrica gale.
X. ornithopus, Hufn. The Grey Shoulder-
knot. Fore wings whitish grey, marbled with
blackish and reddish, with small black spots
on the costa. The two transverse lines, espe-
cially the anterior, are indistinct, and the
black streak from the base is curved in front
with three hooks. The three stigmata are
present, the claviform bordered with black;
from its point the black streak passes to the
posterior transverse line. The orbicular stigma
is large, nearly square, the reniform is bordered
with black towards the inner margin of the
wings and is filled up with rusty red. The
submarginal line is indistinct, in cell ib and
in front of the median nervure faint with
dark spots. The marginal line is dotted with
black and behind the dots the fringes are
spotted with darker. The hind wings are
brownish grey with a central lunule and white
fringes incompletely spotted with darker. The
head and thorax are whitish gre}', the collar
with a black curved line in front of the dorsal
tuft. The abdomen is brownish grey. It is

common in Central and Southern Europe in
August and September and after hibernation
till May. The larva is slender, somewhat
flattened, bluish green, thickly dotted with
white, with an interrupted almost blue dorsal
line, bordered with white, and an interrupted
white line on the sides above the legs. There
are four white hairy warts on each segment.
The bluish green head is comparatively large.
It lives on oak, sloe and fruit-trees in June.

Genus Calocampa, Steph.

Like the last genus, but with the thorax
more arched and the tufts indistinct. The
eyes are ciliated and the front hairy and
rounded. These large Noduce have very long
fore wings with short, slightly curved and
deeply sinuated fringes. They fly in Autumn
and hold the wings folded lengthwise when
at rest and close to the body, so that they
look like pieces of dry stick. All the species
hibernate. The larvae are smooth and elong-
ated and live on low plants, sitting during the
day on the food plant. They pass into the
pupa-state in the ground.

C. vetusta, Hubn. The Red Sword-grass
Moth. PL XXVn. fig. 2. Larva 2a. is common
in Central and Southern Europe. The lar\'a
is dark or light green and lives in June and
July in damp places on Polygonum, veitches
and grasses. The moth emerges from the
bright reddish brown pupa in August or Sep-
tember and may be still found flying about
sallow-blossom in April.

C. exoleta, Linn. The Sword-grass Moth.
Fore wings yellowish grey, silvered towards
the base and on the inner half of the wings.
The lightest stripe passes through the stigmata
to the hind margin. The anterior transverse
line has verj' long dentations, especially on
the inner margin, the posterior is indistinct
and is only indicated between the reniform
stigma and the inner margin by two spots on
each of the nervures. The orbicular stigma
is of nearly the same size and form as the
reniform, which is concave on both sides,
broadly edged with yellowish and darkly suf-
fused on the outer side. The submarginal
line is light-coloured and indistinct, being most
distinct near the black streak, where it forms
a W. The marginal line is composed of irre-

PLATE XIX.

#

!^^^r^

>
^

I. Porthesia auriflua, la. Larva. 2. Psil'ira monacha, female, 2a. Larva, 2b. Pupa.

3. Ocneria dispar, female, 3a. Larva. 4. Gastropacha populi. 5. Ga.stropacha neustria,

5a. Larva, 5b. Pupa. 0. Gastropacha lanestris. 7. Gastropacha quercus, 7a. Larva.

British and European ButUrflits and Moths.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

153

gular brownish spots and there is a similar
row preceding it. The fringes are dark brown,
intersected with hghter on the nervures. The
iiind wings are brownish grey, somewhat Hghter
towards the base, with a large central lunule,
an interrupted marginal line and whitish
fringes. The head and collar are ashy grey,
the centre of the thorax is dark brown, and
the abdomen brownish grey. It is common
throughout the greater part of Europe in August
and September. The larva is green with a
yellowish lateral line edged with black, and a
red line above the legs edged with white.
Above the latter, on each segment, are three
white dots in black rings, and above the former
two similar dots, placed side by side, connected
by a somewhat oblique longitudinal streak. It
feeds on various low plants, including pea and
cypress spurge.

C. solidaginis, Hiibn. The Golden-rod
Brindle. Fore wings with waved hind margins
and rather pointed tips, shining dark grey,
with a brownish tinge, darkest in the central
area. The two dark transverse lines are deeply
dentated. The orbicular stigma is very small
and round ; the reniform is the lightest and is
doubly ringed. The submarginal line is white,
with a black longitudinal streak towards the
base in cells 4 and 3; the marginal line is
formed of black lunules, edged with whitish
towards the base. The fringes are dark,
chequered with lighter. The hind wings are
reddish grey, darker towards the hind margins,
whitish towards the base, with a dark central
lunule, a faint curved line, a black interrupted
marginal line and white fringes. The collar
has black transverse lines in front of the hind
margin. It is found in Northern and Central
Europe, including Switzerland, chiefly in moun-
tainous localities, and appears in August and
September. The larva is brown with a pale
dorsal and lateral line, with white dots and
reddish streaks between them, and a sulphur-
yellow band above the legs. The spiracles
are surrounded with darker. It feeds in May
and June on bilberry.

Genus Xylomyges, Guen.

Resembles the last genus, but has the hair
more erect on the front and the eyes hairy.
There is a tuft of hair on the first segments

of the abdomen and a broad anal fold, trun-
cated at the end and consequently angular
above and below.

X. conspicillaris, Linn. The Silver Cloud.
Fore wings whitish, varied with brownish or
blackish, lighter on the inner margin from the
claviform stigma to the submarginal line, with
dark nervures. The anterior transverse line
together with the large black-bordered clavi-
form stigma is distinct ; the posterior is
absent. There is a black streak from the
middle of the base. The two stigmata are
more or less distinct, surrounded with black',
with a brown spot from the reniform stigma
to the apex. The submarginal line is indistinct,
and the space behind is darker. The fringes
are dark intersected by the light nervures,
especially in the position of the hardly visible
W of the submarginal line. The hind wings
are white with brown nervures, lunules, inter-
rupted marginal line and an incomplete row
of spots through the fringes. The head and
thorax are grey and the abdomen greyish
brown. It is found in Central Europe, in
March and April. The variety melaleuca.
View, is darker brown, almost black. It is
found with the type. The larva is green or
brown with yellowish white stripes. It feeds
on the roots of grasses and other low plants
in July.

Genus AsterOSCOpuS, Boisd.

Middle-sized grey moths with a thickly
woolly head and thorax, without regular tufts;
long, tolerably narrow fore wings, the nervures
of which and the indistinct longitudinal stripes
between them, are darker and the transverse
lines confused. Nervure 6 rises from the dis-
coidal cell, 7 and 8 from a point, by a short
stalk, 9 from 8, and 10 from the appendicular
cell. On the hind wings nervures 3 and 4 rise
from a point, 6 and 7 by a short stalk, 8
uniting beyond its origin with the subcostal
nervure. The front tibiae are scarcely half as
long as the femora and are provided with long
spurs. The larvae are thick and smooth with
a somewhat raised twelfth segment. They rest
with the front part of the body arched. They
pass into the pupa state in the ground.

A. nubeculosus, Esp. The Rannoch
Sprawler. Fore wings slightly suffused, brown-

154

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

ish grey, with the three stigmata sharply edged
with black; the reniform being large and
angular. The three spots on the costa, the
nervures in the central area, and nervure ib
as far as the base of the wings, except in the
central area and on the outer half of the ner-
vures, are dusted with black. The fringes are
slightly banded on the basal half with black
spots between the nervures. The hind wings
are yellowish grey with darker nervures,
lunules and dotted marginal line. The head and
thorax have long hair and are brownish grey,
and the abdomen is brownish. The yellowish
brown antennae are bipectinated and ciliated
in the male. It is found in the Northern
parts of Central Europe. The only British
locality is Rannocli in Perthshire. The cater-
pillar is green, bluish in front and j-ellowish
behind, shagreened with numerous white dots,
white spiracles ringed with red, and on the
fourth and twelfth segments an oblique white
band bordered with reddish. It lives on birch,
elm, beech, and honeysuckle in June and July.
The pupa hibernates and rests deep in the
ground. The moth often does not emerge fof
two years.

A. cassinea, \V. V. The Sprawler. Fore
wings ashy grey or light grey with numerous
brownish and blackish longitudinal streaks, an
expansion in cell ib and a white zigzag sub-
marginal line, but no stigmata or transverse
lines. The hind wings are white suffused with
brown, with a faint lunule and marginal line,
formed of crescents. The head and thorax
are ashy grey with long hair; the antennae are
comparatively long, and deeply pectinated in
the male, notched in the female. The abdomen
is yellowish grey. It is common in Central
Europe in October, and flies in gardens and
woods. The larva is bright yellowish green
or whitish with three white dorsal and a sul-
phur-yellow lateral line, all of them narrowed
at the end. It lives on lime, oak, poplar, willow
and fruit-trees in May and June. After heavy
rain the caterpillars may often be found crawl-
ing about under the trees.

Genus Dasypolia, Guen.

Proboscis short and soft; palpi drooping
and compressed. The antennae of the males
are obtuse, and pyramidally serrated, the thorax

is woolly and the abdomen hairy above and
at the sides. The legs are unarmed. The
fore wings have long, oblique, curved hind
margins, rounded apices and long, slightly
sinuated fringes. The hind wings are small
wdth broadly rounded apices. The only spe-
cies is: —

D. templi, Thunb. The Brindled Ochre.
Fore wings dirty yellowish grey with dark
yellowish lines and stigmata, bordered with
black. The hind wings are yellowish grey
with a dark central line and yellowish fringes.
It is found throughout Northern and Central
Europe. The larva is stout, reddish brown
above, with black dots on each segment, a
brown head and a divided cervical plate. It
feeds in the roots of Hcracleum spondylium and
sibirkum.

Genus Xylocampa, Guen.

Body with coarse erect hair, the collar
higher than the back and pointed in the middle,
forming a cowl. The antennae are setiform in
both sexes and not ciliated. The abdomen is
covered with coarse hair and has tufts through
the middle. The pectus and legs are woolly,
the latter short and unarmed. The fore wings
have long fringes and the hind wings are grey.
The larva of the only species is very slender
and is striped. It lives on honeysuckle. •

X. areola, Esp. The Early Grey. Fore
wings light and dark brownish grey, with the
light transverse lines distinct, the anterior
complete, but the posterior only extending from
the costa to the reniform stigma. There are
several other transverse lines darker than the
ground colour, and from the base runs a black
streak. The two stigmata are light, and the
spot between them is dark; the reniform is
large, and the orbicular elongated, the two being
connected behind by a third stigma, sharply
edged with darker towards the inner margin.
The submarginal line is indicated by a few light
hooks, behind it all the cells contain black
longitudinal streaks more or less clouded with
darker; at tlie hinder angle there is a dark
blotch. The marginal line is composed of
dark spots, the fringes are light grey, and the
ends of the nervures spotted with white, some-
what darker through the middle. The hind
wings are brownish with a central lunule and

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

155

dirty white fringes. The head and thorax are
like the fore wings and tlie collar is blackish
in front with a few fine transverse lines fur-
ther back. The abdomen is tufted on the sides.
It is found in Western Europe in April. The
larva is iron grey or bluish grey, streaked with
brown, with a dirty white dorsal line on a
dark ground and faint brownish lateral stripes
above the spiracles. It feeds on honeysuckle
and low plants in June and July, hiding itself
during the day.

Genus Lithocampa, Guen.

Slender, smooth-haired moths, distinguished
by the short, broad wings, the high collar,
which forms an arched hood, the well-developed
abdominal tufts and the pectinated antennee
of the males. The larvae have the same form
as in the last genus, but are covered with
fine hairs. They have a projection on the
last segment and two pairs of somewhat short
anterior prolegs. Their mode of progression
is consequently like that of Catocala; and like
the species of that genus they can move very
quickly.

L. ramosa, Esp. Fore wings bluish grey
slightly suffused with brownish, with the inner
half, except the narrow inner margin, streaked
with intense dark brown and black, with a
white curve indicating the submarginal line at
the hinder angle and brown stripes intersected
by several black sagittate streaks in the suffused
band running obliquely to the apex. The two
stigmata are only visible in their anterior
part ; in front of them, on the costa of the
wings are three brown lines, the last of w^hich
forms the commencement of the posterior
transverse line, which is only distinct in the
light part of the wings; and the middle one
the remains of the central shade. The mar-
ginal line is scarcely developed. The fringes
are marbled with brown and whitish and are
finely intersected with white on the nervures.
The hind wings are white, brownish towards
the hind margin, with a small central lunule.
The head and thorax are brownish grey, the
tegulae brown and the abdomen greyish white
with black tufts on the back. The antennae are
finely pectinated in the male. It is found in
South -Central Europe in May and June.
The larva is slender, with an elevation on the

twelfth segment, and fine scattered hairs. It
crawls like those of the Geo)iictrida, and is
yellowish brown, wdth an interrupted white
dorsal line, and a light lateral line, edged with
darker. It lives in June and August on honey-
suckle, closely grasping the stem. The pupa
is rounded, yellowish brown with dark wing-
cases. It hibernates in moss or between leaves
spun together.

FAMILY

C L E O P H A N I D .-E.

Mostly small moths, with the two trans-
verse lines closely approximated towards the
inner margin of the wings but again diverging.
They have black longitudinal spots in the
marginal area and the fringes are intersected
by white nervures.

Genus Calophasia, Steph.

Eyes naked, ciliated at the edges; proboscis
spiral. The front and the palpi with erect
hair, the latter raised on the head. The an-
tennae are setiform in both sexes, closely
ciliated in the males. The collar is hood-
shaped. The fore wings are short and stiff,
moderately expanded externally, with rectangu-
lar, somewhat obtuse apices. The upper sur-
face is smooth. The hind wings are small and
rounded. The abdomen is rather short, with
fine smooth hair. The moths sit during the day
on plants, and occasionally fly about flowers
in the sunshine. The larvae are slender and
fusiform and live on species of Antirrhinum and
Linaria, sitting in the day time on the plants
with their wings expanded.

C. casta, Borkh. Fore wings white with
opalescent spots, a brown marginal and a yel-
lowish interrupted submarginal line. The fringes
are white chequered with grey. The hind
wings are yellowish grey with brown hind
margins. The thorax is tufted with brown.
It is common in the South of Europe in May
and June. The larva is yellowish white with
three yellow dorsal lines and dark brown spots.
It feeds on Delphinium in July and August.

C. lunula, Hufn. Fore wings rusty brown,
varied with darker and whitish, especially
towards the hind margins and base, with two
light transverse lines closelj' approximated

'50

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

towards the inner margin, the anterior forming
two convex curves on the outer side, whilst
the posterior is somewhat indistinct behind
the reniform stigma. Tliere is a long white
claviform stigma, a black, broad (generally
white-centred) small orbicular and a white reni-
form stigma, a blackish, central shade which is
sometimes indistinct, black longitudinal streaks
in front of the apices in the position of the sub-
marginal line and white nervures intersecting
the fringes throughout their length. The hind
wings are brownish with a broad black border,
a yellow marginal line and white fringes. The
head is brown, the thorax marbled with brown
and white, with a dark transverse stripe over
the erect collar and a double tuft on the scutel-
lum. The abdomen is brown with yellowish
tufts of hair on the sides and at the tip. It is
common in many parts of Central Europe in
May and June, but does not appear to be found
in Britain. The larva is fusiform, lemon-yellow
on the back, with two broad black lateral
stripes intersected by numerous pearly grey
transverse dashes. There are fine black and
blue dots above the prolegs and belly. The
head is bluish dotted with black. It lives
from June to August on Linariei. The pupa
is dull yellowish brown with a very long pro-
boscis-sheath, and is enclosed in a firm parch-
ment-like cocoon.

Genus Cleophana, Boisd.

Resembles the last genus, but has the head
retracted and clothed with bristly hair, a tuft
of hair at the base of the antennae, which are
very thick and almost filiform in the males,
and short fore wings much widened externally.
The species of this genus all inhabit South
Europe.

C. antirrhini, Hiibn. Fore wings pale
brownish or whitish grey with light strongly
dentated transverse lines, bordered on the inner
side with black. The two stigmata are dark
brown, the small round orbicular stigma being
completely and the elongated reniform on the
inner side only finely edged with white. The
fringes are spotted with white on nervures 3
and 4, 6 and 7 in the marginal area, and on
the last black streaks in cells 2, 3, 5 and 6.
The hind wings are whitish on the basal half,
the nervures and the marginal half being

brown. The head and thorax are brown varied
with whitish, with a light and dark transversely
striped collar. The abdomen is grey with
light incisions. The joints of the antennae are
laminated below in the males. It is common
in Austria and Hungary and occurs also in
Bavaria. The larva is long and slender, green
with a broad whitish dorsal and lateral stripe,
brown spiracles and a few fine longitudinal
lines between them. The belly and legs are
yellowish white. The head is light brown with
a whitish triangle and longitudinal lines dotted
with dark brown. It lives in Summer on
Sctibiosti. The pupa is contained in a loose
cocoon in the ground.

FAMILY

C U C U L L I D ^E.

Thorax arched, square, \\ith fine smooth
hair, and a raised hood-like collar. The ab-
domen is elongated, projecting one third beyond
the anal angle, with a long brush-like anal tuft.
The legs are short and unarmed and the eyes
are ciliated. The antenna are setiform and
shortly ciliated in the males. The fore wings
are narrow, and lanceolate; the hind wings
narrow with nervure 5 slender. The larvae are
smooth and shining, generally brighth' marked,
some with short fleshy humps. They sit in
the day-time on the food plant, which thev
resemble, and jump away if disturbed. They
pass into the pupa-state in the ground in a
stout cocoon which is mixed with particles of
earth. The moths appear in Spring often
after passing two years in the pupa. They
may frequently be found on trunks of trees,
on fences, etc.

Genus Cucullia, Schrank.

The only genus, has the fringes of the fore
wings dentated in some species, and entire or
only slightly sinuated in the others. The
fringes of the first division are strongly sinuated.
C. verbasci, Linn. The Mullein. PL
XXVII. fig. 3. Larva 3a. is common in Central
and Southern Europe in Ma\'. The larva is
found in Summer till Autumn on variouf
species of Verbascmii, gregariously when young,
singly when more mature. The pupa is yel-
lowish brown with a blackish vertex and eyes.
It is contained in a firm earthy cocoon.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

157

C. scrophulariae, V/. \'. The Water Be-
tony closel}' resembles the last species, but
the fore wings are pale ochreous with a black-
ish brown stripe along the costa and inner
margin, only slightly reddish beyond the middle ;
the submarginal line forms two whitish crescents
in the stripe on the inner margin. It is found
in Central Europe in May and June. In
England it is confined to the South and West.
The larva is smaller and more slender than
that of verbasci. It is greenish white with a
light yellow spot on the back of each segment
and several on the sides. The second and last
■segment are dotted with black and the fourth
and fifth have large and small black dots and
a black hooklet, directed backwards, on each
side of the yellow dorsal spot. On the other
segments on each side of the dorsal spot
there is a black dot in front and a black hook-
let behind, and there are also large and small
black spots on the sides. It has short, scat-
tered hairs, finer than in verbasci. The head
is brcAvnish yellow, dotted with black. It feeds
on the flowers of Scrophnlaria and Verhascitm in
August and September.

C. lychnitis, Ramb. The Striped Lychnis
resembles the last species but with lighter and
more uniform fore wings, and finer dots in the
situation of the stigmata. The hind wings
are whitish in both sexes with brownish hind
margins. It is found in Central Europe, but
is local. The larva is yellowish with black
and yellow spots, the latter connected so as
to form a band. It feeds on Vevbascum in June
and July.

C. thapsiphaga, Treit. resembles the last
species. The fore wings are light violet-grey
varied with walnut-brown, with the gre}' costa
hardly distinguishable from the ground colour.
The borders of the two stigmata are indicated
by black dots; the transverse lines appear
also to be more completely formed. The hind
wings of both sexes are lighter than in verbasci,
but darker than in scrophnlaria. It is found in
some parts of Central and Southern Europe
in June. The larva is bluish white with a
broad pale yellow dorsal and a broad white
lateral line above the brownish, black-ringed
stigmata, and an indistinct white line between
them. The first two segments have each one,
and the others two deep blue transverse lines

and fine dots. It feeds on the flowers of Vcr-
bascum thapsus in August and September.

C. blattariae, Esp. Fore wings iron-grey
with a white streak, extending almost across
the whole length of the wings in front of the
brown inner margin. The costa is darker and
the stigmata are indistinct and are surrounded
by fine dots. The nervures are white on and
near the margins, which are rounded. The
hind wings are almost as light in the male as
in scrophnlaria and nearly as dark in the female
as in verbasci. It is found in South-Central
Europe in May and June. The caterpillar is
lemon-yellow with black dorsal spots forming
an X on the fifth and following segments, a
lateral spot formed of black dots and black
spiracles. The belly is light yellow with scat-
tered black dots. The head is light brown
dotted with black and divided by a heart-
shaped black mark. It feeds on the flowers of
Scrophnlaria canina in July.

C. asteris, Schiff. The Star-wort Moth.
Fore wings bright violet-grey, especially to-
wards the margins and the well-defined dark
edging of the inner margin. Costa brown,
gradually paling towards the middle of the
wings, and covering the front half of the stig-
mata, which are similarly formed, and only
bordered with dusky on the inner side. There
is no trace of black dots in the discoidal cell,
no transverse or submarginal line. The hind
wmgs are brownish grey, a little lighter towards
the base, with white fringes. The collar is yel-
lowish grey, the tegulae are grey, with dark
longitudinal streaks in front of the inner margin,
the head, hinder part of the hood-like collar,
and the thorax are dark brown. The abdomen
is ashy grey with black tufts above. It is com-
mon in Central Europe in May and June. The
larva is green with a broad lemon-yellow dorsal
stripe, succeeded by a broad blackish or green
stripe, then a narrow whitish yellow one, which
disappears on the last two segments, and lastly
a broad pale violet or grey stripe and another
yellow one. The spiracles are black. It feeds
from July to September on golden rod (Solidago)
and asters.

C. umbratica, Linn. The Shark. PL
XXVII. fig. 4. one of the commonest species
of the genus, is found throughout Europe
except the extreme North from May to July.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

.It is often seen sitting on fences, telegraph
poles, etc. The larva is dark grey with a row
of orange spots on the back and above the
legs. There are three orange stripes on the
pointed anal plate and a shining dark grey
head. It feeds on lettuce, sow-thistle (Sonchus),
Hipocharis glabra, etc. from Jtily to September.

C. lactucae, \V. V. closely resembles the
last species. The fore wings are however
shorter and darker and the hind wings dark
brownish grey, somewhat lighter towards the
base. It is found in some parts of Central
Europe. The larva is bluish black with white
incisions, a row of large yellow spots on the
back and a yellow stripe on the sides with
black dots above the legs. The head is
shining black with a white triangular mark.
It feeds in June and July on lettuce, Sonchus,
etc., and is particularly fond of the flowers.

C. lucifuga, W. V. Fore wings dark
bluish gre^', with the anterior transverse line
indicated more or less completely by long
hooks and tlie posterior by a long curve.
There are three black streaks, one from the
middle of the base in cell 4, a second through
the posterior transverse line and a third shorter
one from the hind margin and nervure 2,
curving from the latter towards the base in
cell lb. The marginal line has stout black
lunules and whitish longitudinal lines between,
which form sagittate spots on the fringes at
the nervures. These last are grey, banded
with white, and with the e.\treme tips also
white. The hind wings are dark brownish
grey, slightly darker towards the hind margin
with white fringes. It is found in Central
Europe in May and July and in August, but
is local and is not found in Britain. The larva
is black, shagreened, with a row of orange
spots on the back, two on each segment,
except the third and fourth, on which there
are three, and on the last, where they coalesce.
There is also a smaller row of spots on the
sides. The spiracles, legs and head are black,
the last being rough. It frecjiients hilly dis-
tricts, feeding on Prcnanthcs purpurea and sow-
thistle (Soihhus).

C. campanulae, Freyer. Fore wings light
bluish grey with dark streaks and curved stripe
as in umbratica. The former are faint and
suffused with light grey, and the latter thicker

and more oblique above the hinder angle.
The orbicular stigma is sometimes indicated
by a fine outline. The hind wings are regu-
larly dusted with bluish grey, and their tips
form a distinct angle. It is found in South-
Central and Southern Europe in June. The
caterpillar is whitish with small spots and
dots, a yellow row of spots on the back and
another on the sides. It feeds on Campanula in
August.

C. chamomillae, \V. V. The Chamomile
Shark has the black lines on the nervures
and hind margins thickened and continued
beyond the hind margin to the middle of tiie
fringes. The variety chrysanthemi, Hubn.
is a dark form. The moth, is found in Central
and Southern Europe from April to June. The
larva is bright straw-coloured, constricted at
the incisions, with a rosy transverse band on
each segment, a dull olive-green dorsal line,
and another below it, which is waved and
interrupted. The head is light brown with
darker angles. It feeds in June and July on
Matricaria chamomilla: and species of Arthemis.

C. tanaceti, \V. V. Fore wings light grey,
with a slight reddish shine, especially on the
inner margin and three fine black streaks ; a
long one from the middle of the base, a thicker
one from the end of the first, produced behind
the median nervure, and a third which is the
smallest further towards the hind margin in
front of the median nervure. The nervures
are somewhat darker towards the hind margin,
and are bordered with lighter on both sides.
This space projects into the darker basal
half of the grey fringes. The marginal line is
scarcely indicated. The hind wings are milk-
white, with bands of brown on the nervures
and on the hind margins, and with rounded
apices. The fringes are spotted with brown
in the basal half. The head and thorax are
like the fore wings, the collar is indistinct,
transversely striped behind, witli a distinct
darker transverse line in front of the middle.
The abdomen is light grey. It is found in
Southern and Central Europe, except the
North-West, in June and July. The larva is
pearly grey, dotted with black and streaked
with lemon-yellow on the back anil with two
similar lateral lines. It feeds in July and
August on Tanacetum, Artemisia, and chamomile.

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

159

C. artemisiae, Hufn. Fore wings bluish
gre)', mucli varied with brown, with two distinct
light grey stigmata, edged with darker and
more or less centred with brownish. The two
transverse lines are fairly distinct, especially
the deeply dentated double anterior line, and
between them in the place of the claviform
stigma is a light longitudinal streak. The
submarginal line is also light, broad and indis-
tinct, with brownish longitudinal lines towards
the hind margin. The marginal line is dark
and is interrupted on the nervures by light
grey hooklets. The fringes are lighter in their
anterior half. The hind wings are brownish
grey, lighter towards the base, with white
fringes. The abdomen is brownish grey lighter
in front. It inhabits sandy places in Central
Europe, except Britain, in May and June. The
larva has deep incisions and two rows of ele-
vations on each side of the back, one of which
on each segment ends in two brownish red
points. It is green with white dorsal lines.
The head is pale green with white angular
markings. It feeds in July and August on the
flowers of Artemisia campestris, which it closely
resembles.

C. absynthii, Linn. The Wormwood Moth.
Fore wings grey, much varied with brown,
with a distinct anterior transverse line, broadly
bordered with black on each side, and a posterior
line only indicated by a few hooklets on the
inner margin. There is a central shade. The
two stigmata are pale, and are not sharply
edged with black. They have a few black
dots in them ; and there is a lighter shine be-
low the stigmata. The marginal area is brown
and the submarginal line is represented by
some brownish elongated spots. The marginal
line consists of dark lunules. The fringes are
brownish, spotted with grey and banded through
the middle. The hind wings are dirty white,
narrowly brownish towards the hind margins
and especially near the costa. The thorax is
grey, with a triangular spot on the front of the
collar between the tegulae. The head is dark.
The abdomen is yellowish grey, with black
tufts of hair in front on the back. It is found
throughout Central Europe in May and June,
but is rare in England. The larva is deeply
incised, smooth, greenish yellow, green behind
and beneath, with an interrupted white dorsal

line and a similar one on the sides above the
legs edged with reddish brown, and there are
a few reddish brown warts. It feeds on the
flowers of wormwood from July to September.
C. argentea, Hufn. Fore wings delicate
green, lighter in the male, with bright pearly
spots, stripes and fringes. There are three
spots in the place of the three stigmata, of
which that representing the reniform is divided
by darker; the orbicular is the smallest, and
that in the claviform largest and partially
bordered with darker. There is a fourth spot
at the base and a fifth near the apex. Of
the stripes a small one is placed at the inner
margin near the base, a second in the position
of the posterior transverse line, ending rather
beyond the middle of the wing, a third nar-
rower one is in front of the marginal line
through the breadth of the wing, and a fourth
from in front of the apex of the wings at the
outermost edge of the costa to the front of
the reniform stigma, where it fuses with the
apical spot. The hind wings are shining
white, brownish on the nervures and towards
the hind margin. The head and thorax are
white. The top of the head, the front of the
collar and the hinder margin, as well as the
tegulas in front of the inner margin are green.
The abdomen is greenish white, somewhat
darker in front. It is common in Central
Europe in May and June, but is not found
in Britain. The larva is deeply constricted at
the incisions, green, brownish on the back
varied with peach-colour, with an interrupted
yellowish white dorsal line and two similar
spots on the front of each segment, one spot
on the side, and one lower down; the two
coalescing behind to form an oblique streak.
Between these streaks are the white spiracles,
edged with black, and also some bristles on
dark warts. It feeds in the Autumn on the
flowers and fruit of Artemisia campestris. The
pupa is pale green and is contained in 5 firm
cocoon composed of sand.

FAMILY

PLUSIID^.

Thorax short, arched and quadrilateral, with
fine pubescence, which is raised posteriorly to
form a dense tuft. The antennse are setiform.

i6o

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

and shortly ciliated in the males. There is a
long spiral proboscis, raised palpi, a vertical
front and unarmed legs. In Tclesilla tliere
is a transverse tuft behind the collar, the
ej'es are bare and not ciliated and the an-
tennae are short and weak. In Pliisia there is
no tuft, the eyes are ciliated, and the fore
wings have pointed apices, somewhat curved
hind margins, on which the scales are raised
into ridges, or with beautiful golden and silvery
spots. These moths fly during the day or at
dusk, and have their wings sloping when at
rest. The larvae, except those of Telesilla,
have the front pair of prolegs aborted, and
consequently walk like Geometers. They
undergo their transformations in a silken cocoon.

Genus Telesilla, Herr.-Schaff.

Somewhat small moths with pointed fore
wings broad behind, with nervures 7 and 8
rising from a common point from the tip of
the appendicular cell, and g rising from 8.
All the /^o^/;w-markings are complete and the
marginal line forms three stages, whilst the
submarginal line is almost straight. Nervure
5 of the hind wings is as thick as the others.
The thorax has a transverse tuft behind the
collar and in front of the scutellum. The palpi
are straight with a long broad median joint
and a thin short, truncated terminal segment.
The larvae have the legs complete and have
the usual gait.

T. amethystina, Hiibn. Fore wings bright
reddish brown, with peach-coloured markings,
especially around the reniform stigma. The
three transverse lines are distinct, double,
filled up with peach-colour; the light orbi-
cular stigma is sharply edged with white, and
so is the claviform towards the hind margin.
Between them is a red wedge-shaped spot
reaching to the posterior transverse line. The
reniform stigma is the least distinct; it is
margined with white towards the base and
from it to the anterior transverse line is a dark
pyramidal spot interrupted by the orbicular
stigma. The submarginal line is pale brown,
the marginal line, which is almost straight, is
peach-coloured, and the fringes are intersected
by nervures of the same colour, but are also
banded with brown. The hind wings are
reddish grey, the fringes redder, and banded

with darker through the middle. It is found
in some parts of Central and Southern Europe
in May and June, but is scarce. The larva is
yellowish green with four indistinct pale longi-
tudinal lines and a sharply defined white or
yellow line above the legs suffused here and
there with carmine. It feeds on the flowers
and seeds of Uinhdlifera, such as Daiicus peu-
cedaniim, and especially on Silaus pratense. The
pupa is small and black.

Genus Plusia, Ochs.

Antennae comparatively long, eyes ciliated ;
there is a small crest behind the collar. The
abdomen is elongated and is covered with
strong hair. The palpi are well developed.
The fore wings are sharply pointed, with here
and there patches of raised scales in the first
three species, but with beautiful golden or
silvery letter-like spots or transverse lines on
a ground having a metallic lustre. The hind
wings are usually brownish grey. Most of the
species fly in the sunshine or at dusk over
flowers, but some fly only during the night.
The larvae have only twelve legs, are tapering
in front and thickened behind, with fine scat-
tered hairs. They live either free upon the
food plant, generally under the leaves, or be-
tween leaves which they have spun together.
They undergo their transformations in a thick
cocoon.

P. triplasia, Linn. The Dark Spectacle
Moth. Fore wings light brown varied with
shining rusty yellow, especially in the basal
and marginal areas near the hinder angle.
The three stigmata and their borders are less
distinct than in the two following species.
The submarginal line has two or three sharp
black sagittate spots on the apex towards the
base. The marginal line is slightly sinu-
ated. The hind wings are brown, yellowish
towards the base and on the fringes. It is
common throughout Europe in May and June.
The larva is finely pubescent tapering in front,
dark green with a white dorsal line from the
head to the fifth segment, white lines shaded
with darker above the legs and similar oblique
streaks uniting at an angle on the back. On
the back of the fifth segment there is an almost
triangular dark green spot edged with lighter,
another behind it and a black-spotted bifid

PLATE XX.

I. l-iastropatha catax. 2. Ga^lropatlia nifolii. j. Crateronyx dumeti. 4. Lasiocampa potatoria, fenial
.(a. Larva. 5. Lasiocampa primi. 6. Lasiocampa qucrcifolia. 7. Lasiocampa pini, y:i. Larva.

British ami European Butterflies anH Moths.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND AIOl'HS.

i6i

elevation on the last segment. It feeds on
nettle from July to September.

P. asclepiadis, W. V. Fore wings black-
ish or bluish brown, varied with rose-colour,
especially in the basal and marginal areas,
and whiter at the hinder angle. The nervures
between the submarginal line and sinuated
marginal line are narrowly black. The hind
wings are as in triplasia, but there are con-
stantly brown spots on the fringes. The tegulag
are pale with a rosy tinge. It is found in
some parts of Central Europe in May and
June. The larva is finely pubescent, narrower
in front, bluish white, with larger or smaller
black dots, and a broad longitudinal stripe
above the legs. Its markings somewhat re-
semble those of the larvae of cucuUia. It lives
in woods in July and August on Cynanchum
vincetoxicum, and hides itself on the ground
during the da}-.

P. tripartita, Hufn. The Light Spectacle
Moth. Fore wings brown, varied with greenish
white, especially in the basal and in the mar-
ginal areas towards the hinder angle. The
submarginal line is darkly bordered on both
sides and the marginal line is sinuated. It is
common in Central and Southern Europe in
May and June. The larva resembles that of
triplasia. It is grass-green, yellowish in the
incisions with a white lateral line and several
similar double lines on the back of the first
three segments. On the back there are white
angular hooks, oblique ones on the sides, and
a few white dots between. It feeds on nettle
in Autumn and Spring.

P. c-aureum, Knoch. Fore wings purplish
brown, with the marginal area behind the sub-
marginal line, a spot in the central area, and
one in the angle formed by the posterior trans-
verse line and the inner margin, bright golden.
The two transverse lines are distinct, light,
edged on both sides with darker, the posterior
forming an angle behind towards the tip of
the wings. There is a central shade of the
same shape passing through the middle of the
reniform stigma, which like the orbicular is
represented by a dark spot. In the position
of the claviform stigma, but midway between
the two transverse lines, is a fine golden C.
The submarginal line is fairly distinct. The
hind wings are yellowish brown with a metallic

lustre, somewhat darker towards the hind
margin, with a slender faint curved line and
a dark marginal line. It is found in Central
Europe, except the West, in June and July.
The larva is green with yellowish-tipped humps
with four yellowish white dots, two white spots
beneath them and two white stripes on each
side of the three front segments. It lives on
Thalictrum aquilegifolium in May. The pupa is
green, black on the back, and is enclosed in
a fine cocoon.

P. moneta, Fabr. The Monkshood Moth.
Fore wings pale golden, silvery towards the
hind margins, with brown dots and nervures.
The two transverse lines are distinctly double,
brown and strongly sinuated especially on the
opposed sides. There is a thick kidney-shaped
orbicular stigma broadly ringed with silvery
and behind it a dark brown central shade
with a sharp point towards the hind mar-
gin. The marginal line is brown, especially
anteriorly, where behind the strongly curved
angle a fine brown longitudinal streak passes
to the posterior transverse line; below this,
and between the hind margin and the indistinct
submarginal line the wings are rosy reddish.
The fringes are banded with silvery through
the middle. The hind wings are brownish grey
with a dark central lunule, nervures and mar-
ginal line. There is a faint curved line and
yellowish white fringes banded with darker.
The last joint of the palpi is curved and as
long as the middle one. It is common and
widely distributed throughout Europe and has
been taken several times in England within
the last few years. The larva is grass-green,
dotted with black, thinly pubescent, with a
double dark green interrupted dorsal line and
a dark green lateral line as well as a white
one above the legs. It lives on species of
Aconitum, feeding in the buds when young. The
pupa has the wing-cases reaching more or
less to the tip.

P. cheiranthi, Tausch. Fore wings rose-
colour with a dark brown central shade and
lines and similar spots at the base. The hind
wings are yellowish brown with dark hind
margins. It is found in Eastern Europe in
June. The larva is warty, green with white
lateral lines, three white dorsal lines on the
front segments and similar oblique streaks on

1 62

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

both sides of the others. It feeds on Thalictrum
and Aquilegia vulgaris in May.

P. consona, Fabr. Fore wings olive-green
with the basal half of the central area, cells
3 and 4, behind the siibmarginal line and the
hinder angle towards the base reddish brown,
the last with a rusty-brown lustre. The two
transverse lines are double, more or less sil-
very white, and elongated, on account of their
obliquity. The anterior is straighter with a
small tooth on the outer side and the posterior
is slightly curved. The orbicular stigma is
finely bordered with silvery white, but the
reniform is only finely edged with white on
the inner side. The marginal and submarginal
lines are white, and the nervures between them
are generally light. The former is slightly
curved and at the tip nearly touches the pos-
terior transverse line. The hind wings are
reddish yellow, darker towards the hind mar-
gins through the middle of the fringes and on
the faint curved line. It is local in Central
Europe except the West, appearing in June
and in August and September. The larva is
bluish green, just like the leaves of the food
plant, with black warts having white hairs,
and an indistinct white dorsal line. It feeds
on Lycopsis pulla, especiallj' the buds and
flowers, and on Pulmonaria in May and June
and again in August.

P. illustris, Fabr. PI. XXVII. fig. 5.
Larva 5a. is common in the Alps, etc., in
June and July, and has been reputed British.
The larva lives in May on species oi Aconititm,
feeding in the young shoots at first, and later
between leaves which it has spun together,
and within which it forms the pupa.

P. modesta, Hiibn. closely resembles
illustris, but is smaller. It is found in Central
Europe, except the North West, appearing in
June and July. The larva is light bluish grey
with black dots and feeds on Pulmonaria in
May and June.

P. chrysitis, Linn. The Burnished Brass
Moth. PI. XXVn. fig. 6. is common through-
out Central and Southern Europe in August.
The larva is light green with fine white lines
and lateral stripes, and white hair. It feeds
in June, August and September on nettle,
Marubium Galcopsis, and many other low plants.

P. chryson, Esp. The Scarce Burnished

Brass Moth. This is the largest species. Fore
wings reddish brown, with the inner half of
the central area as far as the submarginal line
darkest, with a metallic rusty yellow lustre, and
behind the reniform stigma a large golden
spot reaching to the submarginal line. The two
stigmata are simple, darker and dentated,
especially the posterior. They terminate in
a white booklet on the inner margin. The
marginal area, behind the zigzag submarginal
line has a violet shine. The hind wings are
ochreous brown, darker towards the hind mar-
gins with a paler curved line. The head and
collar are rusty 3'ellow. It is common but local
in Central and Southern Europe, especially in
mountainous districts. Several localities are
recorded for the moth in England, including
Deal. It appears in July and August. The
larva is green, dotted with white, with a white
dorsal line edged above with dark green, a
white line above the legs and between them
a double white, almost sinuated line. It lives
in April, May and June on Eupatorium and
Salvia gliitiiiosa.

P. bractea, W. V. The Gold Spangle.
Fore wings purple-brown varied with rusty
yellow, with the nervures, apices and inner
halt of the median nervure darkest. The two
transverse lines are darkly bordered at least
on the opposed sides. There is a heart-shaped
golden spot, with the base on the median
nervure, reaching from the anterior transverse
line to the reniform stigma, which like the
orbicular is rather indistinct. There is a rusty
yellow blotch beneath the golden stigma ex-
tending to the inner margin. The space behind
the indistinct submarginal line is light and
the fringes are lighter. The hind wings are
yellowish brown towards the hind margins and
on the nervures. The abdomen is yellowish
with dark brown tufts. It is found through-
out Central Europe in July. It flies about
flowers during the day or rests on the leaves.
The larva is similar to that of iota, and is
green with fine longitudinal lines, wavy at the
sides, warts on the back and a fine pubescence.
It lives in May and June on Hieracium, Stachys,
and other plants, and may be found hiding
under the leaves.

P. aemula, W. \. Fore wings violet-
grey, with the nervures darker and the lower

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFIIES AXD MOTHS.

half of the central area and the costa at
the apex dark reddish brown. The two trans-
verse lines are distinctly double and have
a metallic lustre. The reniform stigma is in-
dicated by a darker spot. The golden spot
is flame-like, and expands towards the hinder
angle. Hind wings reddish grey with a metallic
lustre, darker towards the hind margins with
light fringes. It appears in July and is local
in the Bavarian and Austrian Alps. The larva
is similar to that of iota. It is green with fine
white markings and warts on the back, and
is thinly covered with hair. It lives in May
and June on Stachys and Ranunculus, and sits
on the under surface of the leaves. The pupa
is dark brown and is contained in a slight
cocoon between the leaves.

P. festucae, Linn. The Gold Spot Moth.
Fore wings brownish red, at the inner margin,
■the base of the costa and in front of the apex
golden dusted with rusty red. In front of the
middle is a larger silvery spot with a smaller
one behind it. The hind wings are yellowish
grey. It is found throughout the greater part
of Europe in July and August. The larva
feeds on soft grasses, as well as reed and flag,
from May to September.

P. gutta, Guen. Fore wings dark violet-
grey or reddish violet, with metallic dark rusty
brown towards the apex and the inner half
of the central area. There is a thick silvery
Y in the position of the claviform stigma, with
a fine silvery stripe running from it to the
inner margin and bounding the anterior trans-
verse line, which is not otherwise indicated.
The posterior transverse line is very indistinct,
and so are the stigmata and the submarginal
line. The hind margin is narrowly edged with
rosy-red, with a slight dark marginal line and
brownish fringes banded with lighter. The
hind wings are lighter, with dark spots. It is
found in South-Central and Southern Europe
from June to August. The larva is light green,
dark green, violet or dark brown with black
hairy warts, the lighter varieties with a double
white dorsal and a broader lateral line, a nar-
rower one above the legs and a few fine ones
between. It feeds in May and June on Achillea,
thistle, and especially Arinthe major.

P. iota, Linn. The Plain Golden Y Moth.
Fore wings reddish brown, with a reddish -yellow

splash below the Y. Its tif) is detached as
a silvery mark in the shape of a note of inter-
rogation. The posterior transverse line is not
notched, except for a single tooth near the
silvery spot. The hind wings have a lighter
curved line. It is common in Central and
Northern Europe in May and June and again
in August. The larva is similar to that of
gamma, but is lighter by reason of its fine
white markings, and the warts on the back
and spiracles are finer and less noticeable. It
feeds in the Spring and Summer on nettle,
Galcopsis and other low plants.

P. pulchrina. Haw. The Beautiful Golden
Y Moth, closely resembles the last species
but the colour is brighter and more purple,
the silver markings larger and thicker, and
the splash divided. The hind wings have three
dark transverse stripes beneath. It is found
in Central Europe in July, but is less common
than the last species. The larva is green with
a yellow stripe, but resembles that of iota in
other respects. It feeds in May on nettle,
Stachys and other plants.

P. gamma, Linn. The Silver Y Moth.
PL XXVII. fig. 7. is found from May to Sep-
tember and is one of the commonest moths
throughout Europe. It frequents flowers in
the day-time. The larva is green with fine
white longitudinal lines, sinuated at the sides,
and narrow yellowish lateral lines. It feeds
on clover, nettle and other plants throughout
the greater part of the Summer.

P. interrogationis, Linn. The Scarce
Silver Y Moth. Fore wings bluish ashy grey,
marbled with black, and with a reddish lustre.
The central area and the inner border of the
deeply zigzag submarginal line throughout its
extent are very dark, being almost black.
The three transverse lines are distinct, whitish,
edged on both sides with darker, the posterior
forming a dentation near the silver note of
interrogation spot, with both parts of the spot
sometimes fused. The two usual stigmata are
finely edged with silver. The marginal line
is uninterrupted, black and sinuated, with
a bluish-grey lunule in front of it. The fringes
are bluish grey between the nervures in their
apical half, but are otherwise brown. The
hind wings are bluish grey with a lighter
curved line and whitish fringes, spotted with

164

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERELIES AND MOTHS.

darker. It is found in most parts of Central
and Northern Europe in June and July. The
larva is green, lighter above, with sinuated
yellowish longitudinal lines. It feeds on Vac-
cinium tdiginosmn in May.

P. ni, Hiibn. The Silver V Moth. Fore
■wings light ashy grey, varied with darker, with
a silver V and a small silver spot behind it.
The submarginal line is light and interrupted,
with fine black sagittate spots above. The
hind wings are whitish at the base. It is
found in South Europe and has been taken
once in Devonshire. The larva feeds on low
plants.

P. ain, Hochenw. Fore wings light grey
marbled with black, with two distinct double
lines, and the stigmata finely edged with darker.
There is a very regular fine silvery Y mark
in the position of the claviform stigma, and the
submarginal line is sharplj' zigzag. The hind
wings have the fringes yellow at the base,
white at the tip and black through the middle.
It is found in July and August in the Swiss
and Bavarian Alps and in the Riesengebirge.
The larva feeds on Vaccinium in May and June,
and it is said also on Pinus larix.

P. hochenwarthi, Hochenw. Fore wings
reddish grey with the central area, e.xcept the
costal margin, darkest. The two transverse
lines are distinct and double. The silver Y
has the branches very slightly open and the
extremity straight. The submarginal line is
only slightly zigzag. The hind wings have a
yellow marginal line. It is common in moun-
tain pastures on the Alps of Switzerland and
Bavaria and in Scandinavia, and appears in
July and August. The larva is reddish brown
with a yellowish dorsal and lateral line and
faint light sinuated lines between. It feeds on
Vaccinium and other low plants in May and
June.

P. devergens, Hiibn. Fore wings dark
grey, slightly suffused with violet-red. The
central area is darkest and the two trans-
verse lines are distinct and double. The
silver Y is thick with very indistinct branches.
The submarginal line is black and sharply
zigzag. It is found in the higher Alps in
July and August. The larva is dark violet with
light grey longitudinal lines and feeds on low
jilants.

FAMILY

HELIOTHID^E.

Slender middle-sized moths, with beautiful
colouring and delicate forms. The antennae
are setiform in both sexes, the thorax generally
clothed with fine wool and the eyes naked
and not ciliated except in anarta. Tlie pro-
boscis is spiral. The larvae have sixteen legs,
and scattered hairs on punctiform warts. They
live on low plants, feeding on the flowers and
seeds, and assume the pupa in the ground.
The moths fl)' in the sunshine.

Genus Anophia, Guen.

Thorax covered with smooth scales; abdomen
tufted. Fore wings expanded, resembling
pliisia in shape and in the long fringes of the
hinder angle. Hind wings rounded. The
larvae are smooth, with slightly stunted prolegs,
and feed on Convolvulus. The only species is: — •
A. leucomelas, Linn. Fore wings uni-
form brownish black with yellowish markings;
hind wings white with a broad black mar-
ginal band and the fringes white, except in
the middle and at the anal angle, where they
are black. It is found in Southern and East-
Central Europe in June and July. The larva
is brownish with three orange-coloured dorsal
and a light lateral line. It feeds on Convolvulus
in July and August, and remains hidden during
the day.

Genus ^dia, Hiibn.

Antennae finely ciliated in the male. This
genus resembles the last, but the wings are
much shorter and have broader fringes. The
abdomen is a third shorter and only slightly
projects beyond the anal angle. It has a
truncated anal tuft but no tufts on the sides.
The larvae are slender and live on Convolvulus,
hiding during the day. They pupate in a
dense earthen cocoon. During the day the
moth rests with wings sloping; and flies about
flowers in the evening. The only species is: — ■

JE,. funesta, Esp. Fore wings dark brown,
the two transverse lines deep black, finely
edged with rusty brown, with a pale rusty
yellow spot at the costal border of the central
area, which extends as far as the middle of
the reniform stigma. The round orbicular

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

165

and the claviform stigmata are edged with
black, but the reniform only towards the base.
The marginal line is rusty brown, with a
projection, and from this to the inner margin
the suffused band is also rusty brown. The
hind wings are white with a broad black
marginal band and with the fringes black in
the middle and at the anal angle. It is found
in South-Central and Southern Europe in ^lay
and June. The larva is cinnamon-brown
dusted with black with an orange-coloured
dorsal and a yellow lateral stripe above the
legs, and with two fine longitudinal orange-
coloured lines between. The head is grey dotted
with black and yellow. It feeds in July and
August on Convolvulus, especially those growing
in vineyards, remaining hidden during the daj-.

Genus Anarta, Treit.

Small stout-bodied moths with expanded
fore wings, rather broad behind, the usual
.Vt)f/«rt-pattern and light chequered fringes.
The hind wings are black with a long yellow
or white spot; or yellow with a broad marginal
band. Nervure 5 is as thick as the others.
The head and palpi have divergent bristly
hairs. The antennae are almost filiform, gene-
rally short in the males and uniform!}- ciliated.
The thorax is not tufted. They fly briskly
in the sunshine. The larvae are smooth, with
sixteen legs, and are of uniform thickness and
delicately marked. They live from June to
August on heath and species of Vacc'uiinm and
pupate in a slight cocoon.

A. myrtilli, Linn. The Beautiful Yellow
Underwing. PI. XX\TI. fig. 8. is common
on heaths throughout Europe in May and
June and again in August and September.
The larva is bright grassy green with five
elevated points on each segment which are
bluntly angular and white externally. It feeds
in Summer and Autumn on heath (Calluna
vulgaris). The pupa is obtuse dark brown and
is enclosed in a cocoon made with sawdust.

A. cordigera, Thunb. The Small Dark
Yellow Underwing. Fore wings greyish black,
darkest in the central area with a shining
white reniform stigma centred with grey, and
the rest of the markings indistinct. The hind
wings are yellow with a black marginal band.
The fringes of the fore and hind wino^s are

as in myriilli and the abdomen is greyish black.
It is found on moors in Central and Northern
Europe in June and July, but apparently does
not occur in France. The larva is reddish
ochreous with a lighter lateral line and several
larger and smaller dots on each segment. It
feeds on Vaccinium uligiuosum in Siurimer and
Autumn.

A. melanopa, Thunb. The Broad-bordered
White Underwing. Fore wings grey, not
dusted with white, the reniform stigma being
darkest. The hind wings are dirty white and
in var. rupestralis, Hiibn. they are grey. It
is found in the Alps of Switzerland and the
Tyrol and in the mountains of Norway. It
has also been taken in the Shetland Islands
and at Rannoch in Perthshire.

A. nigrita, Boisd. Fore wings shining
dark grey with only few markings. Hind wings
brownish black in the male, black in the female.
It is found in the higher Alps in July and
August and is scarce.

Genus Heliaca, Herr.-Schaff.

Palpi drooping with coarse erect hair and
no markings on the front and legs. Eyes
small and naked. Antennae thick and setiform,
slightlj- ciliated in the female. Fore wings
short and broad ; hind wings rounded. The
only species is: —

H. tenebrata, Scop. The Small Yellow
Underwing. Fore wings rather pointed, light
and dark bronzy brown, with the central area
and the inner border of the indistinct submar-
ginal line darkest. The area between is lightest ;
the two transverse lines are distinguishable,
but there is no trace of stigmata. The fringes
are long with the terminal half white with
three brown spots. The hind wings are black
with a yellow band-like central spot and the
terminal half of the fringes yellowish white.
The abdomen is black with the posterior mar-
gins of the segments finely- yellow. It is
common in most parts of Europe in May and
June, and flies in the day-time in damp
meadows. The larva is whitish green with
a darker line on the back, a white one beside
it and another on the sides. It feeds on
Cerastium in June.

Genus Heliothis, Treit.
Rather small moths, with the tips of the

II*

1 66

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

■wings rounded, and the hind marghis oblique
and sometimes slightly sinuated. The reniform
stigma is blackish, the other iVorf;w-markings
are more or less distinct, and the fringes are
without markings. The hind wings are coloured
with a black marginal band, and nervure 5 is
more slender than the others. The head and
thorax are smoothly scaled, and the antennae
are filiform and scarcely thinned at the tip.
The larvae are C3'lindrical with small warts,
each bearing a small hair. They feed on the
flowers of low plants.

H. cardui, Hiibn. Fore wings olive-green,
with the apex long and obtuse, and with the
hind margins consequently very oblique. In
the place of the submarginal line is a narrow
stripe, and there is another through the middle,
and a spot- on the costa. The position of the
reniform stigma is lighter. There are no
other markings. The hind wings are black
with a whitish band in front of the middle,
abbreviated towards the inner margin and
whitish fringes. The head and thorax are
olive-green. The abdomen is black, yellowish
in the incisions and on the sides. The front
tibiae have strong claw-like spines on the upper
and anterior end. There is a horny ovipositor
in tlie female. It is found in South-Central
and Southern Europe in June and July. The
larva is greyish brown all over with wart-like
white dots, largest on the back. It feeds on
the flowers of Picris hieracioides in August.

H. ononis, W. V. Fore wings greenish-
grey, violet-reddish on the inner margins. The
reniform stigma is very large with a broad
central shade and the band-like inner border
of the submarginal line, as well as the hind
margin, narrowly blackish green. There are no
other markings. The hind wings are greenish
white with a large black central lunule and a
broad black marginal band, with light spots
near its middle. The abdomen is blackish
grey with greenish white incisions. It is widely
distributed in South-Central Europe in May
and June, but is not common. The larva is
green varied more or less with brown. It has
yellow longitudinal lines and darker transverse
lines. It feeds on Ononis spinosa in July and
August. The pupa is slender with a loose
yellowish brown cocoon.

H. dipsacea, Linn. The Marbled Clover.

Fore wings pale olive-green with a broad rusty
brownish central shade through the dark-edged
reniform stigma, which on the inner half of the
wings fuses with the greyish band-like inner
border of the submarginal line. The marginal
line has small dark dots, some of which are
more or less distinct on the suffused band and
in the position of the half line. These are
all the markings. The hind wings are yel-
lowish white with a black central lunule and
marginal band which is spotted with lighter
near the middle. The abdomen is greyish
yellow, nearly white beneath. It is common
in most parts of Europe in June and July.
The larva is green, with fine black .pubescence,
and six white longitudinal lines, the lowest of
which, between the legs and the black white-
ringed spiracles, is the broadest and most
complete. The head is yellowish green. It
feeds on Cichorium, Ccntanrca, larkspur, etc. in
the Autumn.

H. scutosa, \\'. V. The Field Southern-
wood ]Moth. Fore wings vellowish white and
olive-brown with lighter nervures. The two
transverse lines are distinct, darkly bordered
on the opposed edges, the anterior being very
obliquely bent towards the hinder angle and
the posterior continued on the hind wings,
where it is angulated in the middle. The three
dark-bordered stigmata form olive-brown spots,
and the submarginal line is light and xmcqually
dentated. The marginal line is composed of
black crescents, becoming white posteriorly.
The fringes are long and darker on the
basal half. The hind wings are yellowish
white with a large black central lunule, on a
blackish marginal band which is spotted with
lighter in the middle as well as the curved
line. The fringes are white in their anterior
half. It is common in Central Europe in May,
June and August, but is rare in the North
of England. The larva is greenish yellow,
varied with brown, with black star-shaped
hairy warts, similar streaks and three blackish
dorsal lines. The head is brownish red, dotted
with black. It feeds on the flowers of field
southernwood (Artemisia campcstris) in June and
July.

H. peltigera, \V. V. The Bordered Straw.
Fore wings greyish yellow with the suffused
band rusty yellow, the two transverse lines

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

167

zigzag and darker, as well as an expanded
central shade around the white-edged reniform
stigma. The orbicular stigma is only represented
by a dark dot. There is a row of white dots
in the suffused band. The hind wings have
a scarcely visible central lunule. It is found
in Central and South-Central Europe in June
and July. The larva closely 'resembles that
of dipsacea. It feeds on the capsules of Hyos-
ciamus in Summer.

H. armigera, Hiibn. The Scarce Bordered
Straw. Fore wings brownish ochreous, with
the orbicular stigma represented as a small
dot and the reniform dark grey. There is a
dark indistinct band beyond the curved line,
but no dot at the hinder angle. It is common
in most parts of Europe from August to
October, but is very scarce in Britain. The
larva is ding\- brown with a darker dorsal
stripe and a yellow lateral line, including the
black spiracles. It feeds on wild mignonette
and other low plants.

Genus Chariclea, Steph.

These moths are distinguished from Heliothis
only by the absence of the claws on the tibiae
and the narrow ridged crest behind the collar
which is continued to the end of the thorax.
There is one claw in delphinii and the front is
elevated, but not in the others. The larvae
have the form and habits of Heliothis.

C. delphinii, Linn. The Pease-blossom
Moth. PI. XX VH. fig. 9. This pretty moth
is rare in England though common in most
parts of Europe. It appears in Jvme. The
larva is violet-grey, with black warts, a narrow
sulphur-yellow dorsal line and a broad yellow
line on the sides. It feeds in July and August
on the flowers and seeds of larkspur, and
passes deep under the ground to form the
reddish brown pupa.

C. umbra, Hufn. The Bordered Sallow.
Fore wings dark brownish yellow, with a
darker red marginal area, a dark simple half
line and two transverse lines through the
middle, the anterior of which has two den-
tations and reaches into the central area,
whilst the posterior is fairly straight. There
is an angulated central shade, sharply defined
at the reniform stigma, two darkly- bordered
stigmata and a submar£;inal line consisting of

crescents edged with orange-yellow internally,
from which to the base are three small white
dots on the costa. The hind wings are yel-
lowish with a black central lunule and a broad
black marginal band, with its outermost margin
dusted with orange -yellow. It is common
throughout Central Europe in May and June.
The larva is gi'een or reddish grey, dotted
with whitish, with a dark green dorsal line
bordered with whitish and a whitish stripe on
the sides. It feeds on rest-harrow (Ononis
spinosa) and Geranium in August. The larva
rests in the ground without a cocoon.

FAMILY

ACONTID^.

The species belonging to this small family
have bright markings, but the clothing of the
broad, rounded thorax consists of flattened
compressed scales. The pectus, palpi and
legs are covered with smooth scales and the
scales of the wings, which are short, broad,
and rounded, with comparatively thick ner-
vures, are flattened and closely placed. The
only genus is: —

Genus Acontia, Ochs.

Rather small moths with short brown fore
wings spotted with white, expanded posteriorly,
with rounded apices and an appendicular cell
from which rise nervures 7, 8 and 10; whilst
nervure 9 rises from 8. The hind wings are
rounded, white with a black marginal band or
black with an irregular white central band.
Nervure 5 is only slightly more slender than
the others, which are comparatively stout.
The antennae are setiform and not ciliated.
These moths fly in the day-time in dry sunny
places about flowers. They are double-brooded,
appearing in May and in July and August.
The larvas are slender and live on low plants
such as mallow and Convolvulus.

A. lucida, Hufn. The Pale Shoulder Moth
is very variable. The fore wings are brown,
here and there with a bluish lustre, with the
basal area whitish and bluish grey. There
is a marginal spot behind the reniform stigma,
and the hinder angle is white. The transverse
lines are indistinct, the orbicular stigma is
represented by a small white dot, the reniform

i68

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

as a fine white figure of 8, whilst the clavi-
form is entirely wanting. There are a few black
spots across the middle in front of the white
marginal spot. The submarginal line is narrowly
white and is bluish at the apices tow-ards the
hind margins. The fringes are brown in the
front half of the wings, white on the inner
half. The hind wings are white with a broad
black marginal band, black at the base with
streaky spots. The fringes are white, darkly
spotted from the apex of the wings to near
the middle. The body is white suffused with
grey. The variety albicollis, Fabr. has the
base of the fore wings and the thorax completely
white. The moth is local and rare in Central
and Southern Europe. It flies in sunny places
in May and August. Albicollis is rare in Eng-
land. The larva has twelve legs, a fleshy
projection on segments 5, 6 and 7, and a pyra-
midal elevation on 12. It is reddish grey
merging into brown, darker on the back, with
small warts on the sides and several oblique
streaks, especially in front. It feeds on Con-
volvulus and mallow in June and September.

A. luctuosa, W. V. The Four-spotted
Moth. Fore wings dark brown w'ith a bluish
shine, the two transverse lines double, black
on the opposed sides. The orbicular and
claviform stigmata are remarkable for their
fine dark bordering. In the place of the reni-
form is a white spot extending to the costa.
The submarginal line is deeply dentated, with
black irregular sagittate spots on the anterior
half towards the base, white towards the hinder
angle. The fringes are brown, with the an-
terior and posterior thirds white at the tips.
The hind wings are black with an irregular
white central band, and white spots towards
the hind margins and near the anal angle.
The fringes are as in the fore wings, but not
so dark. It is common and widely distributed
in Central and Southern Europe in May and
August. The larvee have sixteen legs, are
yellowish brown with five light equidistant
longitudinal lines and light warts. It feeds on
Convolvulus in June and September.

FAMILY

NOCTUOPHALxENID^.

Small slender moths with naked eyes, a
rounded generally slightly hairj- or scaly thorax,

and broad, triangular obtuse-tipped fore wings,
generally with a similar scaliness, and rounded
hind wings. The antenna; are not serrated.
The legs have only occasionally thin hair on
the femora. The larvae are smooth or with
short, soft hair and twelve or fourteen legs.

Genus Thalpochares, Led.

Fore wings triangular, with rectangular
apices but without the usual 7Vof^;m-pattern.
The fringes are long, not chequered, without
an appendicular cell and with nervures 9 and
10 rising one behind the other from 8. The
hind wings are without or almost without
markings, and have rounded hind margins.
Nervure 5 is as stout as the others, 3 and 4
have a long stem, and 6 and 7 rise from a
point. The proboscis is strong, and the an-
tennae are setiform and ciliated, the cilia being
longer in the male than in the female. The
palpi are raised with a thin oval terminal
joint. The front is square and flat and the
thorax and abdomen are not tufted. They fly
in the sunshine in dry places, especially among
hillocks. Most of the species are southern.

T. ostrina, Hiibn. The Purple Marbled
Moth. Fore wings nearly white with an irre-
gular orange band across the middle, and a
rather wide brownish marginal band, edged
with white on the outer side. The hind wings
are whitish, darker towards the hind margin.
It is found in Southern and Western Europe
in June and is rare on the South Coast of
England. The larva lives in the shoots of
thistles.

T. parva, Iliibn. The Small Alarbled
Moth. Fore wings rusty yellow with two fine
interrupted transverse stripes, suffused with
dark brown towards the base. The lighter
submarginal line is indistinct with a few black
dots towards the hind margins. The hind
wings are reddish ashy grey with white fringes.
It is found on heaths in Southern Europe,
but has been taken on the South Coast of
England also. The larva lives in the capsules
of Inula niontana.

T. paula, Hubn. Fore wings reddish grey,
with the basal area and the position of the
posterior transverse line, especially the inner
marginal half, white. In the place of the
anterior transverse line is a dark transverse

PLATE XXI.

I. Endromis versicolor, female. 2. Saturnia pyri. 3. Saturnia carpini, 3a. Male, 3b. Cocoon.

4. Aglia tau, 4a. Larva.

British and European Butterflies and Moths.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

169

stripe parallel to the hind margin. The
marginal line is composed of faint dark dots.
The fringes are white at their base and tip.
The hind wings are pale grey with the basal
half and the fringes dirty white. The body
is white. It is common in sandy places in
South-Central Europe in July and August, and
is especially fond of the flowers of Gnaphaliiim
aromrium. The larva is greenish white. It
feeds in June on the shoots of Gnaphaliiim
which it has spun together and eats its way
into the stem.

Genus Erastria, Ochs.

Small slender moths with nearly triangular
fore wings, and very various markings. The
appendicular cell has nervures 7, 8 and 10
rising from it, and g from 8. The hind wings
are without pattern, grey with a curved hind
margin, and nervure 5 is somewhat more
slender than tlie rest. The body and legs are
clothed with depressed scales; the antenna;
are thickly and shortly ciliated; the palpi are
erect with a slightly oblique narrow, cylindri-
cal terminal joint. The thorax is not tufted,
or at most the scutellum may be slightly
tufted. The abdomen is slender, somewhat
thicker in the female, without tufts or with
a shovel-like tuft on the third and fourth seg-
ments. The moths sit on branches of trees,
etc., with their wings oblique, and tly at dusk,
and do not take to the wing in the day-time
unless disturbed. They are found in grassy
places among trees on turf-moors, etc. The
caterpillars are geometer-like with only three
or four perfect pairs of prolegs, the second
pair being rudimentary' and the first quite
absent. They are smooth with fine longitudinal
lines. The pupae have a slight cocoon between
dry leaves, among which some of them hiber-
nate.

E. argentula, Hubn. The Silver-barred
Moth. Fore wings olive-brown with two sil-
very bands, edged with black, once dentated
internally and running almost parallel towards
the hinder angle. There is also, on the costa,
a fine white stripe from the base, a second
oblique one at the tip and a third in front
of the hind margin. There are no stigmata
or other Noctiia- m&rkmgs. The hind wings
are grey, somewhat darker towards the hind

margins, but interrupted with lighter; and
with whitish fringes banded with darker in
front of their middle. It is common in damp
meadows in Central Europe, appearing in May
and June, but is local in England and Ire-
land. The larva is dark green on the back,
bordered with white, with light green sides
and dark green incisions. It feeds on grass
in July.

E. uncula, Clerck. The Silver Hook Moth.
Fore wings shining brown, with the costa
broadly yellowish till near the tip, and suf-
fused with brownish in front. Internally there
is a white branch in place of the reniform
stigma and a white expansion in place of the
orbicular. The submarginal line is straight,
finely white, suffused in a band-like manner
with brownish. Tlie fringes are double, banded
with darker. The hind wings are brownish grey,
with the fringes as on the fore wings. It fre-
quents damp grass-lands in Central and North-
ern Europe in June and July. The larva is
slender, geometer-like, green with a lighter
line on the sides. It feeds on grass from July
to September.

E. candidula, W. V. Fore wings white
varied with brownish grey and brown. The
costa is brown in the basal area ; from the
inner edge of this spot is a similar one on the
inner margin of the central area passing obli-
quely to the inner edge of the posterior trans-
verse line. In the central area, in the position
of the reniform stigma is a dark brown tri-
angle, marbled with black and white, reaching
along the costa to the tip of the submarginal
line. The two transverse lines are fairly
distinct ; in the position of the orbicular stigma
are two small black dots whilst the reniform
which is indistinct is placed in a dark triangle.
The submarginal line is bordered with brown-
ish grey on both sides. The marginal line is
composed of small black streaks. The fringes
are brownish grey, darkest through the middle
and at the tips. The hind wings are brownish
grey with two curved lines. The thorax is
somewhat tufted behind. It is scarce and local
in some parts of Central and Eastern Europe
in May and June. The larva is green with
two dark lines on the back and a white stripe
on the sides. It feeds on Sparganium ramosttm
in August and September.

170

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

E. venustula, Hubn. The Rosy Marbled
Moth. Fore wings white marbled with brown,
and varied with violet-grey and rosy red, the
costal half and the basal third of the inner
margin being hghtest. All three stigmata are
bordered with white, the orbicular and reni-
form being distinct only on the inner side and
merging into the white ground colour in front;
and behind the latter are two or three black
dots. The hind wings are whitish brown with
a faint central lunule. It is scarce and local
in Central Europe in l\Iay and June and is
only found in Epping Forest in this country.
The larva is dark reddish brown with two
broad orange bands and curved lateral lines.
It feeds on bramble in Summer.

E. deceptoria. Scop. Fore wings dark
brown, with the basal area, except the greater
part of the costal margin, and the suffused
band, as well as the submarginal line shining
white. There is a triangular space on the
costa and one or two slight curves represent-
ing the submarginal line. The two transverse
lines are only present as the deeply dentated
boundary of the central area. The hind wings
are ashy grey with a dark central lunule, a
similar marginal line and a whitish curved
line. The fringes are as on the fore wings.
It is common, especially in fir woods, in Cen-
tral Europe, except England, Belgium and the
Netherlands, and is on the wing in May and
June. The larva is light green above, bordered
with white, grassy green on the sides with a
white band above the legs and a white cervi-
cal band. It feeds on grasses in Summer.

E. fasciana, Linn. The Marble White-
spot Moth. Fore wings light and dark brown,
marbled with yellowish and white, darkest in
the central area, and lightest in the marginal
area, especially the inner half. The two trans-
verse lines are more or less distinctly double.
.Ml three stigmata are bordered with white,
the claviform being obtuse and the two others
connected by a black longitudinal streak. The
submarginal line is white and irregular, with
several black longitudinal streaks towards the
base in front, and a similar one towards the
base in the middle. The marginal line is com-
posed of small dark spots. The fringes are
brown on their basal half, brown chequered
with white on the apical half. The hind wings

are plain brownish grey with a dark mar-
ginal line. On the thorax are several small
crests. It is common in Central and Southern
Europe in June and July, especially in fir woods,
sitting on the stems of the trees or on grass.
The larva is yellow with a broad yellow dorsal
and fine yellow lateral lines. It feeds on grass
and bramble in August and September.

Genus Phothedes, Led.

This is distinguished from the last genus
only by the coarser, raised scales on the thorax
and palpi, and the shorter terminal joint, which
is hidden among the scales. The female is
smaller with narrower wings. The only spe-
cies is: —

P. captiuncula, Treit. Very variable in
colour and markings. Fore wings light yellow-
ish, rusty red or dark brown, with yellowish
or whitish lines, a black central shade and a
black submarginal line. Hind wings light grey,
darker towards the hind margin. Fringes light.
It is found in damp meadows in the Alpine
regions of Central and Eastern Europe and
is fond of sitting on leaves in the day-time.
Var. expolita, Stainton. The Least Minor.
Fore wings greyish brown tinged with reddish,
with a dark central band, which is sometimes
bounded externally by a sinuous white line.
Hind wings smoky grey with whitish fringes.
The only English locality is Darlington, but
it is also common in Galwa)-, the Irish speci-
mens being smaller and more brightly coloured
than those taken in England.

Genus Prothymia, Hiibn.

Small geometer-like moths with triangular,
pointed fore wings, having an appendicular
cell from which rise nervures 7, 8 and 10,
whilst 9 rises from 8. Nervure 5 of the hind
wings is as stout as the others, and 3 and 4
are stalked. The fringes are long. The palpi
are raised with a long slender terminal joint.
The antennae are setiform and strongly ciliated ;
the front is square. These moths fly over
meadows in the day-time.

P. viridaria, Cluck. The Small Purple-
barred Moth. Fore wings with the basal half,
as far as the dark central shade, olive-grey,
and the marginal half coppery red, with a pale
submarginal line parallel with the central shade.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN- BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

171

In place of the reniform stigma there is some-
times a small faint light-coloured spot. The
hind wings are olive-grev with a continuation
of the central shade, a darker marginal line
and a similar curved line between the two.
Sometimes all the markings are absorbed
into the brownish, grey ground-colour. It is
common in grassy places throughout Europe,
except the North, in May and again in July
and August. The larva, which is green with
pale longitudinal lines, feeds on grass in June
and in Autumn.

Genus Agrophila, Boisd.

Small moths with triangular fore wings, with
an appendicular cell, from which rise nervures
7 and 10, 8 rises from 7 near its base and 9
from 8. The hind wings are without markings
and have convex hind margins. Nervure 5
is more slender than the others, 3 and 4, and
6 and 7 have short stems, 8 rises from 7 at
a distance from the base. Proboscis spiral ; an-
tenna; setiform ; front projecting; palpi slender,
obliquely raised with an obtuse terminal joint.
Thorax rounded, with flattened scales; ab-
domen slender. They fly in the day-time in
dry places and rest with sloping wings.

A. trabealis, Scop. The Spotted Sulphur
Moth. For* wings sulphur-yellow with the
inner margin; a longitudinal stripe parallel to
it; both edges of the submarginal line; both
stigmata; three spots on the costa and the
frhiges, except at the tips, black. The hind
wings are brownish grey with a faint central
lunule, and the fringes in their apical half
whitish. The abdomen is yellow ringed with
blackish grey. It is common in the sunshine on
heaths and dry places in Central and Southern
Europe, appearing in May and June and again
in August. It is rare in England and is not
found in Scotland or Ireland. The larva is
green or brown, dotted with black with a
pale yellow lateral line. It feeds in July and
in Autumn on Convolvulus arvensis.

FAMILY
O P H I U S I D .'E.

Large or middle-sized moths. Fore wings
broad behind, triangular, with the apices on^y

slightly rounded ; grey or brown, generally with
two transverse lines and a submarginal line, but
no orbicular stigma. Fringes sinuated. Hind
wings usually brightly coloured, with a black
marginal band; or grey, without any markings.
Nervure 5 is as stout as the others. Palpi
raised, with a projecting, obtuse, thread-like
terminal joint. Antennae ciliated. Abdomen
stout and cylindrical, without tufts, with loose
tuft -like hair in the males or with distinct
tufts on the front segments (Catephia). Larvse
with undeveloped prolegs and a geometer-
like gait.

Genus Euclidia, Ochs.

Hind wings rounded and as long as the
abdomen. Antennae setiform, slightly ciliated
in the males. Palpi raised with a thin termi-
nal joint. Thorax with thin smooth hair.
Abdomen slender, smooth, somewhat thicker
in the females. Larvae smooth and elongated
with three or only two pairs of prolegs. They
feed on clover. The pupa; have a thin oval
cocoon on the ground.

E. mi, Clerck. The Mother Shipton. PI.
XXVII. fig. 10. is common during the Summer
in meadows in Central and Northern Europe.
It is double-brooded. The larva has twelve
legs, and is yellowish brown or straw-colour
with fine dark and light longitudinal lines
and a white stripe on the sides. It feeds on
clover.

E. glyphica, Linn. The Burnet Noctua.
Fore wings brown with the broad margin of
the two transverse lines, the central shade
and the costal spot in the suffused band
darkest ; and the marginal area in front of the
hind margin lightest. The stigmata are pre-
sent, but in the position of the posterior there
is an indistinct lighter spot. The submarginal
hne is straight, the marginal line darker,
with fine dentations which project into the
basal half of the dark fringes. The hind wings
are yellowish in the marginal half with a brown
abbreviated band, brown at the base. It is
common in meadows throughout Europe in
May and again in July and August. The
larva varies from yellowish to cinnamon-brown
with a darker dorsal line, which is often want-
ing or consists of fine lines. It feeds on clover
in June and in the Autumn.

172

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

Genus Pseudophia, Guen.

Large moths with the fore wings nearly
rectangular at the tips, slightly sinuated on
the hind margins and contracted at the hinder
angle. The appendicular cell is large; ner-
vures 7, 8 and lo rise from it, and 9 from 8.
Hind wings without markings, nervure 5 as
stout as the others, 3 and 4, and 6 and 7 rising
side by side. The third segment of the palpi
is somewhat curved forwards. The antennae
are setiform and uniformly ciliated. Thorax
slightly keeled, not tufted; abdomen not tufted,
but with a thick anal tuft in the male. The
larvae are smooth and slender with the first
pair of prolegs undeveloped. The pupae have
a slight cocoon between leaves.

P. lunaris, W. V. The Lunar Double
Stripe Moth. Fore wings brownish grey,
darkest behind the posterior transverse line
and on the fringes. The two transverse lines
are yellow sharply and finely edged with
darker on the outer side, the posterior forming
a small curve in front and behind on the hind
margin. The reniform stigma is dark, edged
with blackish towards the base, and the orbi-
cular is only a small black dot. The sub-
marginal line is deeply and irregularly dentated,
and is suff"used with darker towards the hind
margin. The marginal line is light and sinu-
ated with a row of fine dots in front of it. The
hind wings are somewhat darker in their mar-
ginal half with a yellowish marginal line. It
is common in woods in Central and Southern
Europe in May and June, but is very rare in
Britain. The larva is reddish brown with a
pale reddish lateral line above the legs, two
reddish yellow warts on the fifth segment and
two yellow points on the twelfth. It feeds on
oak in July and August.

Genus Catephia, Ochs.

Antennae setiform, ciliated in the males.
Thorax densely clothed with fine smooth hair,
with a blunt raised crest in front and behind.
Abdomen with distinct tufts on the back of
the first four segments and an anal tuft
in the males. Chest and legs woolly, thickest
on the tibiK. Fore wings long, somewhat ex-
panded behind, rather longer on the costa
than on the inner margin, and slightly rounded

at the tips and hinder angle. The larvae, which
have the front prolegs very rudimentary, have
warts and fleshy prominences on the fifth and
twelfth segments. The pupa; have a bright
blue bloom and are contained in a slight cocoon.
The only species is: —

C. alchymista, W. V. The Alchymist.
PI. XXVni. fig. I. This is local in oak woods
in Central and Southern Europe, appearing in
May and June. The only recorded capture
in England was by Doctor Wallace in the
Isle of Wight. The caterpillar varies from
light to dark grey, dusted with black, with a
yellow collar and scattered yellow warts, ringed
with black. On segments 5 and 12 are fleshy
prominences and on the sides of these segments,
and also on 8 and 9 white or reddish spots.
There is a light dorsal line edged with darker
and a flesh-coloured line on the sides above
the legs. It feeds on oak in July and August
and passes into the pupa-state between cre-
vices in the bark.

Genus Catocala, Schrank.

^liddle-size and large moths with j-ellow,
red or blue hind wings banded with black.
At the base of cell 2 of the fore wings is a
very prominent spot beneath the reniform
stigma. There are two transverse lines, a
distinct reniform stigma and a less distinct sub-
marginal line and orbicular stigma. All the
wings are banded with white or j-ellow beneath,
and the hind margins are sinuated. The palpi
are raised, with a thread-like terminal joint.
The proboscis is strong. The antennas are
setiform and uniformly and finely ciliated.
The thorax has a transverse crest in front of
the scutellum. Abdomen with some light
tufts, at least in the males. The legs are
strong, the tibia; long, with long thick spurs.
The moths sit in the day-time on trunks of
trees, fences, etc., which they resemble in
colour. The larvae are slender, somewhat flat,
ciliated on the sides with the front pair of
l)rolegs undeveloped and an elevation on the
back of the ninth segment. The belly is whit-
ish with dark median spots. They feed on
trees and shrubs and rest on the branches
during the day. If disturbed they move away
quickly. The early morning and the evening
are the best times to beat the branches for

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN' BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

173

them. The pupje have a bhie bloom and are
enclosed in a dense cocoon.

C. fraxini, Linn. The Clifden Nonpareil.
PI. XXVIII. fig. 2. Larva 2a. is very common
in many parts of Central Europe, especially
in poplar rows and near brooks in the neigh-
bourhood of willows and poplars, but is very
rare in Britain, though it is generally distri-
buted and is sometimes met with even in the
London parks. It appears in August and
September and remains hidden on the trunks
of trees in the day-time. The larva feeds on
poplar, oak and aspen in May and June.
The pupa is slender, reddish brown with a
blue bloom.

C. elocata, Esp. Fore wings grey, more
or less varied with yellowish brown, with
both sides of the transverse lines and the
broad central shade, which obscures the reni-
form stigma, darkest. The two transverse lines
are light and distinct, the posterior being
formed of uniform regular dentations. The
submarginal line is nearly straight. The hind
wings are cinnamon-red with a broad black
marginal band, which is slightly irregular, and
is narrowed opposite the anal angle and to-
wards the base. The central band is almost
uniformly broad throughout, somewhat curved,
and forms two slight rounded projections to-
wards the base. The fringes are white and
the thorax is slightly crested. It is found in
Southern and South-Central Europe in August,
and is very common in many localities. The
larva is ashy grey with two brown dorsal lines,
with light warts on them, and an obtuse brown
hump in the middle with a brown spot on
each side of it. The head is notched and
edged with black. It feeds on willow and
poplar in May and June. The pupa is slender,
reddish brown with a blue bloom.

C. nupta, Linn. The Red Underwing is
very like the last species. Fore wings dark
grey tinged with ochreous and marbled with
darker. The posterior transverse line is irre-
gularly zigzag, the last dentation at the hinder
angle extending towards the base to below the
well-marked reniform stigma. The submarginal
line corresponds with it. The marginal band
of the hind wings is uniformly broad through-
out, and forms two rounded projections oppo-
site the anal angle towards the base. The

central band is broader and narrower, and is
angulated. The collar is striped with darker
transversely, and is bounded by yellow spots.
The moth is common among bushes near
streams in Central Europe, and is more abun-
dant in the South and South-East of England
than in other parts of the country. The cater-
pillar is brownish grey with a double, waved,
whitish line on the back and another beneath
it, and slight rose-coloured humps on seg-
ments 5 and 12. It lives on willow and poplar
in May and June.

C. sponsa, Linn. The Dark Crimson
Underwing. PL XXVIII. fig. 3. Larva 3a.
is common, especially in oak woods, in Central
Europe in July and August. It is fond of
sitting on the trunks of trees, and when the
heat is great may be seen flying from tree to
tree in search of shade. The larva lives on
oak in May and June and closely resembles
the branches and twigs upon which it crouches.

C. promissa, W. \'. The Light Crimson
Underwing. Fore wings light grey, clouded
with yellowish brown and black, with the
anterior transverse line darkest and the cen-
tral area behind it lightest. Both transverse
lines are indistinct, the anterior moderately
dentated and the posterior as in sponsa, and the
submarginal line is fairly straight and acutely
dentated. The hind wings are carmine with
a broad marginal band narrower behind and
only distinctly excavated opposite the anal
angle, and a central band in the form of a
double hook. It is common in oak woods in
Central and Southern Europe in Jul}-, and is
commonly met with together with sponsa. The
larva varies considerably both in colour and
markings, but is usually light blue varied with
bluish and yellowish, with prominent white
warts. On the ninth segment there is a dark
brown-bordered elevation and on the twelfth
two fleshy points. It feeds on oak in May
and June.

C. pacta, Linn. Fore wings light grey
with zigzag transverse lines; hind wings pale
crimson with a verj' abbreviated central band;
abdomen crimson. It is scarce in the North
of Germany and is also found in Eastern
Europe. The larva resembles that of electa, but
is more slender with reddish warts and a hump
on the ninth segment. It lives on willow in June.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

C. electa, Borkh. PI. XXVIII. fig. 4. is
found in South-Central and Eastern Europe.
The larva is ashy grey varied with light or
dark brown, with orange-coloured hairy warts,
a broad rounded hump on the ninth segment,
and two small points on the eleventh and
twelfth. It lives in May and June on willow,
sallow and poplar. The pupa is like those
of the allied species.

C. paranympha, Linn. PI. XXVIII. fig.
5. is a scarce species found in most parts of
Central Europe, except England, Holland and
Belgium. The larva is brown shading into
grey or black, with rust-coloured hairy warts
and more or less distinct small whitish and
yellow spots, as well as a long fleshy hook on
the ninth and raised points on the fifth, twelfth
a!nd thirteenth segments. It lives in May and
June on white-thorn and sloe, especially on
old plants and also on plum-trees.

C. conversa, Esp. Fore wings ashy grey
varied with brownish, with an almost uniformly
zigzag posterior transverse stripe. The variety
agamos, Hiibn. is darker. It is found in
some parts of Southern Europe. The larva
is blackish with two yellow dorso-lateral spots
on segments 4 and 5 as well as large greyish
yellow spots on segments 8 to 11. It lives
on sloe.

Genus Toxocampa, Guen.

Antennae moderately long; setiform, ciliated
in the males. Thorax slightly arched, with
smooth hair. Palpi raised on the head, promi-
nent, thickly covered with smooth scales, with
a short, obtuse terminal joint. Abdomen with
smooth scales, slender in the males, somewhat
stouter in the females, obtuse at the end with
erect hair on the sides. Legs with smooth
scales; tibiae without bristles; anal fold broad
and obtuse, deeply hollowed in the middle,
with the upper ridge membranous. Wings
broad with slender nervures and entire margins,
the fore wings with rectangular apices and
convex hind margins, the hind wings rounded.
Larvae smooth and slender, with sixteen legs
and a geometer-like gait. They feed on vetches
and conceal themselves at the foot of the
plants during the day. They pupate among
fallen leaves in a slight cocoon and produce
the moth in about a month. Some are double-

brooded. The moths conceal themselves in
bushes and on the ground during the day,
and hold the wings flat, and somewhat over-
lapping.

T. lusoria, Linn. Fore wings somewhat
pointed at the tips, dusty grey with dark trans-
verse streaks. The two transverse lines are
distinctly darker; in the place of the orbicular
stigma there is a dark brown dot, and in that
of the reniform a nail-like dark brown spot.
The submarginal line is yellowish, broadly
shaded with darker towards the base, especially
in front, and forming a dentation in the middle
towards the hind margin. In front of the
fringes there is a row of brown dots. The
hind wings are yellowish grey, darker towards
the hind margins. It is the largest species
of the genus, and is found in South-Eastern
Europe in July and August. The larva is
narrow in front, yellowish, dotted with black,
with two blackish dorsal lines, an interrupted
reddish yellow one between, another directly
below it and finally one below the spiracles.
It feeds on Asiragalus and vetches in Ma}'
and June.

T. pastinum, Treit. The Black Neck
Moth closely resembles the last species, from
which it is distinguished as follows: It is
smaller with violet-grey fore wings, and is
smoother with fine transverse streaks. Behind
the reniform stigma are one or two small black
dots. The marginal line is finely zigzag and
either as darkly suffused towards the base as
in lusoria or faint towards the base. The hind
wmgs are brownish grey with a fainter and
lighter curved line. It is common in May
and again in Jul}' and August in Central
Europe. The larva is slaty grey dotted antl
streaked with black, with two white dorsal
lines, black externally, edged with yellow and
with a yellow line enclosing the spiracles. It
feeds on vetches, especially Vicia sepium and
Coronilla varia from June till Autumn.

T. viciae, Hiibn. Fore wings brownish
grey with a reddish tinge, with the transverse
lines and central shade visible across the
whole breadth of the wings. The reniform
stigma is in parts edged with black. The sub-
marginal line is sharply defined on both sides
and is darker towards the base. The hind
wings are yellowish grey, with fringes of the

BRITISH AND ECROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

175

same colour, doubly banded with brownish.
The moth is found in Central Europe in May
and June, but is local and not common. The
larva is grey with a darker dorsal and curved
lateral line, beneath which it is lighter with
a few darker markings, and with four white
warts on the back of each segment. It feeds
on vetches in May and June. The pupa is
bright brown and is obtuse.

T. craccae, W. V. The New Black Neck
Moth. Fore wings broader than in the last
species, which it, however, closely resembles,
bluish grey, browner in the marginal area,
with the transverse lines and central shade
o\\\y indicated by dark spots on the costa. The
submarginal line is very slender and is faint
towards the hind margins. The hind wings
are yellowish grey with a lighter basal half
and whitish fringes slightly brown through
the middle. It is local in Southern and
Central Europe in May and June and again
in August, but is not rare where it is found.
In England it has only been taken in Devon-
shire. The larva is greyish brown with a dark
brown, chain-like dorsal line and several sinu-
ated dark brown lines on the sides. It lives
on vetches in Summer and Autumn. The
pupa is enclosed in a slight cocoon between
leaves.

FAMILY

DELTOIDyE.

Fore wings more or less broad, triangular
with rectangular or pointed, rarely rounded
apices, usually grey, but without the usual
TVoc/zw-markings, and the stigmata generally
only slightly indicated or entirely wanting.
The hind wings reach almost to the extremity
of the body. The abdomen is only rarely
tufted. The antennae and legs have often
markings upon them in the male. Palpi long,
often abnormally formed. They are mostly
small slender moths resembling the Tortriccs
in appearance. They fly in woods at night or
in the dusk, but many of them are on the wing
in the da3--time. The larvae are very various
and have twelve, fourteen or sixteen legs.

Genus Aventia, Dup.

Fore wings sharply pointed with a sickle-
shaped excision in front of the apex as far as

nervure 4 ; hind wings rounded. Palpi promi-
nent, the two first joints erect, thickly hairy,
with the terminal joint short and curved.
Antennae setiform, shortly ciliated in the male.
Front and thorax with very short smooth hair.
The larvae have twelve legs, and are smooth
with a row of fleshy filaments above the legs.
They pupate in a light cocoon. The only
species is: —

A. flexula, W. V. The Beautiful Hook-
tip. Fore wings slaty grey dusted with rust-
colour, with two fine straight, parallel, yellow-
ish transverse lines, edged with darker on
each side, both angulated on the costa, and
with two dark dots between them. There is
a fine curved submarginal line on a brown base,
small black dots in front of the dark submar-
ginal line and brown fringes, finely yellow at
the base. Hind wings lighter grey with a
straight transverse line. Head and thorax
rusty brown ; back and abdomen violet-grey.
It is widely distributed in fir-woods in Central
Europe in June and July, but is not common
anywhere. The moth sits with the wings
sloping. The larva is grey, spotted with green
and black. It lives from Autumn to Spring
on lichens growing on fir-trees.

Genus Boletobia, Boisd.

Wings broad with dentated liind margins,
the hind wings rounded ; all with uniform colour
and markings. Fore wings with nervure 2
towards the middle of the inner margin, 3 and
4 separated, 5 nearer 4 than 6, 7 and 8 rising
from a point at the tip of the appendicular
cell, 10 from its anterior margin, and 9 from 8.
Hind wings with nervure la running to the
middle of the inner margin, ib to the anal
angle, 3 and 4, 6 and 7 shortly stalked, 5
nearer to 4 than 6. Palpi coarsely scaled,
somewhat raised and projecting far beyond the
head, with an unusually long middle and
short pointed terminal joint. Proboscis spiral.
Antennae thick in the male, with long thin
cilias and a smooth end, those of the female
slightly serrated. Posterior tibiae with two
pairs of spurs in both sexes. Wings flat, when
at rest. The only species is : —

B. fuliginaria, Linn. The Waved Black.
Fore wings brownish black with yellowish
markings. The two transverse lines are scarcely

176

BRITJSH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

visible; near the first is the submarginal line.
There is a small black lunule on all the wings,
similar spots on the marginal line, between
the nervures, and fine yellow fringes. It is
found throughout Europe in old hedges, in
houses, etc., in June and July, but is very
rare in England, where it is chiefly met with
in London. The larva is bluish black with
several rows of red warts and long black curved
hairs tipped with white. It lives in May and
June on lichens growing on walls, moss growing
on roofs, in rotten wood and on fungi.

Genus Helia, Guen.

Palpi sickle-shaped, curved upwards and,
like the legs, covered with smooth scales. An-
tennae thick in the male and shortly pecti-
nated, setiform in the female. Fore wings
with rectangular obtuse, and arcuate hind
margins, and all the A''oc^/m-markings. Hind
wings rounded. Larvae with fourteen legs,
and punctiform warts bearing a few hairs.
They pass through their transformations in the
ground. The moths sit on tree-trunks with
their wings flat. The only species is: —

H. calvaria, \V. V. Fore wings dark
ashy grey with zigzag transverse lines, a yellow
reniform stigma and a smaller spot beside it.
Hind wings yellowish grey with a fine sinu-
ated curved line. It is common in South-
Central and Southern Europe in July and
August, and remains on the trunks of trees
during the day. The lar\a is rusty brown
with black dots, and feeds on low plants in
May and June.

Genus Zanclognatha, Led.

Palpi sickle-shaped, rising far above the
head, with the terminal joint pointed. Antennae
with cilia in the males. In tnrsiplumalis and
iarsicn'stalis there is a ridge-like thickening
in the middle. In the females they are seti-
form. The legs are thinly covered with smooth
scales ; the first pair with a long expanded
tuft in the males in several species. Fore
wings moderately broad with rectangular,
somewhat prominent tips and slightly sinuated
hjnd margins. Hind wings rather concave on
the hind margins, and paler than the fore
wings. The moths fly in Summer in dark,
shady places, and sit with their wings flat.

The larvae have sixteen legs, and are narrower
in front and behind. They live on the ground
hidden under leaves, and form a slight cocoon
for the pupae.

Z. tarsiplumalis, Hubn. Fore w-ings
reddish brown with fine curved transverse
lines, a dark crescentic central spot and dark
brown hind margins. Hind wings greyish
brown with a fine curved line. It is scarce
and local in Central Europe, except Britain
and France, in July. The larva is reddish
yellow, with a reddish brown median dorsal
line and fine longitudinal and transverse lines
and black punctiform warts. It feeds on low
plants in Autumn.

Z. tarsicristalis, Hiibn. closely resembles
the last species, but has the transverse lines
much more acutely zigzag and only a hollow-
stigma instead of the central lunule. It is a
rare species, found in the Balkan Peninsula
and perhaps in Germany. It appears in June.

Z. nemoralis, Fabr. The Small Fan-foot.
Fore wings greyish yellow with three dark
transverse lines, of which the first is straight,
the middle one interrupted and the third runs
into the tip of the wings. Hind wings whitish
grey. It is common in Central and Eastern
Europe in May and June. The larva is dark
grey and feeds, after hibernation, till May on
Crysosplenium.

Z. tarsipennalis, Treit. The Fan-foot.
Fore wings yellowish grey with fine blackish
transverse lines and a sharp line from the
apex along the hind margin. Hind wings
yellowish with a fine black marginal line. It
is common in grassy places in Central Europe
from July to the end of August. The larva,
which is blackish, feeds on grass.

Z. tarsicrinalis, Knoch. Fore wings yel-
lowish grey, with the hind margin as far as
the central area grey with a sinuated curved
line, submarginal line and rusty central band.
Hind wings yellowish grey with a fine sub-
marginal line. It is common in woods in
Central Europe, except Britain. The larva is
reddish yellow, with a sinuated greenish grey
line and black triangles on the back and four
white dots. It lives till ^lay on bramble,
raspberrv and Clematis.

Z. emortualis, \V. \'. The Olive Crescent.
Fore wings olive-brown, almost green, with

PLATE XXII.

I. Drepana falcataria. 2. Harpyia bifida. 3. Harpyia vinula, 3a. Lan-a. 4. Harpyia erminea.

5. Notiidonta ziczac, 5a. Larva. 6. Notodonta tritophus. ;. Stauropus fagi. 8. Notodonta bicolora.

9. Lophopteryx camelina. 10. Phalera bucephala, loa. Larva.

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTIERFLIES AND MOTHS.

two parallel yellow transverse lines, yellow
central liinule and grey hind margins. Hind
wings olive-brown with a yellow central line.
It is found in Central Europe in May, but is
rare in England. The larva is brownish yellow,
dotted with black, with a dark longitudinal
line and with four black warts on each seg-
ment. It feeds on oak in Autumn, and is said
to riddle the dry leaves with holes so as to
make them like a sieve.

Genus Madopa, Steph.

Is closely allied to the last genus, but the
palpi are much shorter and are raised, but do
not project beyond the pointed frontal tuft.
The terminal joint is covered with smooth
scales, and is short, pointed and projecting.
Antennae and legs without markings.

M. salicalis, W. V. The Lesser Bell.
Fore wings bluish grey with ochre -yellow
transverse lines and a dark marginal line.
Hind wings yellowish brown with dark brown
hind margins. It is local in Central Europe
in May and June, but is rare in England. The
larva has fourteen legs, and is uniform velvety
green with j'ellow incisions. It lives on sallow
and willow in August.

Genus Herminia, Latr.

Very like Zanclognatha, but the palpi have
an unusually long, straight second joint, and
a straight terminal joint of moderate length,
which is more or less raised. They have sharp
scales on both sides reaching to the end and
often project beyond the head for three or
four times their length. The times of appear-
ance and distribution correspond with Zanclog-
natha. The male antennas have long, slender
pectinations and a knot-like thickening in the
middle, except in derivalis. The front legs of
the males are tufted, 'except in tentacularia. The
larva; have sixteen legs and slightly hairy
punctiform warts, and are found in Autumn
and Spring.

H. cribumalis, Hubn. The Dotted Fan-
foot. Fore wings pale reddish grey, almost
without markings. The transverse lines are
only slightly indicated and the hind margins
are darker. The hind wings are paler than
the fore wings. It is found locally in marshy
places in Central Europe, including the English

Fen district. The larva is fusiform, greyish
brown, finely sprinkled with ochre-yellow, with
a light-bordered dorsal line, black spiracles
and ochreous sides. It feeds on grass.

H. tentacularia, Linn. Fore wings dark
ochre-yellow with curved transverse lines and
a narrow blackish central lunule. Hind wings
yellowish grey with a thin dark curved line.
It is common in woods throughout Europe,
except the North West. The larva is light
brownish yellow, shagreened with white, with
a dark median line, short white hairs and a
reddish brown head. It lives on grass in May.

H. derivalis, Hiibn. The Clay Fan-foot.
Fore and hind wings uniform dark ochre-
yellow, with fine blackish lines, of which the
outer is curved, an indistinct dark central
lunule, and dark hind margins. It is found
in Central and Eastern Europe, but is not
common. The larva is stout with very fine
white hair, a fine dark dorsal line and black
warts and spiracles. It feeds on grass.

Genus Pechipogon, Hubn.

This is distinguished from the last genus
by the ill-developed appendicular cell of the
fore wings. The antennae have the knot-like
thickening, in the middle, in the male, but
the pectinations are short, and tufted. The
front legs are tufted in the male. The only
species is; —

P. barbalis, Clerck. The Common Fan-
foot. Fore wings brownish yellow with dark
zigzag transverse lines and a dark marginal
line. Hind wings lighter, but with dark hind
margins. It is common throughout Europe
in May and June. The larva is rusty brown
with black dorsal stripes and dark transverse
streaks. It lives from Autumn till Spring on
the ground among dry oak leaves and passes
into the pupa state in a slight cocoon at the
end of April.

Genus Bomolocha, Hiibn.

These are more like Hypena in appearance.
Palpi projecting, compressed, terminal joint
short, with smooth scales above. Antennae
setiform, ciliated. Eyes naked, ciliated on the
margins. Thorax covered with close hair.
Abdomen with fine crests along the middle.
Pectus, femora and legs with smooth scales.

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

Larva; with fourteen legs and punctiform warts.
The only species is: — •

B. fontis, Thunb. The Beautiful Snout.
Fore wings silvery grey with a row of blackish
hooks on the hind margins. The inner half
of the wings is dark brown. Hind wings dark
brown with lighter fringes. The female is
more blackish. It is common in most parts of
Europe in May and June. The larva is green
with five dark dorsal lines. It feeds on bilberry
in August and September.

Genus Hypena, Treit.
Antenna setiform, uniformly ciliated in the
males. Eyes naked. Front with coarse promi-
nent horizontal scales, forming a pointed tuft
between the antennas. Palpi long with a straight
second joint, and a moderately long, straight
terminal joint, directed upwards, with sharp
scales on both sides reaching to the extremity.
Fore wings narrow, expanded, sharply pointed
with the hind margins convex. Hind wings
broad, comparatively short with the upper
half of the hind margin straight or somewhat
contracted. Larva; with sixteen legs, slender,
with fine scattered hairs. The moths frequent
shady places in woods.

H. rostralis, Linn. The Buttoned Snout
varies considerably in colour and markings,
from yellowish brown or reddish brown to
dark brown, with dark zigzag lines, and the
costa here and there yellowish. It is common
throughout Europe in May, and again in
Autumn. The larva is green with a dark
dorsal line and two white lines on the sides.
It feeds on nettle and hop, and is full-grown
in July.

H. proboscidalis, Linn. The Snout. Fore
wings yellowish brown, speckled with dark
brown, and with dark brown transverse lines
and borders. Hind wings lighter with dark
hind margins. It is common and widely distri-
buted throughout Europe in Jmie and Septem-
ber. The larva is green with a dark dorsal
stripe and a yellowish stripe on the sides. It
feeds on nettle, and other low plants, in May
and August. The pupa is enclosed between
leaves which it has spun together.

Genus Tholomiges, Led.
Palpi sickle-shaped, with an upward curve,
projecting beyond the front and smoothly

scaled. Fore wings with rectangular apices;
hind wings triangular, slightly contracted im-
mediately below the apices. Antennae notched
in the male. The only species is the smallest
of the Nocttia.

T. turfosalis, Wocke. The March Oblique-
barred Moth. Fore wings light grey with a
blackish line from the apex to the inner mar-
gin, a row of black dots on the hind margin
and a dark spot in the middle. Hind wings
uniform, without markmgs. It is local on moors
in Northern Europe in July and August, and
may be found flying at dusk along the grassy
margins of ditches, etc.

Genus Rivula, Guen.

Antennae finely cihated in the male. Palpi
with long pointed scales reaching to the end,
and extending nearly twice the length of the
head, with a wedge-like point in front. Body
and legs covered with smooth scales. Fore
wings broad, and without an appendicular cell.
Nervures 6 and 7 are separated, 8 and g
rise in a common stem from 7, and 10 is
separated and rises from the front edge of the
discoidal cell. They are rather small, slender
moths, which fly in damp grassy places. The
larvffi have sixteen legs and a large, flattened
head. The pupae are attached by the tail
and have a thread around the body. The only
species is: —

R. sericealis, Scop. The Straw Dot.
Fore wings straw-colour, with a large dark
grey stigma. Hind wings yellowish grey with
blackish hind margins. It is common on damp
meadows in most parts of Europe, in May
and July. The larva is green with two whit-
ish dorsal stripes, and feeds on grass in May
and in Autumn.

FAMILY
BREPHIDES.

These moths, which are of middle sizes,
resemble the Bombyces in shape, in the absence
of ocelli and the presence of bristly hair on
the body and legs ; the Geomttrida in the form
of the caterpillars (which are provided with
twelve legs); and the Noc/zm-genus EitdiiUa in
colour and markings. The fore wings arc very
long and rather pointed, and there are only

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

'79

eleven nervurcs. Nervures 8 and 9 rise, one
behind the other, from 7, one is not forked at
the base, and there is no appendicular cell.
The hind wings are rather long, somewhat
obtuse behind, and reach to the extremity of
the body. Nervure 5 is slender. Proboscis
spiral. Palpi covered by the long bristly hair
of the head. Body also covered with bristly
hair. Antennae pectinated or serrated in the
males, setiform in the females. Hind tarsi
very short and thick; the spurs on the legs
also very short. The moths fly in the day-
time in early Spring, especially in birch
woods. The larvje feed on trees. The pupae
are slender and form a compact cocoon on
the ground.

Genus Brephos, Ochs.
B. parthenias, Linn. The Orange Under-
wint'. PI. XXIX. fig. I. is common in woods,
in Central and Northern Europe, especially in
birch woods. It appears in March and April
and may be seen flying in the sunshine. It
also frequents flowering willows. The larva
is green with three dark dorsal lines, finely
edged with yellow and a yellow lateral stripe.
It feeds in May and June between the leaves
of the birch, which it spins together.

B. nothum, Hiibn. The Light Orange
Underwing. Fore wings more blackish grey
with the transverse line, central shade and
reniform stigma darker and more or less in-
distinct. There is a light spot on the posterior
transverse line, towards the hind margin, near
the costa. There are small indistinct light
spots on the tips of the fringes. The hind
wings are dark brown with an f-shaped, irre-
gular orange band in front of the hind margins
and an oval spot of the same colour on the
costa. The antennae are pectinated in the
male. It is less common than the last species,
but is widely distributed in Central Europe.
In its time of appearance and the locahties it
frequents it agrees with the last species. The
larva is bluish green with black dots which
sometimes form a lateral line. They live
between the leaves of aspen and willow.

B. puella, Esp. closely resembles the
last species. The markings of the hind wings
are the same and their colour is yellowish
clay or whitish. The fore wings are longer and
narrower and the fringes are not chequered.

It is found in South-Central Europe in Spring.
The larva is violet or rosy red with white
longitudinal lines and similar incisions and
dots on the middle segments below the dorsal
line. It feeds on aspen in May and June.

GEOMETRID^.

Their appearance distinguishes the Gco-
mdvidcB from all other moths. They have a
slender body, delicate wings, thin and rather
long legs, and generally no proboscis. The
antennae are setiform and the wings undivided,
the fore wings with one and the hind wings
with, at most, two free inner marginal nervures
and a frenulum. They have no oceUi. They
usually rest with the wings spread out flat.
In some genera the females have rudimentary
wings and some are wingless. Most species
fly by night. The larvae have a peculiar gait
owing to the absence of the front prolegs.
When resting they generally hold on by the
claspers with the body raised in the air
resembling a twig.

Genus Pseudoterpna, Herr.-Schaff.

Middle-sized moths of a pale green or grey
colour. Fore wings expanded, with two dark
transverse lines and a light submarginal line.
Hind wings with only a submarginal line. An-
tennae with clubbed pectinations in the male,
and serrated at the tip, setiform in the female.
Palpi short, raised, with the terminal joint
spherical. Hind legs with two pairs of short
spurs.

P. pruinata, Hufn. The Grass Emerald.
Fore wings bluish green, pulverulent, with two
darker transverse lines, a central lunule, and
a white submarginal hne. Hind wings whitish at
the base and towards the hind margins, dusted
with green, with a white submarginal hne,
and a faint posterior transverse line. Abdomen
white. It is widely distributed in Central
and Southern Europe in June and July. The
larva is green with a light lateral stripe. It
lives in May on Cytisus nigricans, Genista and
Sanothamnus. The pupa is yellowish grey and
has a thin cocoon.

Genus Geometra, Boisd.
Larger moths of a beautiful green colour.
The wings have sinuated hind margins. The

i8o

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BVITERFLIES AND MOTHS.

fore wings with sliarp apices, a double trans-
verse line and a submarginal line ; the hind
wings with a posterior transverse line and a
submarginal line. Nervures 3 and 4 rise from
a point, 7 and 8 are separate but rise close
together. The antennae have short, clubbed
pectinations in the males. Palpi horizontal,
with an oval terminal joint. Proboscis stout.
G. papilionaria, Linn. The Large Emerald
Moth. PI. XXIX. fig. 2. is widely distri-
buted in Central and Northern Europe in July
and August, and is fairly common in some
localities, especially in birch plantations. The
larva is green with a yellow lateral line and
a conical hump on segments 3, 6, and 9. It
hibernates and lives on birch, hazel, etc., till
it is full-grown, in May and June. The pupa
is pale brownish above, yellowish green
beneath, and has a slight, white cocoon.

G. vernaria, Hiibn. The Small Emerald
Moth. Fore wings light apple-green with white
transverse lines, the anterior strongly curved,
and the posterior nearly straight. Hind wings
with only a posterior transverse line. Fringes
white with brown nervures. It is found through-
out Europe in May and June. The larva is
light green with a dark green dorsal line and
white lateral lines. It lives in July and August
on CUmath, sloe, oak, etc. The pupa is light
green and has a slight cocoon.

Genus Phorodesma, Boisd.

Middle-sized moths of a green colour.
Wings with straight hind margins; fore wings
with rather sharp apices, the hind wings
rounded. Markings as in the last genus but
without the posterior transverse lines. Antennas
with long, thin pectinations. Palpi with a
straight, projecting terminal joint. The larvae
form cases for themselves out of pieces of the
food pJiiHt Vv-hich they carry about.

P. pustulata, Hufn. The Blotched Emerald.
Wings bright green above with brownish
white spots at the hinder angles and on the
nervures and with brown fringes. The fore
wings with a white costa and two fine white
zigzag transverse lines. Hind wings with a
brownish white spot at the apex as well as
at the hinder angle, and a faint anterior trans-
verse line. It is found in oak woods in Central
Europe, but is rarely abundant. The larva is

brown with white tubercles and forms a case
of pieces of the leaves and buds of the oak.

P. smaragdaria, Fabr. The Essex Emerald.
PI. XXIX. fig. 3. is found in Southern and
Central Europe in June and July. In England
it is confined to the coast of Essex. The
larva is brown with a dark dorsal line, bounded
by a row of dots on each side. It feeds on
yarrow (Achillea niillcfolimn) in May and June,
and forms a case of portions of the plant.

Genus Nemoria, Hiibn.

Middle-sized moths of a green colour. Fore
wings with rather sharp apices and two white
transverse lines, but no submarginal line.
Nervures 3 and 4, and 6 and 7 are stalked.
The hind wings form an angle at nervure 4.
Hind legs with only terminal spurs in the
males but with middle spurs as well in the
females. Antennae ciliated in the males, pecti-
nated in pulmcntaria. Palpi horizontal.

N. viridata, Linn. The Small Grass
Emerald. Upper side dull apple-green. Fore
wings with two white, somewhat faint, sinuated
transverse lines, hind wings with only a pos-
terior transverse line. Fringes white. Thorax
greenish. Abdomen white. It is common
throughout the greater part of Europe in May
and June. The larva, which is green with
brownish red and white markings, lives in
August on hazel, oak, bramble, birch and heath.

N. porrinata, Zell. closely resembles the
last species. The fore wings have two distinct
white transverse lines. It is local in France,
Germany and Switzerland in May and again
in August. The larva is flesh-coloured with
a dark median line. It feeds on whitethorn
and hazel in June and September.

N. pulmentaria, Guen. is apple-green
with white transverse lines. Fore wings with
two zigzag transverse lines; hind wings with
only a posterior transverse line. Fringes
whitish green. Abdomen white. Antenna pecti-
nated, brownish yellow. It is found in Southern
Europe and has several broods. The larva
is green with a reddish longitudinal line on
the back.

N. strigata, Muell. The Common Emerald
Moth is dark bluish green above. Fore wings
with two white zigzag transverse lines and a
dark green central lunule. Hind wings with

BRITISH AXD EVROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

a posterior transverse line. Fringes chequered,
brown and whitish. Antennas ciliated ; abdomen
grey. It is common throughout the greater
part of Europe in July. The larva is green
with the head and the three following seg-
ments brownish and a black spot on the back
of the fifth and twelfth segments. It feeds on
oak and whitethorn in May and June. The
pupa is 3'ellowish brown with a slight cocoon.

Genus Thalera, Htibn.

Markings as in the last genus. Hind wings
dentated on the hind margin between nervures
4 and 6. Antennae pectinated in the male.
Hind legs with only terminal spurs. The only
species is: —

T. fimbrialis, Scop. This is light green
above. Fore wings with fine, white zigzag
transverse lines, the posterior continued on
the hind wings. Fringes chequered, rose-
coloured and white. Abdomen white; antennae
pectinated. It is widely distributed in Central
and Southern Europe but is not found in
England. It appears in July. The larva is
greenish yellow with a rosy red dorsal line,
the head and last segment with two red
points. It feeds on birch, whitethorn, sloe
and Bupleurum falcatum in May and June. The
pupa is whitish yellow with brown wing-cases.

Genus lodis, Hiibn.

Small moths of a delicate greenish white
colour with two transverse lines on the fore
and hind wings, the latter slightly dentated
at nervure 4, and with nervures 3, 4, 6 and
7, stalked. Palpi with a pointed projecting
terminal segment. Hind tibiae thickened and
flattened in the males. There are two pairs
of spurs on the hind legs in both sexes. Pro-
boscis spiral ; antennae strongly pectinated in
the males with the tips setiform.

I. putata, Linn. All the wings are whitish
suffused with green with two dentated white
transverse lines, diverging near the costa of
the fore wings. The front is brownish. It is
common in many parts of Central and Northern
Europe, but is not found in Britain. It ap-
pears in May and June. The larva is light
green with small red spots. It lives on horn-
beam and alder in August. The pupa is green
and is attached to a leaf.

I. lactearia, Linn. The Little Emerald
Moth. Wings more suffused with bluish, the
transverse lines not dentated and the posterior
somewhat more darkly bordered towards the~
base, and fairly straight on the fore wings.
The front is greyish yellow. It is widely dis-
tributed and common in Central and Northern
Europe in May and June. The larva is light
green with rusty red dorsal spots and incisions,
and rusty red points on the bifid head and on
the anal segment. It lives on birch in Summer.
The pupa is yellowish brown, fusiform with
obtuse broad terminal points. It is attached
to a leaf like the pupa of putata.

Genus Acidalia, Treit.

Wings broader towards the extremity, gene-
rally rounded with entire margins, rarely with
indented hind margins. They generally have
a whitish yellow or grey ground colour and
sinuated parallel transverse lines. Fore wings
with twelve nervures, of which nervure 2 rises
from the middle of the inner margin of the dis-
coidal cell, 3 in front of, 4 from the lower, and
6 from the upper angle. Nervures 7 and 11
rise from a point from the tip of the appen-
dicular cell, 8 from 7, and g and 10 from 8,
whilst 12 springs freely from the sub-costal
nervure. The hind wings have eight nervures.
There is only one inner marginal nervure,
nervure 2 rises from behind the middle of the
inner margin of the discoidal cell, 3 in front
of, 4 from the lower, and 6 and 7 from the
upper angle ; 8 rises freely from the base, and
5 is as strong as the others. Proboscis spiral;
palpi with smooth scales. Legs and antennae
very various.

A. trilineata. Scop. Wings golden yellow
witii three simple brown transverse lines, the
two posterior of which are continued on the
hind wings. There is a brown line intersecting
the fringes. On the under side of all the
wings there are only transverse lines. The
moth is found in Southern and part of Central
Europe from June to August. The larva is
whitish with a brown dorsal line on a dark
base. It feeds on Vicia dnmetorum.

A. perochraria, Fabr. The Bright W'ave.
Fore wings bright ochre-)'ellow with the fringes
and marginal line interrupted, and some-
what darker. There are three undulating

12'

1»2

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

darker transverse lines and an undulating sub-
marginal line, bordered on both sides with
darker. The hind wings are similar, but
without the first transverse line, the front of
which is often represented by a black central
dot on the under side. In the male the hind
legs have the terminal spurs imperfectly
developed. It is common throughout Europe
in Summer. The larva is grey with three rows
of longitudinal streaks. It feeds on grasses
in May.

A. ochrata. Scop. The Scarce Bright
Wave is ochre-yellow and closely resembles
the last species, but the hind wings are with-
out the central lunule. In the male the ter-
minal spurs of the hind tibiae are present.
The tufts on the antennse are feathery on
' the second joint. It is found in Central and
Southern Europe in July and August. The
larva is greyish with fine double lines on the
back. It feeds in May on hen-bit {Alsine media),
and it is said also on Festuca.

A. macilentaria, Herr.-Schaff. Whitish
or bone-colour, very slightly dusted with black,
with three dark transverse lines on the fore
wings, and two on the hind wings, the third
line being regularly dentated. The shading on
both sides of the submarginal line forms two
additional transverse lines. There is a black
central dot on all the wings and a fine black
marginal line between the nervures. It is
found in meadows near woods in South-Central
Europe in May and June, but is not common.
The larva is slender, light grey, with blackish
stripes and dots. It feeds on low plants.

A. rufaria, Hilbn. is ochre-yellow, fore
wings with three, hind wings with two dark
transverse lines, the last of which is usually
expanded as far as the submarginal line, which
is rather lighter. There is a dark dot just
in front of the centre and a dark marginal
line. The anterior transverse line is wanting
on the under side. It is found in meadows
in Southern and in some parts of South-Central
Europe, from June to August, and is common
in some localities. The larva is yellowish grey
with two light dorsal lines, bordered with
darker on the sides.

A, moniliata, W. V. is straw-coloured.
Fore wings with three, hind wings with two
transverse lines. The marginal line is brown,

and well-defined; the submarginal line is
composed of white dots. The fringes are brown
and banded with black dots on the nervures.
It is found in Southern and South-Central
Europe in June and July.

A. muricata, Hufn. The Golden-bordered
Purple is purphsh red with a golden yellow
expanded spot, and a broad hind margin of
the same colour, in front of which are a few
dark transverse lines. It is local in Central
and Southern Europe. The larva is slender,
with the anterior and posterior segments
closely compressed, light grey, with a fine
longitudinal line, which is darkly bordered on
the tenth and succeeding segments, and a fine
whitish lateral line with black dots beneath it.
On the back of segments 5 to g are four elong-
ated black spots. It lives on low plants in June.
The pupa is light brown with black streaks on
the wing-cases. It forms a loose cocoon.

A. dimidiata, Hufn. The Single-dotted
Wave is light reddish grey with three dark
transverse lines on the fore wings and two on
the hind wings and a light submarginal line on
the fore wings, bordered with darker only to-
wards the hinder angle, where it forms a black
spot. All the wings have a dark central dot
and a similar one at the ends of the nervures
on the fringes. It is common and widely
distributed in Central Europe in July, especi-
ally in damp woodland meadows. The larva
is light brown w'ith oblique darker streaks on
the back of segments 5 to 11.

A. contiguaria, Hiibn. Greening's Wave
is violet-grey heavily dusted with brown, with
three dark transverse lines, expanded on the
yellow costa of the fore wings, a dark inter-
rupted marginal line and an unequally zig-
zag submarginal line, heavily spotted with
darker towards the base. On the hind wings
there are only two dark transverse lines. There
is a dark central spot, on all the wings, behind
the second transverse line. The female has
two pairs of spurs on the hind legs. It is
found in meadows in Central Europe and has
been taken in North Wales. The larva is
pale brown with a dark subdorsal line, suc-
ceeded at segment 5 by a row of tiark brown
elongated diamond-shaped spots, and there
is a dark brown spiracular stripe. It feeds on
Empctnim nignnii in April and May.

BRITISH AKD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

183

A. virgularia, Hiibn. The Small Dusty
Wave is whitish grey thickly dusted with
darker, with two dark transverse lines on the
hind wings and three on the fore wings, the
outer one dotted with black on the ner-
vures, especially towards the costa. There are
two distinct light submarginal lines uniformly
shaded with darker on both sides, an inter-
rupted dark marginal line, dark dots at the
ends of the nervures on the fringes and
dark central dots on all the wings. It is
common in Central and Southern Europe in
July and August, especially on walls and rocks.
The larva is grey, with a row of dark lozenge-
shaped spots on the back. It feeds on low
plants in Spring and Summer.

A. straminata, Treit. The Dotted -bor-
dered Cream Wave is greyish white, slightly
reddish, heavily dusted with darker, with three
dark transverse lines on the fore wings, two
on the hind wings, and a submarginal line
uniformly shaded with darker on both sides.
There is a dark central dot on all the wings
and sharp black dots on the fringes at the
ends of the nervures. It is found in woods
in Central Europe, and is on the wing in July.
The larva is light yellow with slender dark
lines and lozenge-shaped spots. It feeds on
thyme in May.

A. pallidata, W. V. Wings yellowish
brown in the male, white in the female, finely
dusted with black. The three dark transverse
lines and the somewhat lighter submarginal line
are very indistinct. There are no other dark
markings. The hind wings have two transverse
lines. On the under side there is a brown
central dot on all the wings. The hind legs
are rather stunted in the male. It is common
in woodland pastures in most parts of Europe
in June and Julv.

A. subsericeata. Haw. The Satin Wave.
Fore wings whitish, with four slightly sinuated
greyish transverse lines, a dark central spot
and rather indistinct spots on the hind margins.
It is found in Southern and West-Central
Europe in June. The larva is clay-coloured,
with a yellow lateral and light dorsal line. It
feeds on grass in April.

A. laevigaria, Hubn. is ashy grey with
two dark transverse lines on the hind wings
and three on the fore wings, the first and

third of which are most sharply defined, the
third being expanded into dots on the nervures.
Between the first and second transverse lines
a dark line runs from the inner margin of the
fore wings across the hind wings. The submar-
ginal line, which is indistinct, the marginal
line between the nervures, and the fringes and
ends of the nervures are dark. There is a
black central dot on all the wings. It is found
in South-Central and Southern Europe in July.

A. obsoletaria, Ramb. is reddish grey,
not dusted with black. There are the usual
transverse lines, a submarginal line, shaded
with darker on both sides, and four central
dots, but no dark marginal line, and only
slight dots on the fringes at the ends of the
nervures. It is scarce and local in Southern
and South-Central Europe.

A. herbariata, Fabr. The Herbarium
Wave is straw-coloured, with the transverse
lines broad and brown, and with sometimes
a dark band between the first and second.
The inner border of the strongly curved sub-
marginal line is especially broad and dark.
The fringes on the marginal line are darker
between the nervures. The dark central dot
on the fore wings is often wanting. It is found
in Central and Southern Europe in July. It
is extremely rare in England.

A. bisetata, Hufn. The Small Fan-footed
Wave is bright straw-coloured, with three
dark transverse lines on the fore wings and
two on the hind wings. There is a dark
central dot on all the wings and the nervures
are similarly dotted at the ends. The submar-
ginal line of the fore wings is spotted with
dark towards the base except in cell 4. It
frequents meadows in most parts of Europe
in July. The larva is greyish brown, and feeds
on dandelion till April.

A. trigeminata. The Treble Brown-Spot
Moth is bright straw-colour with brown trans-
verse lines, black central dots and fringes,
dotted with black at the base. The submar-
ginal line of the fore-wings is darkly spotted
towards the base. It is common in Southern
and Central Europe, in July. The larva is
flesh-coloured and feeds on various plants till
April.

A. filicata, Hilbn. is white with the basal
half of the fore wings brown. There are three

1 84

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

dark transverse lines on the fore wings, and
two on the hind wings, a submarginal line
edged with bluish grey on both sides, and a
dark central dot on all the wings. It flies
among bushes in June and July, and is found
in Southern Europe.

A. rusticata, W. V. The Least Carpet
IS yellowish white with three transverse lines.
Zore wings with a broad blackish central band
and a similar blotch at the base of the costa.
The submarginal line is shaded on both sides
with darker. The fringes have dark dots on
the ends of the nervures and there is a similar
dot in the middle of each wing. It is found
in Central and Southern Europe in July. The
larva is light yellowish, with a black head and
a dark line on the back. It feeds on moss,
etc. in Spring.

A. humiliata, Hufn. The Dark Cream
Wave is bone - coloured with three (on the
hind wings two) dark transverse lines, a sub-
marginal line shaded on both sides with darker
and central dots on all the wings. The
marginal line between the nervures is dark
and the fringes are without markings. The
costa of the fore wings is reddish purple. It
is common in most parts of Europe in July.

A. dilutaria, Hiibn. is straw-coloured with
the same markings as humiliata but without
red on the costa of the fore wings. It is
found in Central Europe, except the West, in
July and August.

A. holosericata, Dup. The Silky Wave
closely resembles humiliata, but is without the
central dot on the wings, or the red costa of
the fore wings and with only a thin dark
transverse line. It is found in Central and
Southern Europe in July and August and is
scarcer than humiliata.

A. circellata, Guen. The Circillate Wave
is yellowish white, dusted with grey, with a
marginal row of black spots. Fore wings
with three sinuated transverse lines and two
slender ones beyond them, parallel to the hind
margins. Hind wings with three sinuated
lines of which the two outer correspond to
the two inner transverse lines of the fore wings.
It is found near Manchester in June.

A. degeneraria, Hiibn. The Portland
Riband Wave is pale yellowish grey, tinged
with reddish on the costa and towards the

base of the fore wings. There are three grey
transverse lines, the space between the two
inner of which forms a dark grey band, almost
obscuring the blackish central spot. It is
found in Southern and Western Europe, the
Isle of Portland being the only locality in this
country.

A. inornata, Haw. The Plain Wave is
reddish yellow, sometimes merging into olive-
green, with a silky lustre and slightly dusted
with darker. The transverse lines and central
shade are very faint. The posterior transverse
line is slightly notched on nervure 6. The
marginal line is rarely darker between the
nervures and the fringes. There is a central
dot on all the wings. It is found in most
parts of Europe in July.

A. deversaria, Herr. - Schaff. resembles
the last species, but the ground is of a
clearer straw-colour. The submarginal line is
uniformly edged with darker on both sides.
Towards the base there is sometimes a den-
tated band extending to the third transverse
line. It is found in Southern Europe in July.

A. aversata, Linn. The Riband Wave
is greyish yellow, slightly shining, dusted with
black. There are three (on the hind wings
two) narrow dark transverse lines, the last
interrupted on nervure 6 of the fore wings
and forming almost a right angle. The sub-
marginal line is shaded with darker, espe-
cially towards the base. The marginal line is
well defined and darker between the nervures.
There are central dots on all the wings, which
are placed before the middle transverse line
on the fore wings and behind it on the hind
wings. The space between the second and
third transverse lines forms a dark band, except
in var. spoliata, Stand. It is found m woods,
and is one of the commonest species of the
genus, being widely distributed throughout
Europe in July. The larva is brown, lightest
on the ninth segment and darkest from the
fifth to the eight, with dark transverse streaks
on the middle joints and white streaks on the
sides. On both sides of the double dorsal
line are angular hooks with their points directed
forwards. It lives in May and June on Genm
urhanum and other low plants. The pupa is
brown, and is enclosed in a loose cocoon,
between the leaves of the food-plant.

PLATE XXIII.

6a.

^^^

^.

€

f:/ • «.

-K?

^

C^

6.

I

I. Pjgara anachoreta. 2. Gunophora derasa. 3. Tliyatira batis, 3a. Lan'a.

4. Uiloba cieruleocephala, 4a. Larva. 5. Demas Lor)'li. 6. Acronycta lepoiina, 6a. Larva.

7. Acronvcta aceris. 8. Acronycta alni, 8a. Lar\'a. 9. Acronycta ligustri, larva.

Briiish and European Butterflies ani Moths.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

A. emarginata, Linn. The Small Scallop.
All the -wings have angular projections on
nervures 3 and 4, most prominent in the
female. It is reddish ochreous with two (on
the hind wings one) sharply defined dark trans-
verse lines, central dots and central shade.
The area between the posterior transverse
line and the sharply defined dark marginal
line is sometimes darker also. There is no sub-
marginal line. The fringes are slightly darker
on the nervures. In the male the posterior
tibiae are not spurred but in the female they
have two terminal spurs. It is common and
widely distributed throughout Europe in July.
The larva is slender, ochre-yellow, with a brown
dorsal line. It feeds in June on Convolvulus,
bedstraw, etc. The pupa rests between the
leaves of the food plant.

A. immorata, Linn, is white, heavily
dusted with black, with three (on the hind
wings two) yellowish grey transverse lines.
The submarginal line is formed of a row of
white spots and is bordered on both sides
with yellowish grey so broadly that the paler
ground colour of the wing is reduced to a
stripe and in the male is frequently quite
obliterated as far as the submarginal line.
The marginal line is dark and sharply defined
between the nervures ; the fringes are chequered
with light and dark. It is common in wood-
land meadows in Europe ex'cept Britain in
June and July. The larva is light grey with
a lighter dorsal line edged with darker, two
dark brown dots on each segment from the
fifth and a sharply defined rust-coloured lateral
line. It feeds on heath in May and June.
The pupa is dark brown with two large and
six small terminal points. It forms a fine
cocoon between the plants.

A. rubiginata, Hufn. The Tawny Wave
is brownish red with three transverse lines
on the fore wings and two on the hind wings.
There is a marginal line which is dark and
sharply defined, and a delicate submarginal
line and fringes which are darker on their
basal half. It is found in woodland meadows,
on heaths and in fields in May and June and
is common in most parts of Europe. The
larva is wrinkled, greenish with an indistinct
brown dorsal line and a dark streak on each
side of the head. It feeds on thyme till June.

The pupa is brown with a terminal bristle
and is enclosed in a slight cocoon on the food
plant.

A. marginepunctata, Goeze. The Mullein
Wave is grey dusted with black, with three
(on the hind wings two) dark transverse lines,
the anterior with three black spots. Towards
the base in cells 2 and 3 there is a submarginal
line forming a curve on all the wings and
bordered on both sides with bluish grey. The
marginal line is sharply darker between the
nervures. There is a central dot on all the
wings, elongated on the fore wings, round
and larger on the hind wings. The collar is
dark brown. It is common in Central and
Southern Europe in Jul}'. The larva is slender,
grey, with a darker dorsal line, four adjacent
streaks on each segment, and a similar line
on the sides above the legs, which has a
diamond-shaped expansion on each segment.
It feeds on stonecrop [Sedum) till May. The
pupa is brown with greenish wing-cases, and
is attached by threads.

A. incanata, Linn. The Small Dusty
Wave is bluish grey, finely dusted with black,
with three (on the hind wings two) dark
transverse lines, the central of which is very
sharp, fine and zigzag, and slightly sinuated.
There is a uniformly broad light submarginal
line, edged on both sides with darker, a dark
central dot on all the wings and a similar mar-
ginal line between the nervures. It is common
and widely distributed in Europe from May to
August. The larva is light grey with a dark
dorsal and pale lateral line, with alternating
grey and orange angular transverse spots be-
tween black dots. It feeds on low plants in
Spring and Autumn. The pupa is brownish
with the head, and a streak in front, dark
brown. It has a loose cocoon and lies on the
ground.

A. fumata, Steph. The Smoky Wave
is dull reddish straw-colour, heavily dusted
with darker, especially on the costa, with
three (on the hind wings two) reddish grey
transverse lines, the last of which is the most
slender, an indistinct submarginal line and a
marginal line, darker between the nervures.
There is no central dot and the fringes are
w-ithout markings. Both sexes have two ter-
minal spurs on the hind legs. It is found in

1 86

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

Northern and Central Europe in June, but
chiefly in hilly places. It is common in
Scotland, the North of England and Ire-
land. The larva is wrinkled, light wainscot-
brown with a darker dorsal line and whitish
angular marks on the sides. It feeds on
bilberry in May.

A. remutaria, Hiibn. The Cream Wave
is pale straw-colour, very finely dusted with
darker. Of the three (on the hind wings two)
dark transverse lines, the posterior is most
sharply defined and most strongly zigzag; the
submarginal line is broadly bordered with darker
on both sides, and runs parallel with the third
transverse line. The marginal line and the
fringes are without markings, the former being
here and there darker between the nervures.
There is no central dot. It is common in
many parts of Europe in June and July. The
larva is long, slender, dark green, with darker
longitudinal lines and white spots on the an-
terior and posterior segments. It feeds on
vetches in Summer. The pupa is light reddish
brown and has a loose cocoon.

A. nemoraria, Hiibn. is snow-white, with
three (on tlie hind wings two) dark transverse
lines, more distinct in the female than in the
male, but no other dark markings except a
few black dots on the marginal line, near the
costa of the wings. The female is smaller
than the male. In the male the fore wings
are brownish beneath with a very sharp and
zigzag third transverse line. It is found in
Switzerland and the Bavarian Alps in June
and July.

A. punctata, Treit. is snow-white, finely
dusted with black, with three (on the hind
wings two) brownish yellow transverse lines,
the last being the finest and most strongly
zigzag, and rectangularly interrupted on ner-
vure 6 of the fore wings. The shading on each
side of the submarginal line forms two more
transverse lines. The marginal line is finely
dotted with black between the nervures near
the apex of the wings. The central dots are
wanting on the fore wings in the female. It
is found in Southern Europe in June.

A. immutata, Linn. The Lesser Cream
Wave is white or yellowish, slightly dotted
with black, with the transverse lines as in the
preceding species, the third bcijig most uni-

formly zigzag and the shading on both sides
of the submarginal line forming two additional
transverse lines. All the wings have a black
central dot and between the nervures there
is a fine black marginal line. It frequents
woods and is common throughout Europe in
May and June. The larva is slender, light
grej' with a dark brown stripe and dots. It
feeds on low plants in May. The pupa is
straw-coloured and rests between leaves on
the food plant.

A. strigaria, Hiibn. is yellowish grey,
heavily dusted with black, with the transverse
lines as in the preceding species, the two last
being of uniform thickness on the fore wings,
not curved but somewhat oblique and running
parallel with the broad inner shading of the
fine submarginal line. There are no other black
markings. All the wings have a dark central
dot on the under side. It is found in Central
and Southern Europe in June, but not in
Britain.

A. umbelaria, Hiibn. is whitish grey dusted
with black, with three (on the hind wings
two) rusty yellow transverse lines, the central
being the broadest and almost straight on the
fore wings, the posterior very fine and blacker
than on the hind wings, which are somewhat
angular on nervure 4. There is a very in-
distinctly shaded submarginal line, a marginal
line fine and darker only towards the apex
of the fore wings, fine black dots at the ends
of the nervures on the fringes, and a central
dot on all the wings, frequently wanting on
the fore wings in the male, but always present
on the under side. The front is black. It is
local in some parts of Central and Southern
Europe in June and July. The larva feeds on
vetches and grasses in May.

A. strigilaria, Hiibn. The Subangled
Wave is dirty white, nearly yellow, heavily
dusted with black, with three dark transverse
lines on the fore wings, the central being
broadest, the third sharpest and most zigzag,
both faint towards the costa. The inner dark
shading of the distinct light submarginal line
converges in front with the third transverse
line. There is a sharp black marginal line
between the nervures, and a black central dot
between the first and second transverse lines.
The hind wings are distinctly angulated on

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

187

nervure 4 and have the usual markings and
a central dot behind tlie first transverse line.
It is widely distributed in Central and Southern
Europe in June and July. The larva is slender,
yellowish grey with dark dorsal lines, a whitish
yellow lateral line and fine dark transverse
lines. It feeds on plantain, Stachys sylvatica
and other low plants till May. The pupa is
light brown.

A. emutaria, Hiibn. The Rosy Wave
is white with a rosy tinge, finely dusted with
black. There is a row of blackish dots run-
ning from the apex of the fore wings to the
inner margin, preceded by a pale grey oblique
band, and an indistinct grey central dot. The
hind wings are sharply angulated. It is found
in Southern and Western Europe, appearing
in June.

A. imitaria, Hiibn. The Small Blood-vein
is reddish ochreous, with three transverse
lines on the fore wings, the two last strongly
waved and converging towards the costa.
There are two transverse lines on the hind
wings, corresponding to these. The central
dots are blackish and indistinct. The hind
wings are sharply angulated. The larva is
long and slender, greenish grey or yellowish
with dark dorsal and lateral spots. It feeds
on shrubs till June. The pupa is yellowish
brown.

A. ornata, Scop. The Lace Border is
snow-white, with the two anterior transverse
lines of the fore wings more or less distinct,
the first composed of a few dots, the second
dusky. There is a black central dot on the
hind wings only. The posterior transverse
line of aU the wings is dark and slender, with
two strong curves towards the base and spot-
ted with golden brown. The submarginal line
is rendered distinct by its dark borders, till
just before the apex. The marginal line is
darker between the nervures. The fringes are
chequered with lighter and darker. It is
common in woods in most parts of Europe
in the Autumn. The larva is grey with red-
dish longitudinal lines. It feeds on thyme in
April and August.

A. decorata, W. V. PI. XXIX. fig. 4.
is common in woods in Southern and Central
Europe except the North-West in May and
August.

Genus Zonosoma, Led.

Middle-sized moth with sharply pointed
wings, slightly projecting at nervure 4, with
angulated hind wings. The arrangement of
the nervures is as in Acidalia, with the exception
that nervures 7 and 8 rise from the tip of the
appendicular cell and 9, 10, and 11 behind
one another from 8, whilst 6 and 7 of the
hind wings are shortly stalked. The palpi are
very slightly developed, and do not reach to
the front. The proboscis is spiral. The
antenna; of the males are pectinated, bare at
the tip. The legs are smoothly scaled; the
hind tibia of the males with only terminal
spurs, those of the females with spurs in the
middle also. The wings are pale yellow or
reddish brown, usually with the orbicular stigma
centred with lighter, and concolorous fringes.
The moths are double brooded, flying in May
and again in July and August.

Z. pendularia, Clerck. The Birch Mocha
is white dusted with reddish grey, with two
transverse lines composed of rows of dots,
a broad dark-edged orbicular stigma between
them, a more or less reddish grey suffused
band and a well-marked black marginal
line between the nervures. It is common in
Northern and Central Europe, especially in
birch woods. The larva is very variable, green,
brownish or rust-colour with light longitudinal
lines, a yellowish one below the spiracles,
yellow incisions and oblique streaks. It feeds
on birch, alder, hazel, etc. The pupa is conical,
obtuse in front, with four short projections at
the angles, dotted with green and black, and
streaked with black on the wing-cases. It is
attached by a thread round the body like
the pupae of the Pierida.

Z. orbicularia, Hiibn. The Dingy Mocha
is grey, thickly dusted with brown, with two
transverse lines composed of spots, an orbicular
stigma on a dark central shade between them,
and a black marginal line between the ner-
vures. It is local in Central Europe.

Z. annulata, Schulze. The Mocha is
sulphur-yellow, with two brown transverse lines,
the anterior of which is twice curved, the
posterior very strongly zigzag, broadly shaded
with brown on the inner side, with a somewhat
brown orbicular spot in the middle of each
of the wings, a delicate brown submarginal line

nRITlSH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

and between tlie nervures a black marginal
line. The larva is grass-green and feeds on
maple.

Zi albiocellaria, Hiibn. closely resembles
the last species, but is brighter yellow, almost
orange. The whole central area is suffused
with brown, the eye-spot in it being centred
with white, the posterior transverse line broken
up into spots and the marginal line absent.
It is found in Southern Europe, but occurs
only singly.

Z. porata, Fabr. The False Mocha is
ochreous thickly dusted with brick-red, with
rows of dots on the two transverse lines,
which are sometimes nearly obliterated by the
dusting, a central shade, a white centre to the
eye-spots, and between the nervures a sharp
dark marginal line. Except for the eye-spots
it is very like the next species in colour and
markings. It is common in Southern and
Central Europe. The larva is green or flesh-
coloured, with the head and anal segment red.
It feeds on oak.

Z. punctaria, Linn. The Maiden's Blush
is reddish ochreous, thickly dusted with red-
dish, with two transverse lines composed of
rows of dots, a very sharply defined central
shade, often red spots near the hinder angle
of the fore wings and between the nervures
a sharp dark marginal line, but no central
spot. It is common in Central and Southern
Europe. The larva is very variable, brown
or yellowish green, with a pale dorsal line,
bounded by a yellow one as far as segment
5, one darker than the ground colour in front,
on the sides of each segment from the fifth
to the eleventh, and a pointed angle enclosing
a few red or yeiiow lines. It lives in June
and September on oak and birch. The pupa
is whitish with a few dark spots, conical, with
the head truncated and form,ing two angles.
It has a broadly obtuse anal extremity. It is
attached by a thread round the body to a
leaf, after the fashion of the Pitridce.

Z. linearia, Hiibn. The Clay Triple Lines
is bright ochre-yellow with three dark trans-
verse lines, the central being the thickest,
and the two outer often composed of rows of
spots. There is a sharp dark marginal line,
and there may be ocellated spots on all the
wings, on the fore wings only, or they may

be absent altogether,
in Centra) Europe.

It is widely distributed

Genus Timandra, Dup.

Fore wings pointed, with the hind margins
slightly waved; hind wings with the hind
margins almost rectangular, and projecting
at the angle. Nervures 3 and 4, and 6 and 7
rise from a point, and the rest of the nervures
are arranged as in Acidalia. Antennas as in
Zonosoma. Hind tibiae with two pairs of spurs
in both sexes.

T. amataria, Linn. The Blood-vein is
greenish yellow, thickly and finely dusted w'ith
grey, with a straight, oblique broad dark rosy-
red transverse line, sometimes suffused towards
the hind margin, extending from the tip of
the fore wings to the middle of the inner
margin and continued across the hind wings.
On the fore wings there is a slender transverse
line near the base and a central dot between
this and the other, while outside the broad
line a slender slightly irregular line descends
from it somewhat below the apex of the fore
wings and is continued across the hind wings.
It is common throughout Europe in May and
again in July and August. The larva is slender
with the fifth segment thickened, greyish with
two fine brown lines reaching to the end of
the fifth segment and broader and darker
ones, which at this point coalesce with them
below. There are two light brown dots on
the back of the fifth segment, angular hooks
with the points directed backwards on the
five succeeding segments and a broad grey
median line on a dark ground on the last three
segments. It is found throughout the whole
of the Summer on Polygonum, Rmnex and other
low plants. The pupa is conical with two
obtuse points above, the anal point with four
booklets, brownish grey with dark dots. It
is enclosed in a few threads on the leaves of
the food plant.

Genus Pellonia, Dup.

Middle-sized moths with broad, pointed
fore wings and rounded hind wings. Nervures
3 and 4 of the hind wings are branched, 6
and 7 have a short stem. On the fore wings
nervures 7 and 8 rise from the tip, 11 from
the costa, and g and 10 from 8. The antcnnaj

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

189

of the males have thick joints, each bearing
a fine thread-like and ciliated tooth; those of
tlie females are setiform. The palpi are short
and raised; the proboscis is spiral. The hind
tibiae have two terminal spurs; and in the
males one, in the females two middle spurs.
They are double brooded, appearing in May
and in July and August.

P. vibicaria, Clerck. is greenish yellow
with three (on the hind wings two) purplish
red, almost parallel transverse lines, the central
of which is the thickest and is broadly shaded
with purple towards the base, dark central
dots, usually absent on the hind wings, and
a red marginal line. It is widely distributed
through Europe, but is not common and is
not found in England. The larva is slender,
j-ellowish white with a lighter dorsal line,
white towards the extremitv, and with a few-
dots. The head, belly and legs are white. It
feeds in Summer on broom, hair grass {Aira)
etc. The pupa is slender and brown and forms
a slight cocoon on the food plant.

P. calabraria, Zell. is like the last species
but with the two outer transverse lines closer
together and with the space between red. It
is found in Southern Europe.

Genus Rhyparia, Hiibn.

Large moths with wings of the same shape
as in the next genus. They are distinguished
by the following characters, common to both
sexes: — A large, bare, impressed spot between
nervures i and 2 at the base of the fore wings
beneath, no transverse branch between ner-
vures 10 and II, 3 and 4 rising from a point.
Nervures 3 and 4, and 6 and 7 rise closer to-
gether than in Abraxas and 5 is very slender.
Palpi short and small; proboscis stout, antennas
slender, with long slender pectinations in the
male. Hind tibiae with two pairs of spurs
in both sexes, and with a tuft on the inner
sides, as in Boarmia. The only species is: —

R. melanaria, Linn. PI. XXIX. fig. 5.
This is found in woods and swampy places
in Central and North-Eastern Europe. It is
local and not very common. The larva feeds
in the Summer on Vacciniiim nliginosiim.

Genus Abraxas, Leach.
Large and middle-sized moths, with broad
rounded, white wings, with large spots and

delicate nervures. The fore wings have eleven
nervures, of w^hich nervure 2 rises behind the
middle of the inner margin, 3 in front of and
4 from the lower angle, and 6 from the upper
angle of the closed discoidal cell which is
formed by a concave transverse nervure; ner-
vures 7 and 8 have a long stem beside 6, 9
rises from 8, and 10 close to 7; 11, which is
the subcostal nervure, does not touch 10 but
is connected with it by an oblique branch.
Nervure la of the hind wings is near the
middle of the inner margin, ib near the anal
angle, 2 rises from the inner border of the
discoidal cell, 3 in front of and 4 from the
lower angle, 6 and 7 almost from a point on
its upper angle ; 8 is free. Palpi short ; antennae
setiform, ciliated in the males. Hind tibiae
with two pairs of spurs in both sexes. They
fly in June and July. The wings are some-
what extended when the insects are at rest.

A. grossulariata, Linn. The Currant
Moth. PI. XXIX. fig. 6. is very common in
gardens throughout Europe in June. The
larva is white on the back with a row of black
spots, partially square. On the sides it is
golden-yellow, with a row of unequal black
dots. It feeds gregariously on gooseberry,
currant and Rhamnus in May and occurs often
in very large numbers. The pupa is fusiform,
shining black, with raised yellow abdominal
segments. It is placed between a few threads
on the twigs or on the ground.

A. sylvata, Scop. The Clouded Magpie
has the wings white with a few irregular,
violet-grey spots through the middle, a row
of fused black spots on the hind margins and
fringes, and a double row between, which
terminate at the hinder angle in a clouded
spot, and there is a similar spot at the base
of the fore wings. The head, thorax and
abdomen are yellow, the latter with five longi-
tudinal rows of black spots and dots. It is
common in woods in Central Europe. The
larva has a }-ellow dorsal line, followed by
two white and one yellow lateral line of uni-
form width, separated near the legs by black
lines, and a yellow transverse line in front of
the anus. It feeds on elm in May. The pupa
is stout, brown with a fine terminal point, and
is enclosed in a slight cocoon between leaves
or on the ground.

190

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

A. adustata, W. V. The Scorched Carpet
has the wings white; the fore wings varied
with violet-black and walnut-brown. The cen-
tral area is irregularly dusted with darker or
has rows of spots, and there is on the inner
margin and towards the costa an obtuse angle.
The marginal area has a violet-black band
varied with walnut-brown and near the base
uniformly suffused with brown; this is quite
white near the apex of the wings. There is
also a more or less distinct white submarginal
line bordered by a curve of bluish-grey spots.
The marginal line is sharply black between
the nervures. Fringes light grey with a bluish-
grey spot near the tip. The hind wings have
the same markings as the fore wings as far
as the middle, but with two indistinct parallel
grey bands and fringes, a more or less distinct
submarginal line and a few small faint spots
on the marginal line. The head and thorax
are violet-black varied with brown ; the ab-
domen white with longitudinal rows of grey
dots. It is common in woods in Europe from
June to August. The larva is dark green,
lighter in the incisions, with a white spot
dotted with red on the back of segments 6, 7
and 8, and a flesh-coloured dark-bordered one
above the legs on segments 6 and 7. It feeds
gregariously on Euonymus europaus. The pupa
is dark brown with a fine terminal point, and
is enclosed between leaves.

A. marginata, Linn. The Clouded Border.
PL XXIX. fig. 7. is common in woods in
Central and Southern Europe. It is double
brooded in May and August. The larva is
light or dark green with fine black longitudinal
lines, a yellowish white one above the legs
and 3'ellow or blackish incisions. The head
is green striped with brown. It feeds on hazel,
elm, etc. The pupa is small, thick and rounded,
and of a reddish brown colour. It is sub-
terranean.

Genus Bapta, Steph.

Middle-sized moths with broad fore wings,
with somewhat rectangular apices, convex hind
margins and a rounded hinder angle and
rounded hind wings. Nervure 2 of the fore wings
springs from the middle of the inner border
of the discoidal cell, 3 and 4 from a point
from the lower, 6 from the upper angle, 7 and

8 by a long stem from the anterior margin, g
from 8, II and 12 being united; 10 rises from
the stem of 7 and 8, and touches 11 close to
its origin. On the hind wings nervure la is
behind the middle of the inner margin, ib
behind the anal angle, 3 and 4 from a point,
6 and 7 separate but close together, 8 rises
free from the base and 5 is slender and almost
obliterated. Palpi short, slightly projecting;
proboscis spiral ; antennae stout, slightly cilia-
ted in the males. Hind tibiae with two pairs
of spurs.

B. pictaria, Curt. The Sloe Carpet is
brownish grey with slightl}' waved hind mar-
gins and two fine zigzag transverse lines on the
fore wings, the posterior of which is continued
as a fine line on the hind wings. There is
a dark central dot on all the wings. It is scarce
and local in Central Europe in April and May.

B. bimaculata, Fabr. The White-pinion
Spotted jNIoth is snow white, with two (on
the hind wings one) rusty red, very fine trans-
verse lines, that on the costa of the fore wings
e.xpanded into a blackish spot, a rusty-red
marginal line and a central dot of the same
colour on all the wings. The fringes of the
fore wings are also rusty red as far as their
narrow white base. It is found in Central and
Southern Europe m June, but always singly.

B. temerata, W. V. The Clouded Silver
Moth is white, with two (on the hind wings
one) broad indistinct .stripes instead of trans-
verse lines and another in the place of the sub-
marginal line on all the wings, black crescents
on the hind margins between the nervures,
and brownish fringes, white at their base,
on the hind wings. There is a fine dark
marginal line on the hind wings and a dark
central dot on all the wings, most distinct on
the fore wings. It is found in Central and
Southern Europe in May and again in July.
The larva is light green with a yellow dorsal
line on each segment with a red dot on it.
The head is light green with a reddish brown
spot on the sides. It lives on birch and willow
in June. The pupa is brown and rather obtuse,
and rests on the ground.

Genus Stegania, Dap.

Middle-sized moths with the wings shaped
as in the last genus. Fore wings with only

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

191

eleven nervures, ner\-ures 8 and g rise from
7, and 10 from the median nervure. On the
hind wings nervures 3 and 4, as well as 7, are
divided. The transverse nervure is slightly
curved inwards. Palpi slender, slightly pro-
jecting, with a very pointed terminal joint.
Antennae in the males with two rows of slight
somewhat clubbed serrations, set far apart.
Hind tibiae with two pairs of spurs.

S. dilectaria, Hiibn. is greenish yellow
dusted with rusty brown, with the nervures,
the two transverse lines, the first of which is
twice curved and the second zigzag, and the
submarginal line brown, the latter being heavily
spotted with bluish grey in the hinder angle
of the fore wings, with a central spot on all
the wings. Hind wings with only one trans-
verse line. Marginal line and fringes without
markings. It is found in Austria and Hungary
in June and is scarce.

S. cararia, Hiibn. is greenish yellow-
speckled with brown, with a brown central
spot, marginal and submarginal lines, the
latter forming three curves and touching the
hind margin on nervures ib and 5. The
posterior transverse line is formed only of
dots. It is local in Austria and some parts
of France and Germany in July.

Genus Cabera, Treit.

Middle-sized moths with broad, obtuse
wings, the fore wings with 12 nervures, of which
nervure 3 rises in front of, 4 from the lower,

6 from the upper angle of the discoidal cell,

7 from the anterior margin at some distance
from 6, 8 from 7, 9 and 10 from 8, and 11 close
to the stem of 7 and 8 but without touching
12. Hind wings in the males with a bare
spot at the base above, covered by the inner
margin of the fore wings. Nervures 3 and 4,
6 and 7 are divided, 5 is wanting, and 8 is
free from the base. Palpi slender, slightly pro-
jecting anteriorly. Proboscis spiral. Antennae
with long pectinations in the males serrated
at the tips, notched in the females.

C. pusaria, Linn. The Common White
Wave is snow-white finely and sparsely
sprinkled with brownish grey, especially in
the marginal area, with three (on the hind
wings two) brownish-grey, uniformly broad
transverse Hues, the two posterior being almost

straight, and with sometimes a dark central
dot, especially on the hind wings. It is widely
distributed and common in Europe in May
and again in July and August. The larva is
slender, wrinkled, green or yellowish, with an
interrupted red dorsal line or row of dots,
yellowish incisions and two fine straight anal
points. It lives in Summer and Autumn on
birch, alder, willow, beech, etc. The pupa is
shining brown with a simple obtuse end. It
forms a slight cocoon on the ground. Var.
rotundaria, Haw. The Round-winged White
Wave has all the wings rounded, and the two
inner transverse lines close together. It occurs
in England and Germany. Var. heyeraria,
Herr.-Schaff. is brown. It is found in Germany.
C. exanthemata. Scop. The Common
Wave is dirty white heavily sprinkled with
rusty red, less so in the female than in the
male; the three dark transverse lines of the
fore wings and the two of the hind wings
consequently appear indistinct. It is common
throughout Europe in May and again in July
and August. The larva is green with dark
dorsal spots on the middle segments, a yel-
lowish lateral line above the legs, and yellowish
incisions. It feeds on birch, alder, willow,
hazel, etc.

Genus Numeria, Dup.

Middle-sized slender moths with broad
wings, the fore wings sharply pointed, convex
and only rounded at the anal angle; hind
wings rounded. The fore wings have twelve
nervures ; nervure i rises from the middle of
the inner margin of the discoidal cell, 3 in
front of, 4 from the lower, 6 from the upper
angle; 5 is somewhat nearer to six than 4;

7 is far beyond 5 and has a long stem with
8; 9 rises from 8, 10 from the stem of 7 and

8 and touches 11, and also 12. The transverse
nervure of the hind wings is angularly inter-
rupted on the inner side and approaches the
hind margin below; the lower angle of the
discoidal cell is consequently more pointed
and elongated than the upper. Nervures 3
and 4, 6 and 7 are widely separated, 5 is
very slender, 8 rises from the base, resting on
half of the anterior border of the discoidal cell.
Palpi slightly prominent, directed upwards.
Proboscis spiral. Eyes large. Antennae slender

1 92

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXE MOTHS.

in the males with long pectinations, gradually
shortening towards the end, in the female
simply setiform. Hind tibise with two pairs
of long spurs.

N. pulveraria, Linn. The Barred Umber
is reddish brown, sprinkled with darker. Fore
wings with a dark central band, bordered by
transverse lines and irregularly produced to-
wards the hind margins. Near the anal angle
of the hind wings is the indistinct continuation
of the posterior transverse line. The pecti-
nations of the male antennae are clubbed. It
is double-brooded from May to August, and
is common in Central and Northern Europe.
The larva is slender, brown with a dark trans-
verse line, a double slightly sinuated lateral
line, with brown spiracles between, an obtuse
elevation on the last segment and several small
dark brown warts behind it. The head is
heart-shaped. It feeds in Summer on willow
and sallow. The pupa is brownish red with
a sharp terminal spine.

N. capreolaria, \V. V. is pale yellowish
brown, heavily sprinkled with dark brown, with
two dark transverse lines on the fore wings
edged with lighter on the outer side, the outer
being more strongly zigzag; the band-like dark
space between with a central dot and a dark
oblique streak from the apex. Hind wings
with an indistinct posterior transverse line be-
hind which the ground colour is also darkened
by the dusting of the wings. It is found
singly in South-Central and some parts of
Southern Europe in June and July. The larva
is yellowish brown, with two blackish longi-
tudinal lines, a pale yellow lateral line and a
grey heart-shaped head margined with black.
It lives in Summer on the red fir. The pupa
has a loose cocoon among the needles of the
tree.

Genus Ellopia, Steph.

Rather large moths with the wings shaped
a? in Cahcra. Fore wings with twelve nervures.
Nervure 2 proceeds from the middle of the
inner margin, 3 rises in front of, 4 from the
lower, 6 from the upper angle of the discoidal
cell; 7 is at a distance from 6, 8 rises from
7, 9 from 8, 10 from 11, and 11 and 12 together.
In the hind wings nervure la is behind the
middle of the inner margin, ib runs out to

the anal angle, 3 and 4, 6 and 7 are divided,
5 is wanting and 8 is free from the base.
Palpi short, somewhat erect. Proboscis spiral.
Antennae with long thin pectinations in the
males, setiform in the females. Larvae with
twelve legs, and two pairs of prolegs. They
live on pines.

B. prosapiaria, Linn. The Barrel Red
is dirty green or fleshy red with an unequal
broad central band on the fore wings, bordered
on both sides with lighter, and a somewhat
faint transverse line on the hind wings, bordered
with lighter. It is common in fir woods in
most parts of Europe in May and again in
the Summer. The larva is 3'ellowish with
reddish-brown plates larger behind and with
elongated lateral spots. It lives on pines and
firs in June. The pupa is reddish brown and
is loosely spun to the needles.

Genus Metrocampa, Latr,

Large moths with sharply pointed fore
wings, angularly projecting at nervure 4,
sharper in the females than in the males.
Hind wings with the hind margins somewhat
dentated. The antennae are shortly pectinated
in the males. The larvas have twelve legs.

M. margaritaria, Linn. The Light Emerald
Moth is pale bluish green with two (on the
hind wings one) straight dark transverse lines
margined with white on the outer sides. It
is double brooded in April and Ma}- and in
July. It is widely distributed in Central and
Southern Europe, but is not abundant. The
larva is dark green varied with brown with
whitish and blackish spots and streaks. It
lives in June and in Autumn, on oak, birch,
beech and hornbeam. The pupa is reddish
brown and has a slight cocoon on the ground.

M. honoraria, W. V. is reddish grey,
slightly dusted with darker, with two (on the
hind wings one) rusty brown transverse lines,
edged wdth white on the outer side, and
bounding a dark central area. In this there
is a central dot and there is a smaller one on
the hind wings. The hind margins of all the
wings are somewhat zigzag. It is found in
South-Central and Southern Europe in May
and July but is scarce. The larva is grey
above, bluish beneath, with short hairs on
the sides. It lives on oak. The pupa is

PLATE XXIV.

I. Acronycta psi. la. Larva. 2 Acronycta lumicis, 2a. Larva. 3. Moma orion. 4. Panthia coenobita.

5. Triphffina ianthina. 6. Triplia;na fimbria. 7. Tripba;na pronuba. 8. Agrotis plecta.

9. Agrotis segetum. 10. Agrolis c.xclamationis. 11. Aplecta prasina. 12. Aplecta occulta.

13. Neuroiiia popularis.

British and European Butterflies and Moths,

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

193

reddish brown with black incisions, a double
terminal point, and small hooklets. It has
a fine cocoon between leaves.

Genus Eugonia, Hubn.

Large stout moths with pale or ochre-yellow
fore wings, deeply dentated at nervure 4 and
with pointed tips. Nervures 3 and 4 are close
together, 6 and 7 rise by a short stem from
the upper angle of the discoidal cell, 8 from
7, 9 from 8, 10 near the stem of 6 and 7, and
II close to 10 and 12. The transverse nervure
of the hind wings is notched on the inner
side; nervures 3 and 4 are wide apart, 6 and
7 rise from a point, 5 is slender and 8 is free
from the base. Palpi projecting vertically
with their pointed end above the frontal tuft.
Antennas with long pectinations in the males
reaching as far as the extremity, serrated in
the females. Thorax and femora covered with
thick woolly hair. They sit on trees with the
wings erect.

E. quercinaria, Hufn. The August Thorn
is orange -yellow or straw-coloured, slightly
sprinkled with darker. Fore wings with two
distinct dark transverse lines, the anterior of
which is angularly interrupted at the costa,
and the posterior is straight, and suffused with
darker towards the hind margin. Hind wings
with a distinct posterior transverse line, and an
anterior, often transparent one close to it.
Fringes dark on the nervures, white between.
There is a dark central dot on the under side
of all the wings. Body orange or straw-
coloured. It is common in Central and Southern
Europe from July to September, especially in
beech woods. The larva is slender, reddish
brown, with blackish pointed elevations, a
row of black spots on the back and a dark
brown anal plate. It lives in Summer on various
trees, especially lime, beech, oak and horn-
beam. The pupa is greenish and has a slight
cocoon between leaves.

E. autumnaria, Werneb. The Large
Thorn. PI. XXIX. fig. 8. is found in woods
in Central and Northern Europe in August
and September. It has occasionally been taken
on the South Coast of England. The larva
is brownish grey with three elevations on the
back and four points on the last segment. On
the segment behind the head there is a row

of white dots and on the remaining ones an
ochre-yellow lateral line, partially broken up
into spots. It feeds in June and July on a
number of trees. The pupa is slender, greenish
with a blue bloom. It has a fine cocoon
between leaves.

E. alniaria, Linn. The Canary-shouldered
Thorn is pale ochre -yellow, sprinkled with
brown, especially in the marginal area. Fore
wings with two sharp, dark, slightly curved
transverse lines converging on the inner mar-
gin and with an elongated central spot between
them towards the costa. On the hind wings
the transverse line is slightly indicated and
there is a central lunule. The head and
thorax are lighter yellow than the wings. It
is common in woods in Central Europe in
July and August. The larva is wrinkled with
humps on the back as far as the tenth seg-
ment, two conical points on the twelfth segment
and similar ones on the anal plate. It feeds
on lime, beech and other trees in June. The
pupa is dark brown with humps and spines
on the back and a small conical terminal point.
It has a slight cocoon between leaves.

E. fuscantaria, How. The Dusky Thorn
is dull ochre-yellow, speckled with lead-colour
towards the hind margins. Fore wings with
two dark brown oblique transverse lines, con-
verging on the inner margin, and an indistinct
central spot between them. The hind wings
are almost without markings. It is found in
August and September in North-Western
Europe and Silesia, but is rare. The larva is
without humps, green or yellowish green with
a paler lateral line edged with blackish, a
reddish-brown band on segments 3, 6 and g,
and two spots of the same colour on the ter-
minal segment. It feeds on ash and privet
in June.

E. erosaria, W. V. The September Thorn
is straw-colour, with hardly any sprinkling.
Fore wings with sharp dark transverse hues,
somewhat thicker at the costa. Hind wings
with a very indistinct transverse line. Fringes
broadly dark on the nervures, white between.
Under-side with a central dot on all the wings
and more heavily dusted with reddish on the
hind wings but only at the apex on the fore
wings. The variety tiliaria, Hiibn. is lighter.
The moth is common in woods in Central and

194

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

Southern Europe. The larva has the middle
segments somewhat expanded and is light grey
or greyish brown with yellow dots on the back
and several black longitudinal streaks. It
feeds on oak. The pupa is pale yellow with
a fine point behind. It has a loose cocoon
between leaves.

E. quercaria, Hiibn. is very like the last
species but smaller. The fore wings have two
sharp transverse lines bordered with lighter
on the sides not opposed to one another.
The fringes of all the wings are sulphur-yellow.
There are no central dots. It is found in some
parts of South-Central Europe from July to
September.

Genus Selenia, Hubn.

Large moths distinguished from the last
genus by their brighter colour, more dentated
hind wings, concave at cell 5, the more obtuse
palpi and the frontal tuft. Hind tibiae with
two pairs of spurs. Nervures 10, 11 and 12
are separate. The wings are sprinkled with
dusky and have dark fringes finely white
between the nervures. The fore wings have
two transverse lines, a central shade and a
lunule at the apex.

S. bilunaria, Esp. The Early Thorn is
pale yellow, varied with reddish, with whitish
spots especially towards the costa of the fore
wings. The transverse lines of the fore wings
are parallel, the central shade is expanded
into spots on the costa, and is in part wanting
in the female. The hind wings have an in-
distinct central shade, which sometimes contains
a lunule. The posterior transverse line is often
scarcely indicated. The wings are sprinkled
with darker towards the hind margins. The
anterior transverse line of the hind wings is
sharp and dark. It is double-brooded in June
and September and is common in Central and
Northern Europe. The larva is tapering in
front, with four black humps on segments 9
and 10 and two obtuse horizontal anal points.
It is light grey, reddish on the back, with a
black lateral line above the legs on the first
three segments, a white heart-shaped spot on
the back of the seventh, a black lateral streak,
edged below with white on the eighth, and
alternating black and white longitudinal streaks
on the succeeding segments. It lives on willow,

poplar, etc. in Spring and Summer. The pupa
is brown with three terminal spines and four
booklets, curved inwards. It is placed between
leaves of the food plant spun together or on
the ground in moss or among leaves.

S. lunaria, W. V. The Lunar Thorn
is pale yellow varied with reddish purple,
and spotted with white on the costa of the
fore wings. These have the very fine posterior
transverse line touching the central shade at
the costa. Hind wings strongly dentated, with
a double anterior transverse line and a central
shade. All the wings have a small transparent
central lunule which on the fore wings is
situated in the posterior transverse line, and
on the hind wings in the anterior double line
which forms the continuation of the central
shade. It is found in most parts of Europe
in June and September but is less abundant
than the last species. The larva is reddish
brown, clouded with darker, with grey sides
and two white parallel streaks on the sides
of segment 8. There is a red fleshy projection
on segments 9 and 10, which is directed for-
wards and is bordered with white. It lives
in July on sloe, whitethorn, wild roses, etc.
The pupa is brown, resembling that of hiUmaria,
and is enclosed between leaves spun together.
Var. delunaria, Hiibn. is smaller, more brightly
coloured, and not so heavily sprinkled. The
hind wings are less dentated. It is commoner
than the type.

S. tetralunaria, Hufn. The Purple Thorn
is reddish violet varied with purplish brown,
with a lighter marginal area. Fore wings with
three dark transverse lines, a central shade
partly connected with the posterior transverse
line, a large oblique transparent lunule, and
generally a dark spot behind it in the marginal
area. Hind wings with two transverse lines,
sometimes fused into a dark band, with a
vertical transparent lunule between and a
dark spot behind in the marginal area. It is
double-brooded in June and July, and again
in September, and is found in Central Europe,
but is not common. The larva is brownish
grey with dark stripes and spots, with conical
hooks on the sixth, and warty elevations on
the seventh and eighth segments and a white
stripe in front of them. It lives in Spring
and Autumn on alder, birch, and oak. The

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

195

pupa is dark brown with tliree terminal spines
and four booklets on botb sides. It is placed
between leaves or on the ground.

Genus Pericallia, Staph.

Large moths with the fore wings slightly
dentated, and somewhat waved on the costa,
especially in the females, and the hind wings
strongly concave at cell 5. Nervures arranged
as in the last genus, only that nervures 6
and 7 of the fore wings rise at a distance
from one another. Proboscis long and slender.
Antennae pectinated in both sexes. The only
species is: —

P. syringaria, Linn. The Lilac Beauty.
PI. XXIX. fig. g. This is common in woods and
pastures near water in Central and Northern
Europe. The larva is short and stout, nar-
rower in front, with three pairs of dorsal tufts,
commencing on the sixth segment, the last of
which is long and projects backwards. It is
yellowish brown or grey with a darker dorsal
line on the front segments, a reddish yellow
lateral line on the middle segments and a few
white dots on the sides. It lives in May on
honeysuckle, Syringa and Ligustrum, etc. The
pupa is short and stout, shining dark brown
with yellowish spots on the head and back.
It is attached between a few threads to the
twigs or between the leaves.

Genus Therapis, Hubn.

Middle-sized moths with the fore wings
sharply excavated in a crescentic manner at
the apex, and the hind wings uniformly zigzag.
The palpi are short and obtuse and project
considerably from the frontal tuft. Antennas
with long horizontal pectinations in the male,
serrated in the female. The only species is: —

T. evonymaria, W. V. This is yellow
or brownish. The fore wings have the first
transverse line slightly indicated by a dark
spot. The third transverse line appears lighter
on the dark central shade, but is spotted
with lighter in front, and the wings are darkest
behind the central shade. Hind wings with
a dark transverse line through the middle and
a dark marginal area as on the fore wings.
Fringes of all the wings darker on the basal
half than in the marginal area, and the apical
half like the ground colour. It is double -

brooded in May and August. It is local in
some parts of Germany and Hungary, but is
nowhere common. The larva is slate-coloured
dotted and streaked with black, with a narrow
yellow dorsal line spotted in places with blue-
black and with a broad blue-black line on the
sides. The spiracles are black. It feeds on
spindle-tree in Summer. The pupa is short,
obtuse, and brown, and is enclosed by a few
loose threads between leaves.

Genus Odontopera, Steph.

Large moths with the fore wings projecting
at nervures 4 and 6, otherwise slightly waved
like the hind wings. The arrangement of the
wings is as in Pericallia, only that nervures

6 and 7 of the fore wings rise much nearer
together. The palpi are raised, with the short
terminal joint level with the frontal tuft. Pro-
boscis strong. Antennae with short clubbed
pectinations in the male, setiform in the female.
Hind tibiae with two pairs of spurs. The only
species is: —

O. bidentata, Clerck. The Scalloped
Hazel. This is greyish brown, with hind wings
lighter, dusted with darker. There are two (on
the hind wings one) dark transverse lines,
approaching one another internally, the outer
one forming an uniform curve, on which are
white dots towards the hind margins. There is
a white-centred orbicular central spot and all
the wings have white fringes. It is common
in Central and Northern Europe in May. The
larva varies much in colour. It may be brown
with dark markings or white with black
markings, constricted at the joints, with the
middle of the segments rather angularly pro-
minent, and with a few bristles. It lives in
Summer on oak, beech and fir. The pupa
is very slender, dark brown with lighter in-
cisions. It is placed between leaves which
it has spun together, or in moss, etc., on the
ground.

Genus Himera, Dup.

Large moths with sharply pointed fore
wings, bluntly dentated on nervure 4 and
slightly waved on the margins. Nervures 3
and 4 of the fore wings rise far apart, 6 and

7 close together, 8 and 9 by a stem from 7,
10 beside 7; 11 is connected by a short trans-

196

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUl'TERFLIES AND MOTHS.

verse branch with the anterior border of the
discoidal cell. Two other short branches run
into the costa. Nervures 3 and 4 rise wide
apart, 6 and 7 close together; the transverse
nervure is angular with the convexity inwards.
Palpi short, proboscis slender. Antennae with
long feathery pectinations in the male, reaching
to the tip; setiform in the female. The only
species is: —

H. pennaria, Linn. The Feathered Thorn.
This is reddish yellow, sometimes greyish
brown, with the hind wings lighter, shghtly
dusted with darker. There are two (on the
hind wings one) straight dark transverse lines,
the posterior being bordered with lighter at
the hind margins, with or without a dark
central dot on all the wings and a white-
centred orbicular spot near the apex of the
fore wings. It is widely distributed and com-
mon in Europe in Autumn, and many specimens
hibernate and appear again in April. The
larva is long, light or dark brown, with fine
streaks and white spots on the spiracles, and
two rust-coloured, white-spotted points on the
last segment. It lives on oak, birch, etc., in
May and June and forms the pupa in the
ground.

Genus Crocallis, Treit.

Large moths of a stout build with the wings
shaped as in the last genus. Nervures 3, 4,
6 and 7 of the fore wings are far apart, 8
and 9 rise by a stem from 7; 10, 11 and 12
touch one another. Nervures 3 and 4, and 6
and 7 of the hind wings are separated. Palpi
raised. Antennae with clubbed pectinations in
the males, serrated in the females. Wings
flat when at rest, with the inner margins over-
lapping.

C. elinguaria, Linn. The Scalloped Oak.
PI. XXIX. fig. 10. is common in Central and
Northern Europe in June and in August and
September. The larva is very variable in
colour. It is greyish brown varied with yellow
or reddish, with brown transverse streaks on
the sides of the first three segments and pairs
of small dark warts on the others. It lives in
Summer on fruit-trees, oak, honeysuckle, etc.
The pupa is bright, shining reddish brown,
and has a slight cocoon between leaves.

C. tusciaria, Borkh. resembles the last

species and is dark reddish brown with a darkly
bordered central band on the fore wings and a
black central dot. It is found in South-Central
and Southern Europe, but is not common.

Genus Eurymene, Dup.

Small moths with the fore wings rectangular
at the tips, the hind margins convex as far
as nervure 3, and then contracted to the
rounded hinder angle. The hind margins of
the hind wings are convex between nervures

2 and 4. Nervures 3 and 4 are close together,
6 rises from the upper angle of the discoidal
cell, 7 near 6, 8 and g by a long stem from
7, 10 close to 7, II is connected with the
anterior border of the discoidal cell by an
oblique branch. From thence there passes
a short branch to the costa. Nervures 3 and
4, 6 and 7 of the hind wings are separated.
Palpi somewhat projecting; front smooth; pro-
boscis spiral. Antennae of the male slightly
pectinated at the base, and then serrated to
the tip, those of the female slightly serrated
throughout. The only species is: —

E. dolabraria, Linn. The Scorch Wing.
This has the fore wings ochre-yellowish with
numerous small fine rust}' yellow transverse
streaks and a violet darkly striped hinder
angle on all the wings. The fringes are dark,
not chequered, violet at the hinder angle and
with the costa dark violet at the base. The
head, collar and tip of the abdomen are black-
ish violet and the body ochre-yellow. It is
found in many parts of Europe in May and
again in July and August. The larva is brown,
finely streaked with black, pointed in front,
with segment 3 stoutest, a yellow transverse
line and dark brown crescents behind it, and
two warts on the ninth and tenth segments.
It lives in Summer on lime, oak, beech, etc.
The pupa is reddish brown, obtuse in front
and tapering to a sharp point behind.

Genus Angerona, Dup.

Large moths with broad wings, the fore
wings with rectangular apices and convex
entire hind margins; the hind wings dentated
in the middle of the hind margin. Nervures

3 and 4, 6 and 7 of the fore wings are separate,
8 and g rise from 7; 10 and 11 run into one
another, and 11 and 12 touch one another.

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

197

Nerviires 3 and 4, 6 and 7 of the hind wings
are separate, the transverse nervure is angu-
larly interrupted on the inner side, and the
lower angle of the discoidal cell is pointed.
The palpi are short; the proboscis rather
slender. Antennae with thin pectinations in
the male, setiform in the female. The short
thick hind tibiae have two pairs of short spurs.
The only species is: —

A. prunaria, Linn. The Orange Moth.
PI. XXIX. fig. II. which is widely distributed
and common throughout Europe in June. In
the variety sordiata, Fuessl. the ground colour
appears as a variously formed central band
with the basal and marginal areas darker, the
latter with a light spot near the apex of the
fore wings, and dark obtuse dentations on the
fringes of all the wings. The larva is brown-
ish, darker on the back, streaked with lighter
and darker on the sides, with a black lateral
line above the legs. It is thicker behind,
wrinkled on the sides, with large and small
humps and warts on the back, the first and
last of which have a long bristle. It lives on
various bushes — sloe, whitethorn, broom, etc.
The pupa is reddish brown, darker on the
wing-cases, and has a loose cocoon between
leaves.

Genus Urapteryx, Leach.

Large moths with sharply pointed fore
wings, and with a tail at nervure 4 of the
hind wings. Nervures 3 and 4, 6 and 7 of
the fore wings are close together ; 8 and 9 rise
in a common stem from 7; 10 and 11 touch
one another. Nervures 3 and 4 of the hind
wings rise from a point, 6 and 7 close to-
gether; 4 and 6 converge towards the hind
margin and 5 is wanting. Palpi thin with
a short terminal joint. Antenns setiform in
both sexes, only slightly ciliated in the male.
Hind tibiae with two pairs of short spurs.
The only species is : —

U. sambucaria, Linn. The Swallow-tall
Moth. PI. XXIX. fig. 12. This is common
throughout Europe in June and July. The
larva is dark brown, reddish or yellowish grey,
with numerous dark lines, and a few humps
on the back, the two middle ones being largest.
It feeds in Autumn on elder, lime, willow,
sloe and fruit-trees. The pupa is fusiform,

light or dark reddish brown with dark lateral
and dorsal spots. It is enclosed in a dense,
sac-like cocoon on the food plant.

Genus Rumia, Dup.

Middle-sized yellow moths with broad,
rectangular apices and convex hind margins.
P"ore wings slightly prominent on nervure 4.
Nervures 3 and 4, 6 and 7 of the fore wings
separated; 8 and 9 rise in a common stem
from 7; 10 and 11 are separate; 11 passing
as a small branch from 10 to the costa. Ner-
vures 3 and 4, 6 and 7 of the hind wings are
separate; 5 is w^anting; 8 projects into the
front margin of the discoidal cell; and the
transverse nervure is sharply interrupted on
the inner side. Front, palpi and thorax
smoothly hairy. Proboscis markedly spiral.
Antennae setiform in both sexes, very shortly
ciliated in the males. Hind tibiae with two
pairs of short spurs.

R. luteolata, Linn. The Brimstone Moth.
PI. XXIX. iig. 13. is common throughout
Europe in May and again in July. The larva
varies considerably in colour from green to
brown, is wrinkled on the sides with a trans-
verse projection on segment 7 forming two
humps, and with fleshy fringes on the sides
of the last three segments, as in Catocala.
There are three terminal spines. It lives in
June and in Autumn on sloe, whitethorn and
fruit-trees. The pupa is dark brown and has
a slight cocoon between leaves.

Genus Epione, Dup.

Middle-sized, slender moths with the fore
wings generally indented below the tips, and
the hind wings indented at cell 5. Nervures
2 to 7 of the fore wings are at a uniform
distance from one another, 8 rises from 7, 9
from 8, 10 from 11 (or from 7 in advmaria),
II and 12 side by side. Nervures 3 and 4,
6 and 7 of the hind wings do not touch one
another, 5 is slender, the transverse nervure
is curved inwards; the upper and lower angles
of the discoidal cell are of equal length. The
palpi project before the front ; the proboscis
is spiral. The antennae of the males have long
pectinations shortening towards the extremity;
in the females they are setiform. The hind
tibiae have two pairs of long thin spurs.

13'

igS

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

E. apiciaria, W. V. The Bordered Beauty
is ochre-yellow sprinkled with orange with two
(on the hind wings one) sharplj' defined dark
transverse lines, the anterior of whicii forms a
pointed angle and the posterior is suffused
with violet towards the hind margin, and is
slightly curved to the apex. There is a dark
central dot on all the wings, and the basal
half of the fringes is dark. It is common in
Central and Northern Europe in July and in
September. The larva is grey, lighter above,
with two fine white dorsal lines which expand
into spots at the end of each segment, similar
white lateral lines, a light grey interrupted
line above the legs, and black warts on the
stout sixth segment. It lives in May and
June on willow, poplar and alder. The pupa
is shining, obtuse in front with two short
points, and rests on the ground.

E. parallelaria, W. V. The Dark-bordered
Beauty is golden yellow, sprinkled with orange,
lighter in the female. The marginal area is
violet with two (on the hind wings only one)
sharp dark transverse lines, the anterior of
which is strongly curved, the posterior irregu-
larly curved, running parallel with the hind
margins, and approaching the apex of the
fore wings in the female. There is a dark
central dot on all the wings. The fringes are
whitish. It is found in Central and Northern
Europe in July. The larva is reddish grey
with dark spots on the back, a few brown
hairs above the legs and a double yellowish
lateral line, which forms rows of spots on the
last segments. There is a yellowish transverse
band on the seventh segment and a row of
yellow dots on the eighth. It lives on willow,
hazel and alder in Ma}' and June. The pupa
is slender shining dark brown and is placed
on the ground.

E. advenaria, Hubn. The Little Thorn
is brownish yellow, heavily sprinkled with
darker, with two (on the hind wings one) dark
transverse lines, the anterior rectangularl)'
curved on the costa towards the inner side,
the posterior with a thirk shade through the
middle of the marginal area of all the wings,
forming a dentation towards the hind margin.
There is a dark crescent near the apex of the
fore wings, a dark marginal line, broad dark
fringes, and a central dot on all the wings

which is sometimes wanting on the fore wings.
It is common in Central Europe in May and
June. The larva has obtuse fleshy spines on
segments 6 to lo and two similar ones on
segment 12. It is dark brown in front, dotted
with black, then light grey, darker on the
sides, with two elongated white dorsal spots
on segment 6, white oblique spots on the
sides of segments 7 to 10 and a few white dots
on all the segments. The head is square with
white stripes. It feeds on bilberry in Summer.
The pupa has a cocoon on the ground.

Genus Hypoplectis, Hiibn.

Middle-sized moths, with comparativel}'
large fore wings, widened externally, with sharp
apices and entire hind margins with a convex
projection in the middle. The hind wings are
rounded, with the costa longer than the inner
margin. In all the wings the transverse ner-
vure is interrupted on the inner side, the
lower angle of the discoidal cell is longer than
the upper, and nervures 3 and 4, 6 and 7 are
separate. Nervure 8 of the fore wings rises
from 7; 9 from 8; 10 and 12 touch one another
and II passes from thence outwards. The
palpi only reach to the front, and the proboscis
is slender. Antennae with moderately long
pectinations, somewhat sessile and shorter at
the tips, setiform in the female. Hind tibiae
somewhat thickened in the middle, with two
pairs of spurs. The only species is: — ■

H. adspersaria, Hiibn. This is pale jellow
heavily dusted with darker. Fore wings with
two more or less distinct interrupted transverse
lines, hind wings with only the outer one.
There is a slight central dot on all the wings,
the marginal line is almost uninterrupted and
there are brown fringes on the fore wings
only. It is found in May and June in Central
Europe, except the North- West, especially in
mountainous districts. The larva has light
and dark brown transverse stripes and a dark
brown expanded dorsal line in the middle of
each segment, light longitudinal lines next to
it and a double lateral line above the legs.
The belly is yellowish brown. It lives on
S a rot ham 11 us and other low plants in July and
August. The pupa is light yellow with brown
wing-cases and brownish lateral lines, and
forms a slight cocoon among the plants.

BRrnSII AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

199

Genus Venilia, Dup.

Middle-sized, slender moths with broad
wings. Fore wings pointed and convex in the
middle of the hind margins; hind wings
rounded, and somewhat contracted between
nervures 4 and 6. Nervure 4 of the fore wings
rises from the lower, 6 from the upper angle
of the discoidal cell; 7 is separate, and is
next to 6; 8 and 9 have a long stem from 7;
10 is next to 7, and 11 and 12 touch one
another. Nervure la of the hind wings runs
into the middle of the inner margin, ib into
the hind margin, 3 and 4, 6 and 7 are sepa-
rate; 5 is wanting; 8 rests on the anterior
border of the discoidal cell. The head and
palpi have bristly hair, the latter projecting
over the front. Proboscis spiral. Antennae
thick, shortly ciliated in the male, setiform in
the female. Hind tibiae with two pairs of
long spurs. The only species is: — ■

V. macularia, Linn. The Speckled Yellow.
PI. XXIX. fig. 14. This is common, especially
in mountainous places, throughout the greater
part of Europe in May and June. The larva
is green with a black dorsal line bordered
with white ones. There are white lateral
lines and blackish incisions. It lives on Lamium,
Sinchys, etc. The reddish-brown pupa is sub-
terranean.

Genus Macaria, Curt.

Middle-sized, slender moths, with pointed
fore wings, with a sickle-shaped notch at the
tip in some species. Hind wings more or
less angular, with entire fringes. Fore wings
grey with four dark spots on the costa; hind
wings with a central dot. The males have
a small impressed bare spot on the under
side of the fore wings, close to the base of
nervure i. Nervures 3 and 4 of the fore wings
rise in a point from the lower angle of the
discoidal cell; 6 and 7 side by side from the
upper angle, 8 and 9 by a stem from 7; 10
from the front margin of the discoidal cell
and touching 8, g and 11; 8 is free at the
base. Palpi with a short, obtuse terminal
joint, slightly projecting over the front. Pro-
boscis spiral. Antennae with short ciliated
serrations in the males, setiform in the females.
Hind tibiae with two pairs of spurs.

M. notata, Linn. The Small Peacock
Moth is whitish grey sprinkled with brown.
Fore wings with three rather distinct trans-
verse lines, forming small brown spots on the
costa. There is a large brown spot on the
costa, outside the third line, and another,
broken up into several smaller ones, on the
middle of the line. The sickle-shaped notch
on the fringes and the two spots below it are
brown. Hind wings with only two transverse
lines, corresponding to the two outer ones of
the fore wings, a central dot, a sharply pro-
jecting nervure 4 and a dark marginal line. It
is common and widely distributed throughout
Europe in May and July. The larva is thick-
ened behind the head, is yellowish green,
brown in the incisions, with an interrupted
brown dorsal line. It lives on oak, willow,
alder, etc., in August and September. The
pupa is brown and has a slight cocoon between
leaves or on the ground.

M. alternaria, Hubn. The Sharp-angled
Peacock closely resembles the last species,
but is darker grey with indistinct transverse
lines, a distinct darker band behind the
third transverse line on which are placed the
spots of the fore wings, and a dark marginal
line only between the nervures of the hind
wings. It is widely distributed in Europe
throughout the Summer. The larva is uniform
brown and lives on various bushes; The pupa
is reddish brown with green wing-cases. It
is enclosed between leaves which it has spun
together.

M. signaria, Hubn. Fore wings with the
tip scarcely projecting; hind wings with a slight
angle at nervure 4. Fore wings greyish white
sprinkled with brown, with rather distinct
transverse lines thickened in front, two large
spots behind the posterior, which, as in alter-
naria, are shaded with darker towards the hind
margin, a Hght distinct submarginal line, sharp
black lunules in place of the marginal line
and darkly chequered fringes. On the hind
wings the first transverse line and the dark
spots are wanting, otherwise the pattern is as
on the fore wings. It is found in Central
Europe, except the West, in May and in July
and August. The pupa is green with fine
white longitudinal lines and a reddish brown
head. It lives on fir-trees in Autumn.

200

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BCTTERELIES AXD MOTHS.

M. aestimaria, Hiibn. is pale yellowish
grey, darker in the marginal area, with waved
hind margins and a sharply defined black
marginal line. The posterior transverse line is
blackish brown and double, suffused with
whitish towards the base. The antennae are
ciliated in the male. It is found in Southern
Europe in May and again in the Autumn.

M. liturata, Linn. Tlie Tawny-barred
Angle is violet -grey, darkly sprinkled, with
three (on the hind wings two) rather distinct
fine dark parallel transverse lines, the posterior
of which are broadly suffused with tawny
towards the hind margins. Costa of the fore
wings with a yellow spot, shaded with brown
towards the hind margin; no submarginal
line; a very indistinct dark marginal line
slightly curved inwards towards the costa of
the fore wings, and a slight projection on
nervure 4 of the hind wings. Fringes violet-
grey, whitish at the apex of the fore wings
and between the nervures of the hind wings.
Head and collar tawny, .body grey except the
tip which is yellowish. It is found in most
parts of Europe, especially in fir woods, in
May and August. The larva is green with a
darker dorsal line bounded with lighter on the
sides and a dark lateral line above the yellow
spiracles. It lives in Summer on fir and
pine. The pupa is blackish brown and is
hidden under moss.

Genus Ploseria, Bolsd.

Middle-sized, slender moths with the fore
wings very wide externally, and the costa and
inner margin of almost equal length. Hind
wings rather long, rounded below the tips.
The female is smaller and stouter than the
male. On all the wings the discoidal cell is
very broad with a transverse nervure slightly
curved inwards; nervures 3 and 4, 6 and 7
are separate. Nervures la and ib of the hind
wings are wide apart ; 5 is slender ; 8 is free
at the base. Palpi slender, rising straight up,
with a cylindrical terminal joint. Proboscis
spiral. Antennae setiform in both sexes, ciliated
in the male. Hind tibia; with two pairs of
long spurs. The only species is:^

P. diversata, W. V. Fore wings greyish
brown with a central band formed by two
zigzag transverse lines, becoming light on both

sides towards the costa, and a large central
dot. Hind wings orange, dusted with grey,
with more or less distinct transverse lines and
a central dot. It is found in Central and
Northern Europe, except the West, and flies
in the sunshine in early Spring. The larva is
ashy grey with fine waved lines, a row of
lozenge-shaped dorsal spots, edged with black,
and a black lateral dot on segments 4 and 5.
It lives on poplar in May and June. The pupa
is placed between the leaves.

Genus Hybernia, Latr.

Large and middle-sized, finely scaled moths,
the males with almost triangular fore wings,
slightly rounded apices and rounded hinder
angles. Hind wings elongated, and rounded,
with long fringes. The arrangement of the
nervures of the fore wings is very variable.
On the hind wings nervure la runs close to
the inner margin and ends in the middle of
it; lb is close to it but extends to the anal
angle, 3 and 4, 6 and 7 are separate; 5 is
very slender ; 8 rises from the base, and at
its commencement runs close to the front
margin of the discoidal cell. Palpi slender,
somewhat drooping, with a short obtuse ter-
minal joint. Proboscis thin and spiral. Antennae
very slender in the males, with thin almost
horizontal pectinations shorter at the base;
setiform in the females. The females have
short or long rudiments of wings and a pro-
jecting ovipositor. The hind tibias have two
pairs of spurs.

H. rupicapraria, W. V. The Early Moth.
Fore wings brownish grey, darker between
the two transverse lines, the anterior of which
is often indistinct and the posterior dentated
on the nervures. They are suffused with
lighter towards the hind margins, with a large
central spot, fine dots on the marginal line
between the nervures and dark fringes in the
basal half. Hind wings light brownish grey
with a faint central dot, a similar transverse
line through the middle and a dotted mar-
ginal line between the nervures. The body is
brow-nish grey. The rudimentary wings of the
females are half the length of the body, the
fore wings being pointed at the apices and
with a dark central band. It is common in
Central Europe in February and March and

PLATE XXV.

I. Mamestra pisi, la. Larva. 2. Mamestra brassica;. 3. -Mamestra persicaria', 3a. Lan'a.

4. Mameslra oleracea. 5. Dianthcecia compta. 6. Dichoiiia aprilina. 7. Chariptcra culta.

8. Miselia oxyacantha". 9. Hadena monoglypha. 10. Eriopus purpureofasciata.

II. Trachea atriplicis, iia. Larva. 12. Mania maura.

British and European Butterflies and Moths.

BRITISH AXD ECROPKAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

201

ma\- be found sitting on trees or palings. The
larva is light green with fine white lateral
lines and incisions and a dorsal spot edged
with dark green on the fifth and succeeding
segments. It lives in Summer on sloe, fruit-
trees, etc. The pupa is reddish brown and
forms an earthy cocoon.

H. bajaria, W. V. is ashy grey merging
into yellowish, heavily dusted with darker.
Fore wings with three transverse lines, a light
submarginal line, a dark curved marginal line
and waved hind margins. The markings are
somewhat indistinct. Hind wings lighter with
a dark central line. The rudimentary wings
of the female are very short, reddish gre}^,
without hair-like fringes. It is common in
South-Central Europe in October and Novem-
ber. The larva is light or dark grey, with
scattered black warts. The first three segments
are thickest with a double blackish dorsal line,
the three next have each a rhomboid whitish
dorsal spot, edged with black. Segments 5
and 9 have a black spot on the side, and 12
a wart-like elevation. It lives in Spring and
throughout the Summer on fruit-trees. The
pupa is reddish brown, short and thick, with
a contracted head and forked anal extremity,
and forms an earthy cocoon.

H. leucophaearia, W. V. The Spring
Usher is very variable in colour. It is usu-
ally whitish grey, often varied with yellowish
and clouded with brown. Fore wings with
two sharply defined dark transverse lines, finely
bordered with lighter on the outer side, the
posterior of which forms two curves towards
the hind margin and is shaded with darker.
There is a central shade between the lines,
usually merging into the posterior on the inner
margin of the wings, a light-spotted submarginal
line, a dark marginal line expanded into spots
between the nervures, and fringes banded with
darker. Hind wings dirty white, heavily dusted,
with a more or less distinct double transverse
line and a dark central dot. The marginal line
and fringes are as on the fore wings but
lighter. The rudimentary wings of the female
are very short and narrow with long hair-like
fringes at the tip, varied with brown and
white; the head and thorax are similar. Hind
tibiae somewhat expanded. It is common,
sitting on trees in woods in Central and some

parts of Southern Europe, and appears in
February and March. The variety marmori-
naria, Esp. has a broad black band on the
fore wings. The larva is yellowish green
marbled with whitish, with a paje yellow sub-
dorsal line. It feeds on oak in May and June.

H. aurantiaria, Esp. The Scarce Umber
is golden yellow, slightly dusted with darker,
with three rusty red transverse lines, the two
anterior of which are very close together and
parallel, and the third somewhat convex.
There is a rusty red central dot, a few similar
spots in the situation of the submarginal
line and a fine darkly dotted marginal line
between the nervures. Hind wings pale yellow
with the two posterior transverse lines, which
may here and there be wanting, a central
dot and a dotted marginal line. The rudi-
mentary wings of the female are scarcely a
quarter of the length of the body. They are
rusty brown or blackish, with long hair-like
fringes and a dark transverse line on all of
them. It is common in Central Europe in
October and November. The larva is reddish
brown, varied with darker, with two yellow
dots on the back of each segment, largest on
the three segments behind the head, and on
the last but one, upon which there are also
two fleshy spines and two black transverse
lines. It lives on oak, beech, birch, etc. The
pupa is short, brown, and expanded in front
and forms an earthy cocoon.

H. marginaria, Borkh. The Dotted Border.
Fore wings dull yellow, heavily dusted with
reddish, with two dark transverse lines through
the middle, the posterior shaded with reddish
towards the hind margin, and forming an ob-
tuse dentation anteriorly. There is a central
dot, an indication of a submarginal line, and
between the nervures a dark-spotted mar-
ginal line. Hind wings dirty white, heavily
dusted, especially towards the hind margin,
with a central dot, an indistinct central line,
a dark marginal line between the nervures
and somewhat dark fringes. The rudimentary
wings of the female are more than half the
length of the body; the fore wings have pointed
tips and two dark transverse bands, and there
is a similar band on the hind wings, which
are longer. It is common in Central Europe
in early Spring. The larva is dull yellow with

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

a reddish brown dorsal line, edged with whitish,
a similar line on the sides and fine reddish
stripes between on the four segments behind
the head. From segments 6 to 12 there are
two brown sinuated interrupted dorsal lines or
spots. It lives on birch, oak and other trees.
The pupa is brownish, short and expanded in
front, and has an earthy cocoon.

H. defoliaria, Linn. The Mottled Umber.
PI. XXIX. fig. 15. Larva 15a. is common in
Central and Northern Europe in September
and October, especially in woods. It varies
considerably in colour, from straw-colour to
golden yellow or rusty-red. The larva feeds
on almost every tree and shrub in Ma}' and
June. The pupa is reddish brown with a ter-
minal spine and has a slight earthy cocoon.

Genus Anisopteryx, Steph.

Middle-sized, slender moths, resembling the
last genus in the shape of the wings and the
scales, but the rounded hind wings are more
produced in the middle of the hind margins
and are lighter in colour than the fore wings.
The fore wings have two transverse lines
across the middle, formed of crescents; the
hind wings have a fine posterior transverse
line and there is a dark central dot on all the
wings. The female has short rudiments of
wings, a broad woolly tail and an ovipositor,
which does not project. The palpi are ver}-
short and slender; the proboscis is wanting;
the antennas are very fine in the males, with
projecting joints, each with a long downy tuft ;
setiform in the females. Front legs very long,
hind legs very short, the tibiee with two pairs
of spurs, which are very short in the females.
The arrangement of the nervures is peculiar.
The discoidal cell of all the wings takes up
two-thirds of their entire length. Nervures
3, 4 and 5 of the fore wings run at an equal
distance from one another, 6 and 7 rise in a
point at the upper angle of the discoidal cell,
8 and g in a point from the middle of 7, 10
and II side by side from the front border of
the discoidal cell near 7, and run next to 12,
close to the stem of 7 and 8, separate to the
costa. The transverse nervure of the hind
wings is angularly interrupted on the inner
side, the lower branch is strongly curved
towards the hind margin ; hence the lower angle

is more acute and longer than the upper.
Nervure la is close to the inner margin, as
far as the anal angle, ib is at a distance from
it and runs into the hind margin, 3 and 4
are separate, 6 and 7 rise from a point, 5 is
somewhat more slender than the others, and
nearer to 4 than 6, 8 rises from the middle of
the anterior margin of the discoidal cell.

A. aceraria, W. V. is pale ochre-yellow,
finely dusted with darker, with two moderately
dentated transverse lines on the fore wings,
and paler hind wings. All the wings have a
dull dark central dot. The female is rusty
brown with grey rings on the abdomen and
a tuft of grey wool at the extremity. It is
found in Western Europe, except the British
Isles, in late Autumn. The larva is green
with two white longitudinal lines on each side
of the back, yellow lateral lines above the legs
and yellow incisions. It lives on maple and
other trees. The pupa is reddish brown,
expanded in front, and is subterranean.

A. sescularia, W. V, The March Moth
is brownish grey with two strongly zigzag
transverse lines on the fore wings suffused
with white on the sides distant from one
another, a central dot, a dark oblique streak
from the apex of the wings and a dark mar-
ginal line, expanded on the nervures. Hind
wings paler and more transparent, with a central
dot sometimes with a paler central line and
a marginal line as on the fore wings. The
female is grey, chequered with lighter on the
thorax. It is common in Central Europe in
early Spring. The larva is pale green with
a fine light longitudinal stripe on both sides
of the back and one above the legs. It feeds
on horse-chestnut, sloe, Ugiistrum, etc. The
pupa is subterranean.

Genus Phigalia, Dup.

The males are large 5oH/Zy'.v-like moths
with a slender abdomen, the head and thorax
covered with bushy hair, which forms an erect
tuft in front. Palpi thick and short. Proboscis
consisting of two short threads. Antenna;
slender with long ciliated pectinations shorter
beyond the middle. Legs short with the femora
and tibiae covered with long hair, the posterior
with two pairs of spurs. Tlie discoidal cell
of all the wings is two-tlnrds of the length

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

203

of tlie wings and is finely divided by an almost
straight transverse nervure. Nervures 3 and
4 of the fore wings are separate, 6 and 7 rise
in a point from the anterior margin of the
discoidal cell, 5 is midway between 4 and 6;
8 rises from 7, g and 10 from 8, 11 from the
middle of the anterior margin of the discoidal
cell, close to the stem of 7 and 8 and
touching 12. Nervure la of the hind wings
ends behind the middle of the inner margin,
lb at some distance from it, in the anal angle;

3 and 4, 6 and 7 are separate; 5 is more
slender than the rest, and is midway between

4 and 6; 8 rises from the base and rests at
first on the front margin of the discoidal cell.
The female has setiform antennte, which are
as long as the body, has smooth scales and
2b. prominent ovipositor and short projections
for wings. The only species is: —

P. pedaria, Fabr. The Pale Brindled
Beauty. PI. XXX. fig. i. which is common
in Central Europe in early Spring. The larva
is brown, with angular warts commencing on
the fourth segment, a double dark dorsal line,
black dots merging into yellow beside it and
dark oblique streaks on the sides. It lives in
Summer on oak, birch, whitethorn, sloe and
fruit-trees. The pupa is subterranean.

Genus Biston, Leach.

Rather large Bomhyx-XxVe moths with tri-
angular fore wings, and with the hind wings
longer than they are broad, and with rounded
angles; body with woolly hair; thorax not
crested. Palpi short ; proboscis composed of
two soft short threads. Antennae with long,
thickly ciliated pectinations ; legs short, thickly
pubescent. Hind tibiae only with short ter-
minal spurs. Females with or without wings,
a pointed body and projecting ovipositor.
Nervures very strong. The discoidal cell is
finely divided, long and narrow. Nervures 3
and 4 of the fore wings are separate in hispi-
darius, rising from a point in the other species;
6 and 7 are close together; 8 rises from 7, 9
from 8, II from 10, and 10 and 12 side by
side but converging. Nervure la of the hind
wings ends behind the middle of the inner
margin, ib in the anal angle; between ib and
2 is a fold ; 3 and 4 are separate in hispidarius
and pomonanus or rise from a point; 6 and 7

rise from a point in pomonarius, in the others
they are stalked ; 5 is slender, midway between
4 and 6 ; 8 rises from the base and lies at first
on the anterior border of the discoidal cell.
The moths slope their wings when at rest.

B. hispidarius, W. V. The Small Brindled
Beauty is brownish grey, heavily dusted, with
two sharply defined dark transverse lines and
a submarginal line with indistinct crescents
between the nervures. The fringes are spotted
with brown on the nervures. The hind wings,
which are small compared with the body, are
lighter with a brown central line, and often
two lines and a brown spot at the anal angle.
The marginal line and fringes are spotted
with brown. The body is brownish grey, the
antennae tawny. The female is wingless, rusty
brown with raised hair on the antennae and
tibiae. It may be seen in the first warm days
in Spring sitting on the stems of trees. It
is local in Central Europe. The larva is brown-
ish grey with delicate orange markings and a
few warts of the same colour. It feeds on oak
and lime.

B. pomonarius, Hiibn. is whitish grey,
transparent on the borders, with black ner-
vures suffused with rusty yellow. The fore
wings have two dark, curved, zigzag transverse
lines, the posterior of which is broadly bordered
with lighter towards the hind margin. The
submarginal line forms an angular hook with
the point directed outwards. The marginal
line is sharp and dark, and so are the fringes
on the nervures. Hind wings paler with darker
nervures, and an indistinct central and sub-
marginal line. The marginal line and the
fringes are as on the fore wings. The head
and thorax are whitish grey and the abdomen
black with tawny hair. The antennae are
brown. The female is wingless, black varied
with white, with two black longitudinal lines
on the middle of the abdomen. Like the last
species it is found in early Spring on the
trunks of trees. It is local in Northern and
Central Europe, except the North West. The
larva is whitish grey with brown spines and
prickles placed on orange spots, and with the
segment behind the head bordered with orange.
It lives till Autumn on beech, oak, hazel and
various fruit-trees. The pupa, which is dark
brown and conical, is subterranean.

204

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

B. zonarius, W. V. The Belted Beauty
is greyish brown, with the basal area of the
fore wings brown, containing only a longi-
tudinal streak, two straight white parallel bands
in the margfinal area, black nervures and
marginal line and unspotted fringes, white
at the tips. The head and thorax are greyish
brown, the latter with two whitish longitudinal
streaks. The abdomen is greyish brown with
reddish transverse incisions. The antennse
are black. The wingless female is black with
the hind margin of the abdomen finely reddish.
It is found in Central and Western Europe,
in April, but almost always singly. In Eng-
land it is found only in a few localities on the
coast. The larva is pale green merging into
bluish, with two slender dorsal lines bounded
by fine dots, a deep yellow lateral line, edged
below with black; yellow incisions, and black
dots on the belly and anal plate. It lives in
Summer till Autumn on low plants, such as
yarrow. Salvia pratensis, and also on honey-
suckle, etc. The pupa is blackish brown with
a double-forked terminal spine, and is sub-
terranean.

B. hirtarius, Clerck. The Brindled Beauty.
PI. XXX. fig. 2. Larva 2a. Pupa 2b. is com-
mon in Central and Southern Europe, and is
found sitting on the trunks of trees in early
Spring. The larva is very variable in colour
and lives on fruit and other trees in August
and September. The pupa hibernates in a
cavity in the ground.

B. stratarius, Hufn. The Oak Beauty.
PI. XXX. fig. 3. is common in Central Europe
in early Spring. The larva is ashy grey or
brown, with a lighter head, two warts on the
back of the ninth segment and sometimes one
on the twelfth. It feeds in August and Sep-
tember on various trees, especially birch, lime,
poplar, willow and oak. The pupa is slender,
shining blackish grey and is subterranean.

Genus Amphidasis, Treit.

Large Bomhyx-\\ke slender moths. The
shape of the wings is as in Biston, but with
the hind margins of the fore wings straighter
and with their apices more prominent. They
are distinguished also from this genus by the
smooth-scaled body, horizontal palpi, and the
two pairs of spurs on the hind tibia;. The

antennae are pectinated in the male, with long
bare tips; in the female they are setiform.
The wings are spread out when the insect is
at rest. The only species is: — •

A. betularius, Linn. The Peppered Moth.
PI. XXX. fig. 4. This is common in woods
in Central and Northern Europe. The larva
varies much in colour, and may be ashy grey,
yellowish green or j-ellowish brown, shagreened
and finely pubescent. The head is divided,
and the first three segments behind it are
stout. There are angular warts on segments
2, 9 and 12, brown-edged spiracles and w'hitish
fringes between the prolegs and claspers. It
lives on birch, oak, ash, willow, poplar, etc.
The pupa is shining blackish brown, stout and
obtuse, with a simple notched terminal spine
and two prominences on the head. It is sub-
terranean. The variety doubledayaria. Mill,
has the wings almost entirely black. It is
chiefly found in Britain.

Genus Boarmia, Treit.

Large and middle-sized moths, coloured
like the bark of trees, upon which they are in
the habit of resting, with large wings, some-
what projecting rounded apices, and oblique
hind margins to the fore wings, which are
more rounded behind the apices than at the
hinder angle and have slightly waved margins.
The males have a bare groove on the under
side of the fore wings. The females are like
the males but with a thicker abdomen. The
palpi, head and thorax are coarsely scaled,
and the palpi only slightly project beyond the
front. The proboscis is horny and spiral.
Nervures 3 and 4, 6 and 7 of all the wings
are separate; 5 is midway between 4 and 6
on the hind wings and is very slender. Ner-
vures 8 and 9 of the fore wings rise by a stem
from 7; 10 from the stalk of 7; 8 and 11 run
close to 12. Nervures la and ib of the hind
wings are close together and near the inner
margin, the former ending in the middle, the
latter at the anal angle. Nervure 8 runs from
the base and lies at first on the anterior border
of the discoidal cell.

B. cinctaria, W. V. The Ringed Carpet
Moth is whitish grey, thickly dusted with
brown, lightest in the central area. Fore
wings with distinct double dark transverse

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

lines, especially the anterior; the posterior is
sinuated. There is a dark spot a little in front
of the middle, towards the hind margin, and in
front of it a lighter area as far as the tip, and
a fairly regular, somewhat faint submarginal
line. There is a deep black marginal line,
expanded into dots between the nervures, the
fringes are darkly banded on the nervures and
there is a white-centred orbicular stigma in
the central area. The hind wings are lighter,
without the anterior transverse line, but with
the other markings as on the fore wings. The
female is smaller than the male. The moth
is common in woods in Northern and Central
Europe in May and August. The larva is
light or dark brown, spotted with whitish,
with dark lozenge-shaped dorsal spots on the
fourth and fifth segments and light trapezoid
spots on segments 6 to g, a small excrescence
on the sides of the sixth segment and two
obtuse points on the square head. It lives on
various low plants. The pupa is blackish brown
and is subterranean.

B. rhomboidaria, W. V. The Willow Beauty
is greyish brown with a sharply defined dark
central shade, and a slightly zigzag posterior
transverse line running across both fore and
hind wings, and forming a sharp angle on the
inner side near the costa. There is an obtusely
zigzag submarginal line shaded with darker,
especially towards the base, a cowl-shaped
marginal line, fringes somewhat lighter at
the base and a dark central dot on all the
wings. The anterior transverse line is very
indistinct on the fore wings and wanting on
the hind wings; the apex of the latter is dis-
tinctly lighter on the under side. It is common
in Central and Southern Europe in June and
again in September. The larva is slender,
somewhat thinner in front, with two elevations
behind the head, two dark warts on the sides
of segment 6, a light or dark greyish brown
triangular spot on the hinder half of each
segment from the fifth to the eleventh, two
yellow and black streaks on the front of each
segment and a distinct lateral line beside the
dorsal one. It feeds on sloe and fruit-trees
in Autumn and hibernates. The pupa is dark
brown with a fine terminal point and is formed
in the ground. The variety perfumaria,
Newm. is larger and darker, with the wings

more distinctly streaked. It is not uncommon
in Britain.

B. secundaria, Esp. is dirty white heavily
dusted with rusty brown. Fore wings with
two dark transverse lines bordered with lighter
on the sides remote from one another, and
with a central shade between. The posterior
transverse line is strongly dentated on the
nervures towards the hind margin, and has an
indistinct submarginal line parallel to it, edged
with darker, especially towards the base. In
the middle, towards the hind margin it is
expanded into spots. There is a sharp dark
cowl-like marginal line, and fringes dark on
the nervures. The hind wings are without
anterior transverse lines, the central shade is
indicated, especially on the inner margin, the
posterior transverse line is situated further
back, and there is a central dot on all the
wings. It is common in pine-woods in Ger-
many, Switzerland and Greece, and appears
in July. The larva is slender, smooth, tapering
in front, grey or brown with dark lozenge-
shaped spots on each segment from the fourth,
which are interrupted by the light dorsal line,
and are specially dark and spotted with white
on segments 8 and g, a yellowish lateral line
beside the dorsal spots and crosses on the
sides of the last segments. It lives on pine.
The pupa is slender, dark brown with a fine
terminal spine. It is subterranean.

B. abietaria, W. V. The Satin Carpet
is greenish grey, heavily dusted with darker.
Fore wings with two dark transverse lines, a
central shade and a central dot; the posterior
transverse line is dentated on the nervures
towards the hind margin and is fused with
the central shade on the inner margin. There
is a lighter submarginal line somewhat ex-
panded in the middle, a dark marginal line and
chequered fringes. The hind wings are lighter
with only the posterior transverse line con-
tinued on them from the fore wings, and a
central dot, marginal and submarginal lines
and fringes as on the fore wings. Head and
thorax brown, abdomen lighter with blackish
incisions. It is found in fir woods in Central
Europe in April and again in June. The larva
tapers in front, with slight elevations, directed
backwards, on the 6th and following segments.
It is yellowish grey with a finely bordered

2o6

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

dorsal and a yellow lateral line, numerous
fine light and dark longitudinal streaks and
two black dots on each segment. It lives on
fir. The pupa is reddish brown with two fine
terminal points. It is subterranean.

B. repandata, Linn. The Mottled Beauty
is whitish grey, dusted with yellowish and
rusty brown. Fore wings with two sharply
defined dark transverse lines, edged with
lighter on the sides remote from one another,
a more or less distinct central shade, especially
on the costa and a central spot. The posterior
transverse line forms two large curves towards
the hind margin and under the anterior is a
dark spot. There is an obtusely zigzag sub-
marginal line, a distinct darker marginal line
and dark-banded fringes. Hind wings paler,
with only the posterior curved transverse line
continued from the fore wings; towards the
hind margins they are like the fore wings.
The thorax is light grey, the abdomen ringed
with black. It is common throughout Europe
in May and July. The larva is ashy grey,
with the back rusty brown varied with white
and a double blackish dorsal line, streaks and
spots arranged like a shield on each segment,
and dark incisions. On the belly there is a
broad white longitudinal line, edged with darker
and divided with reddish brown. It feeds on
beech, birch, oak and various shrubs. The
pupa is reddish brown, slender with fine ter-
minal points. It is subterranean.

B. roboraria, W. V. The Great Oak
Beauty, the largest of the genus, is whitish
grey dusted with brownish black, with two dark
transverse lines, a central shade which touches
the posterior line on the inner margin and a
central spot between; the posterior transverse
hue is sharply spotted on the nervures on the
outer side and suffused with tavimy. The sub-
marginal line is regularly curved, and suifused
with darker towards the base. The marginal
line is composed of black crescents between
the nervures. The fringes are spotted with
darker on the nervures. Hind wings with the
hind margins more strongly curved; they
are marked like the fore wings, except that
there is no anterior transverse line. It is
common in oak woods throughout the greater
part of Europe in April and July. The larva is
bark-coloured, varied greyish brown and white.

with a large transverse elevation on the sixth
and a smaller one on the belly on the seventh
segment; warts on the sides of the other seg-
ments and two fleshy points on the twelfth.
It hibernates and feeds on oak in ^lay and
June. The pupa is blackish brown with two
long terminal spines. It is subterranean.

B. consortaria, Fabr. The Pale Oak
Beauty is pale grey, thickly dusted with brown,
and closely resembles the last species, but is
readily distinguished by the following points: —
The submarginal line is sharply zigzag, the
central spot of the fore wings is wanting,
and the spot on the hind wings is orbicular
and centred with white. It is found in Central
Europe. The larva is ashy grey with brown
spots and warts, the two largest being on
segment 6; the lateral warts on the succeeding
segments reach to segment lo and are insigni-
ficant. There is an indistinct dorsal line and
there are four brown dots on each segment.
The incisions are bluish grey and the head
has two spines above. It feeds on poplar,
willow, oak, sloe, etc. The pupa is reddish
brown with two terminal points and is sub-
terranean.

B. viduaria, \V. V. The Speckled Beauty
is dingy white, with smoky black markings.
Of the two transverse lines of the fore wings
the anterior is curved, the posterior rather
indistinct, angulated and indented, and there
is a row of black crescent-shaped spots on
the hind margin. Hind wings with a black
line along the hind margin. It is common
in Central Europe in June. The larva is varied
with light and dark brown like bark, and has
a double hump on the sixth segment. It feeds
on lichens growing on trees.

B. lichenaria, Hufn. The Brussels Lace
is greenish white or brownish grey with two
sharply defined dark transverse lines, suffused
with lighter on the sides remote from one
another and strongly dentated on the nervures.
Th^re is a slight central dot but no central
shade or submarginal line, a sharply defined
dark marginal line, expanded into dots between
the nervures, and fringes which are dark on
the nervures. Hind wings with only the
posterior transverse line, which is somewhat
further back. Antennae pectinated to the tip
in the male, serrated in the female. It is

BRITISH AKD EUROPEAN BUTTERFIIES AND MOTHS.

207

common in woods in Central and some parts
of Southern Europe in July. The larva has
humps, is broad, greyish green, varied with
yellow, with brown dorsal dots, similar ones
on the sides of the first three segments behind
the head, and a black sinuated lateral line
commencing on the fifth segment. It feeds on
lichens growing on oaks. The pupa is slender
with a few hooklets at tlie anal extremity,
dark brown with violet incisions. It is situated
between lichens on trees.

B. glabraria, Hiibn. The Dotted Carpet
is dirty white, sparsely dusted with darker.
Fore wings with two black transverse lines,
generally composed of dots and expanded into
spots at the costa; the posterior is somewhat
angularly interrupted in front and forms fine
dentations towards the base. There is a large
central spot, continued to the costa ; a submar-
ginal line, regularly zigzag, broadly bordered
with dark brown or rust-colour on both sides,
especially towards the light apices of the wings ;
the marginal line and fringes consequently
appear irregularly spotted. Hind wings with
a central dot, a posterior indistinct transverse
line, a black spotted marginal line between the
nervures, and dark fringes on the nervures;
otherwise they are like the fore wings. It is
found in Central Europe in July. The larva
is greyish green with black spots and closely
resembles that of lichenaria. It feeds on lichens
growing on pine trees. The pupa is found
among the food plants.

B. selenaria, W. V. is whitish grey, heavily
dusted with brown, with two transverse lines,
rising from thick spots on the costa of the
fore wings, with a central shade between
them; the anterior transverse line is double,
and the posterior is sharply dentated on the
nervures near the hind margins. There is an
indistinct submarginal line, which is bounded
towards the inner side by a shaded line coming
from a spot on the costa of the fore wings
and meeting the posterior transverse line on
the inner margin, and there is a white-centred
orbicular spot on all the wings. It is found
in South -Central and Southern Europe in
June and July. The larva is blackish brown,
with rust - coloured interrupted longitudinal
lines, white longitudinal lines bounding the
black dorsal spots and black spiracles, edged

with brown. It feeds on Artemisia campestris
in June.

B. biundularia, Borkh. The Engrailed
Moth is grey, sliglitly tinged with ochreous,
with two dark transverse lines on the fore
wings and one on the hind wings. The an-
terior is short and near the base of the fore
wings, the posterior oblique and situated beyond
the middle. There are also numerous indistinct
transverse lines on all the wings. It is found
in Central Europe and is very widely distri-
buted in this country. The larva feeds on
larch.

B. crepuscularia, W. V. The Small
Engrailed Moth is pale grey more or less
dusted with brown, so that the markings are
often very indistinct in the female as far as
the submarginal line. Fore wings with two
double transverse lines and a central shade.
The transverse lines, of which the posterior
is most strongly dentated on the nervures, and
is darker on nervures i, 3 and 4 of the fore
wings, are almost always interrupted. There
is an obtusely dentated spotted submarginal
line, suffused with darker in cells 5 and 6 and
black crescents on the marginal line between
the nervures. The fringes are darker in the
basal half. Hind wings marked like the fore
wings beyond the central shade, all the mark-
ings being, however, situated nearer the hind
margin. It is found in most parts of Europe
in March and again in June and July. The
larva is light or dark grey with a dark dorsal
line, rhomboidal spots bounding it on the
middle segments, brown lateral stripes and
spots, and with segments 3 to 5 much thickened.
It feeds on most trees and shrubs. The pupa
is slender and brown with greenish wing-cases
and a fine terminal point. It makes a slight
earthy cocoon.

B. consonaria, Hiibn. The Square Spot
Moth is light grey, slightly dusted with brown,
lightest in the central area. Fore wings with
two double transverse lines, and a faint central
shade between ; the posterior is slightly crooked
and undentated, and is darkest in cell 3, near
the hind margin. There is an irregular zigzag
submarginal line, a marginal line and very
slightly chequered fringes. The anterior trans-
verse line is wanting on the hind wings, but
the central shade is visible at least on the

208

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

inner margin; the posterior transverse line is
continued from the fore wings, and the sub-
marginal line is indistinct. The marginal line
and fringes are as on the fore wings. The
first segment of the abdomen is white. It is
found in Central Europe in April and again in
June. The larva is brown with three yellow
dorsal lines and two brownish red lateral lines.
It feeds in Autumn on birch and lime.

B. luridata, Borkh. The Brindled White-
spot is greyish-yellow, very heavily dusted with
greenish brown. Fore wings with three parallel
transverse lines, mostly broken up into spots,
the posterior only consisting of dots on the
nervures. The submarginal line is deeply
zigzag towards the apex, very darkly suffused
towards the base, expanded into spots in cell 3
and terminating in a light spot at the hinder
angle. The marginal line is more or less
distinct and the fringes are chequered. There
is a dark central spot in front of or on the
central shade. Hind wings heavily dusted
with the submarginal line almost obliterated.
It is found in Central Europe in May and
June. The larva is pale gre)', clouded with
brown, and feeds on birch, alder, etc.

B. punctularia, Httbn. The Grey Birch
Moth is bluish grey, with the two transverse
lines brown, and the central shade and the
inner edge of the irregularly zigzag transverse
line of the fore wings distinct on the costa;
otherwise it is interrupted or completely ab-
sent. All the lines run almost parallel. The
posterior transverse line is slightly dentated
on the nervures towards the base. The central
spot is distinct here and there covered by the
central shade, with a fine dark marginal line
between the nervures, and the fringes are
darker and divided by fine light bands. Hind
wings with indistinct markings, generally with
only a few small spots, especially on the
inner margin, indicating the central shade
and the posterior transverse line. It is com-
mon in Central Europe. The larva is dark
brown with fine darker longitudinal lines and
small white streaks on the front of each seg-
ment. It feeds in Autumn on alder, birch
and hazel.

Genus Tephronia, Hubn.
Small grey moths with expanded fore wings.

rounded at the apices and at the hinder angle.
Hind wings without markings or at most a
sliglit transverse line behind the middle, with
rounded angles. There is a bare spot on the
under side of the fore wings in both sexes.
The antennae are slightly clubbed in the
males with long ciliated pectinations ending
near the tips; in the females they are seti-
form. Proboscis short; legs slender; femora
with single long hairs in the males. Hind
tibiK with only terminal spurs. The dis-
coidal cell of all the wings is long and very
much expanded externally. The fore wings
have only ten nervures. Nervures 3 and 4,
and 6 and 7 are separate; 8 rises from 7, 9
close to 8; 10 is the subcostal nervure. Ner-
vure I a of the hind wings is close to the
inner margin, ib runs into the anal angle,
5 is more slender than the rest, and is mid-
way between 4 and 6, and 8 rises from the
base and rests on half the anterior border
of the discoidal cell.

T. sepiaria, Hufn. The Dusky Carpet
is violet-grev with two strongh' zigzag black
transverse lines; the posterior of which is
not interrupted, and a central spot, placed
somewhat forward on the fore wings. Hind
wings with an indistinct posterior transverse
line and a distinct darker marginal line be-
tween the nervures. The fringes of all the
wings are without markings. It is found in
Central and Southern Europe and was once
taken at Tenby in South Wales. The larva
is brown with a whitish dorsal line and trans-
verse streaks near it. It feeds on lichens
growing on walls and assumes the pupa state
among them.

T. cremiaria, Freyer. is whitish grey,
coarsely and thickly dusted with darker, with
two black transverse lines on the fore wings
and an indistinct central shade between them ;
the posterior is only formed of spots on the
nervures, and the marginal line is not indi-
cated. The fringes of all the wings are whitish
with darker spots on the nervures. It is found
in France and the Tyrol in August. The larva
is moss-green with light warts on the darker
ground colour. It feeds on lichens growing
on walls. The pupa is dark brown with two
obtuse terminal points. It forms a dense cocoon
among its food plants.

PLATE XXVI.

f- '^7

^

I. Habryntis scita. 2. Brotolomia mcticulosa. 3. Naenia typica. 4. Jaspidea celsia.
5. Hydraecia nictitans. 6. Gortyna flavago. 7. Leucania 1-album. 8. Grammesia trigrammica.

g. Rusina tenebrosa. 10. Ampliipyra pyramidea. 11. Panolis piniperda, iia. Larva.
12. Calymnia trapezina. 13. Hoporina croceago. 14. Orrhodia fragarise. 15. Orrhodia vaccinii.

16. Scoliopteryx libatri.K.

British and European Butterflies and Moths.

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

2og

Genus Pachycnemia, Steph.

Middle-sized silvery grey moths with almost
oval, strongly ribbed wings, the abdomen pro-
jecting bej'ond the anal angle, and setiform
antennae, thicklj' and shortly ciliated in the
males. Palpi erect and prominent. Proboscis
strong and spiral. Hind tibiag thickened,
twice as long as the femora, with two pairs
of spurs. Discoidal cell two-thirds of the
length of the wings. The transverse nervure
is curved inwards; nervures 3 and 4, and 6
and 7 are separate. Nervure 8 of the fore
wings rises from 7; 9 from 8; 10 rises near 7
and touches the stalk of 8 and 9; 11 and 12
are side by side but do not touch. Nervure
I a of the hind wings runs into the anal angle,
lb is remote from it, 5 is very slender and 8
is free and rises from the base. The only
species is: —

P. hippocastanaria, Hubn. The Horse-
chestnut Moth. This is grey, with two indistinct
zigzag transverse lines on the fore wings, a
central shade, and a central spot. The ner-
vures are partly black as far as the marginal
area and there is a black dotted marginal line
between them. Hind wings without markings,
somewhat lighter than the fore wings, with
a slightly darker marginal line. It is local in
Central Europe from April to July and is
found on the heaths of Surrey, Sussex and
Hampshire. The larva is brown or grey,
spotted with whitish, and feeds on heath in
Autumn.

Genus Gnophos, Treit.

Large and middle-sized grey moths, with
slender nervures on the wings, rounded hind
margins, which are waved and distinctly con-
tracted at nervure 5 of the hind wings. There
are two zigzag transverse lines on the fore
wings, the posterior of which is formed of
small crescents; they are continued on the
hind wings, and there is an almost obliterated
submarginal line. The fringes are unicolorous,
and there is a central spot on all the wings.
Palpi somewhat erect, slightly visible above.
Proboscis long and spiral. Hind tibiae globu-
larly thickened and with two pairs of spurs,
except in serotinaria. The arrangement of the
nervures is as in Boaria with slight variations.
Most of the species inhabit the Alps; they

frequent shady places and are fond of resting
on cliffs, in dark woods, etc.

G. dumetata, Treit. is light brown, palest
on the costa, on which are three dark spots,
which form the commencement of the two
transverse lines (which are composed of dots
on the nervures) and of the central shade,
which is indistinct on the inner side and covers
the central spot in front. The posterior trans-
verse line is suffused with lighter on the hind
margins; and is bounded by the dark band-
like hind margin ; there is no submarginal
line. Hind wings with the two posterior shaded
stripes, the central dot and central shade nearer
to the base. It is found in the South East
of Europe and in the South of France in June.
The larva is rose-coloured with black dots and
streak's, and feeds on Philera latifolia.

G. furvata, W. V. is brownish grey. Fore
wings with a dark central band, and a central
spot, which has often a white nucleus; these
are boimded by two dark transverse lines. In
the place of the submarginal line there are a
few light spots. Hind wings with a central
dot representing the posterior transverse line,
and the ground colour from here to the base
darker. Hind tibiae with a tuft in the male,
resting in a groove. It is common in South-
Central Europe, especially the Alps, in June
and July. The larva is brown, and resembles
a dried twig. It is without markings. It
lives on various low plants. The pupa is
reddish brown with a small terminal point.
It is placed in the ground without a cocoon.

G. obscuraria, Hiibn. The Dark Annulet
varies from light brownish grey to blackish
brown, the dark parts with single patches
dusted with yellow, especially on the nervures
and on the costa of the fore wings, which,
like the hind wings, are obtusely dentated.
The fore wings have two, the hind wings only
one posterior sharply zigzag transverse line
and an orbicular central spot. The marginal
line is formed of crescents between the ner-
vures, which are filled up with white in the
dark patches near the hind margin. It is
common throughout Europe in July and August.
The larva is brownish violet, whitish beneath,
with a broad brownish dorsal line on the first
three segments behind the head and yellowish
oblique streaks on each of the others. There

14

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

are two white points on the last segment,
directed backwards, and white margined spir-
acles. It feeds on Artemisia campestris and
Rubus casiits. The pupa is reddish brown, with
two terminal spines.

G. pullata, W. V. The Brown Annulet
is ashy grey, thickly dusted with dark brown,
obscuring the markings. Fore wings slightly
dentated, with a darker central band, bordered
on each side by the transverse lines and con-
taining a sharp dark central ring. There is
a marginal area which becomes gradually
lighter towards the hind margin; the submar-
ginal line is only indicated, and there are dark
dots between the nervures representing the
marginal line. Hind wings like the fore wings,
but without the anterior transverse line and
central band. It is found in Central Europe
in July and August. It has been reputed
British, but it is doubtful whether these spe-
cimens may not have been dark varieties of
obscuraria. The larva is greyish yellow with a
lighter dorsal line and small broad curved
streaks. It feeds on lettuce.

G. macidaria, Hiibn. is whitish, merging
into bluish grey, thickly sprinkled transversely
with darker ; the anterior of the two transverse
lines is very indistinct, and the posterior is
dusted with ochre-yellow, with dark grey dots
on the nervures. The submarginal line is
expanded into a large white spot in cells 3
and 4 on all the wings, and is suffused with
ochre-yellow towards the base. There is a
large orbicular central dot. It is found in France
and some parts of Southern Europe in July.

G. serotinaria, W. V. is dirty white,
dusted with yellowish brown, with two sharply
defined black transverse lines on the fore
wings, the posterior forming sharp dark den-
tations towards the base. There are black
dots representing the marginal line, on all
the wings, between the nervures, and a light
centred orbicular spot in the middle. Hind
wings with only the posterior transverse line.
Antennae long in the male, and shortly pecti-
nated, especially at the end. Hind tibias not
thickened. It is found in the mountains of
South-Central Europe in July.

G. dilucidaria, W. V. is pale grey, with
markmgs like the last species, but is distin-
guished as foUows: — The submarginal line is

more darkly bordered ; the two transverse lines
are closer together; the hind margins of the
wings are distinctly waved and the hind tibiae
are considerably thickened in the male and
flattened on the inner side. The antennae of
the male are shorter and the pectinations
gradually diminish in size. It is found in the
mountains of Central and Northern Europe in
July and August.

G. obfuscaria, Hubn. The Scotch Annulet
is smoky grey, suffused with greenish or
purplish, with two dark slightly angulated
transverse lines, the posterior of which is ser-
rated, and a dark central spot with a paler
centre. It is found in the Alps and in the
mountains of Northern Europe, including some
in Scotland and Ireland, in August and Sep-
tember. The larva is violet-grey with two
small humps on the twelfth segment and a
white lateral line and oblique dark streaks.
It feeds on broom and vetches.

G. zelleraria, Freyer. is ashy grey with
two (on the hind wings one) indistinct trans-
verse lines, with the space between darker,
and a scarcely perceptible submarginal line
and central spot. The female has rounded
wings and is only about half as large as the
male, which has the antennae shortly pectinated
to the tips. It is found in the higher Alps in
July. The female hides in clefts in the cliffs.

G. operaria, Hiibn. Wings much expanded
in the male, brownish grey with two (on the
hind wings one) brown deeply dentated trans-
verse lines. There is a central spot. The
submarginal line is broadly shaded with darker
towards the base, and there are dark mar-
ginal dots between the nervures. The female
has only short rudiments of wings. The an-
tennae of the male are shortly pectinated to
the end, the hind tibiae are thickened at the
end. It is found in the mountains of Austria
and Silesia, etc., in July.

Genus Psodos, Treit.

Small rather stout moths with short wings;
the fore wings almost triangular, with rounded
angles and conve.x hind margins, the hind
wings with somewhat prominent apices. The
body as well as the somewhat projecting palpi
and the femora are covered with rough hair.
Proboscis long and stout, antennae setiform

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

and half as long as the costa, strongly and
shortly ciliated in the males. Nervures 3 and
4, 6 and 7 of the fore wings are separate, 5
is midway between 4 and 6, 8 rises from the
middle of 7, g from 8, 10 near 7 and runs
separate, 11 and 12 touch one another. Ner-
vures 4 and 5 of the hind wings are separate,
6 and 7 rise from a point, 5 is wanting, 3
rises from the base, la terminates before the
middle of the inner margin, and ib ends in
the anal angle. These moths are found in the
Alps and fly in the day-time in mountain
meadows and about cliffs.

P. coracina, Esp. The Black Mountain
Moth is shining dark brown varied with lighter,
with the two transverse lines on the sides
remote from one another, the submarginal
line and the hind margins bluish grey, some-
times suffused with yellowish; there is a deep
black lunule between the nervures on the hind
margin, and a more or less distinct central
spot. It is found on high-lying mountain
pastures in Central and Northern Europe, in-
cluding the Highlands of Scotland.

P. alpina, Scop, is shining, unicolorous
dark brown, with the two transverse lines and
the submarginal line very indistinct. The
central spot is somewhat more sharply defined.
It is found in high-lying meadows in the Alps
and Pyrenees in July and August.

P. quadrifaria, Sulz. is shining dark brown
merging into black, with a somewhat irregular
broad orange-coloured band on all the wings.
It is common in the Alps in July, and flies
in grassy places in the sunshine.

Genus Fidonia, Treit.

Small dull light-coloured moths, dusted
and varied with darker. Fore wings with
slightly curved hind margins, rounded hinder
angles and obtuse apices; hind wings some-
what elongated and rounded. Front, thorax
and palpi with coarse bristles, the last promi-
nent and pointed. Proboscis spiral. The an-
tennae are strongly bipectinated in the males,
slightly serrated in the females. The femora
are slightly hairy. Hind tibias with two pairs
of spurs. Nervures 3 and 4, 6 and 7 of the
fore wings are separate, 8 and g rise by a
common stalk from 7, 10 is next to 7 in most
of the species, but in fasciolaria forms a short

stem rising from 11; 11 is the subcostal ner-
vure, I a has a bare groove at the base in the
male. Nervures la and ib of the hind wings
are close together, the former running to the
middle of the inner margin and the latter into
the anal angle ; 2 and 4 are separate, 6 and 7
rise from a point or are stalked (fasciolaria),
nervure 5 is absent.

F. fasciolaria, Hufn. is pale yellow, the
fore wings with two, the hind wings with three
confluent reddish brown transverse bands, a
narrow band on the hind margin and fringes
finely dark on the nervures. Hind wings with
a white longitudinal streak which is intersected
by the transverse bands. It is found in Eastern
Europe in June.

F. famula, Esp. Fore wings rusty brown;
sprinkled with darker, with four transverse
stripes, the two outer ones being close together;
hind wings orange with two stripes. It is found
in various parts of Central Europe in June.

F. limbaria, Fabr. The Frosted Yellow
is yellow with a black marginal band on all
the wings. The costa of the fore wings is
strongly sprinkled with blackish and the hind
wings slightly so. It is widely distributed in
Central Europe in May, June and July. The
larva is smooth and green, with a yellow lateral
line. It feeds on broom.

F. roraria, Fabr. is yellow with numerous
black spangles especially on the fore wings,
and more heavy in the male than in the
female. The under side is uniformly sprinkled.
It is found in Central Europe (except the
North-West) and in South-Eastern Europe in
June. The larva is green, here and there
brownish, with four white or yellow dorsal
lines and a white lateral line above the legs,
edged above with darker. It feeds on Genista
and Spartium scoparium. The pupa is shining
dark brown, tapering to the end, and is sub-
terranean.

Genus Ematurga, Led.

Middle-sized moths with the wings shaped
as in the last genus, but without the groove
on the under side of the fore wings in the
males, and without the rod-shaped pectinations
on the male antennae. Nervures 10 and 11 of
the fore wings are connected by an oblique
branch. The only species is: —

212

BRinSH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

E. atomaria, Linn. Tlie Common Heath.
This is dirt)' ochre-yellow, whitish in the
female, with dark specks and irregular trans-
verse spots more or less arranged in bands,
four on the fore wings and two on the hind
wings. There is a central spot on the fore
wings, which is directed obliquely towards the
hinder angle, a sharply defined dark marginal
line and fringes which are dark on the nervures.
It is common in Europe throughout the Sum-
mer, flying in meadows. The larva is light
brown with a dark dorsal line, triangular spots
of the same colour on the sides, a light lateral
line above the legs spotted with darker, and
black-edged spiracles. It feeds on various low
plants. The pupa is brown, tapering behind,
and forms an earthy cocoon.

Genus Bupalus, Leach.

Middle-sized moths, with the two sexes
very differently coloured and marked. The
males are slender and the females stout. The
wings are expanded, with rounded apices, finely
scaled; the fore wings somewhat e.xcavated at
the costa, with convex hind margins, and with
a bare groove at the base on the imder side
in the males. Body, legs and palpi with
smooth hair, the latter short and slender. Pro-
boscis spiral. Antennae in the male plumose,
with long ciliated pectinations, reaching to the
tip, ciliated in the female. Hind tibiag with
two pairs of spurs. Nervures 3 and 4 of the
fore wings rise from a point, 6 and 7 are
separate; 8 and 9 have a stalk from 7, 10 rises
close to 7 and is connected with 11 by a short
oblique branch close to its origin. Nervures
3 and 4, and 6 and 7 of the hind wings are
separate; 5 is very slender. The moths hold
their wings upright when at rest. The only
species is: —

B. piniarius, Linn. The Bordered White.
PI. XXX. fig. 5 (male). The female is dirty
ochre-yellow and varies much in its markings.
The moth is common in fiir woods in most
parts of Europe in May and June. The larva
is green with a white dorsal and yellow lateral
line and another above the legs. It feeds on
fir and pine. The pupa is shining light brown
with greenish wing-cases and a conical bifid
extremity. It hibernates under moss at the
foot of the trees.

Genus Selidosema, Habn.

This agrees with the last genus in size,
shape of the wings, arrangement of the scales,
and in general appearance, but is distinguished
by the following characters: — The antennae
are bare at the tips in the males; the palpi
are stronger, thickly scaled, and project hori-
zontally over the front. The wings and fringes
are shining, the latter broad and without
markings, those of the hind wings slightly
waved. The arrangement of the nervures is as
in Boarmia, and there is a bare groove at the
base of the fore wings in the males. The
wings are kept flat when at rest and not closed.
The only British species is: —

S. ericetaria, ViU. The Bordered Grey.
PI. XXX. fig. 6. is grey, thickly sprinkled
with brown, darkest in the marginal area,
w^ith three indistinct transverse lines, often
only indicated by dark spots on the costa.
The central spot of the fore wings is covered
by the middle transverse line. Hind wings
with a central dot. The female is much rarer
than the male, smaller and yellowish brown
with narrower wings. All the wings are dull
yellow beneath, heavily dusted with darker,
and with a dark marginal band. It is found
throughout the greater part of Central and
Eastern Europe in July. The larva is ashy
grey with a light -coloured head streaked
with brown and white incisions. It feeds on
low plants such as Dorycnium pciitaphyUum,
clover, etc.

Genus Halia, Dup.

Middle-sized, slender moths, with short,
broad wings, the fore wings obtusely tipped,
with the hinder angle rounded, and a long
inner margin, in consequence of which the
hind margin is nearly straight. The hind
wings are rounded. In the males there is a
small bare groove at the base of the fore wings
beneath. The palpi project beyond the front ;
they are raised with a short obtuse terminal
segment. Proboscis spiral. The antennae of
the males are shortly and strongly pectinated,
serrated at the tips. In the females they are
serrated. The body and legs are clothed with
smooth hair and the posterior tibiae have two
pairs of spines. Nervures 3 and 4, and 6 and
7 of the fore wings are separate; S and 9 rise

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

by a common stem from 7; 10 rises from it
also; II and 12 lie side b}- side, close together,
and in tvavaria they are connected. Nervures
3 and 4 and 6 and 7 of the hind wings are
separate, and 5 is slender and hardly visible.
The wings are kept flat when at rest.

H. wavaria, Linn. The V Moth. PI.
XXX. fig. 7. is common in gardens through-
out Europe in July. The larva is bluish green
with black warts 'and short hairs. It has a
broad pale yellow lateral and a double fine
white dorsal line. It lives on gooseberry and
currant in May and June. The pupa is red-
dish brown, thick in front with a terminal
point. It forms a fine cocoon on the ground.

H. brunneata, Thunb. The Rannoch
Geometer is ochre-yellow tinged witli rose-
colour. Fore wings with three or four parallel
transverse lines; tliese are distinct in the female,
but faint in the male, and are expanded into
spots on the costa, and the third is slightly
macular in front. The marginal line is in-
complete and darker. The fringes are chequered,
the hind wings with two or three usually in-
distinct transverse lines. The marginal line
and fringes are as on the fore wings. Under
side as above, but with the transverse lines
more prominent. It is widely distributed in
Central and Northern Europe in July, and is
found at Rannoch in Scotland. The larva is
violet, with a few white dorsal lines and a
broad yellow lateral line. The head, belly,
and legs are flesh-coloured. It feeds on bil-
berry ( Vaccinhim uligiiwsiiin). The pupa is
subterranean.

Genus Diastictis, Hiibn.

]\Iiddle-sized moths with pointed, waved
wings, but otherwise like the last genus in
appearance. Palpi horizontal and prominent,
front with a horizontal pointed crest. Proboscis
spiral; eyes large. Antennse with moderately
long ciliated pectinations in the male, dimin-
ishing in length towards the tip, serrated in
the female. The hind tibiae have two pairs
of spurs. The only species is: —

D. artesiaria, W. V. This is ashy grey,
fineh- dusted with brown. Fore wings with
two straight transverse lines, the anterior line
and the central shade being indistinct, and the
posterior finely double, filled out with yellowish.

There is a dark central spot and a dark mar-
ginal area. Near the apex is a small dark
spot, there is a slight submarginal line and
a scarcel}^ darker marginal line. The fringes
are without markings. Nervures i to 4 are
yellowish. The hind wings are darker towards
the hind margins with a faint central spot
and an indistinct central line. It is found in
July in Central Europe except the North-West,
but is not common. The larva is bluish green
with fine white longitudinal lines and a yellow
lateral one. It feeds on willow. The bright
dark brown pupa is enclosed between leaves
which have been spun together.

Genus Phasiane, Dup.

Middle-sized, slender moths with broad,
almost rectangular fore wings, rounded at the
hinder angle ; and rounded hind wings, without
a groove in the males. Body, legs, and palpi
smoothly scaled, the last with a short obtuse
terminal joint which only slightly projects.
The antennae are setiform in both sexes, or
notched in the male [glarearia). Hind tibiae
with two pairs of spurs. Nervures 3 and 4,
and 6 and 7 of all the wings are separate,
8 and g have a stalk rising from 7, 10 rises
from the front border of the discoidal cell.
Nervure 5 of the hind wings is wanting.

P. petraria, Hiibn. The Brown Silver
Line is pale grey tinged with reddish. Fore
wings with the hind margin slightly waved
below the apex, with two straight parallel,
fine sharply defined dark transverse lines,
edged with white towards the base and not
extending to the costa. There is a central
spot. The submarginal line is slightly sinuated,
white somewhat suffused with darker towards
the base. There is a dark marginal line and
banded fringes. The hind wings are rather
paler and more heavily dusted towards the
hind margins. The posterior transverse line
is only indicated by a faint dark central spot.
The marginal line and fringes are as on the
fore wings. It is common in Central and
Southern Europe from May to July. The
larva is olive-green with double longitudinal
chocolate-brown lines, one pair on the back
and three pairs on the sides. The spiracles
are black with a pale line below them. It
feeds on fern [Pteris aquilina).

14'

214

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

P. glarearia, \V. V. is yellowish white,
heavily dusted with brown, the fore wings
with three, the hind wings with two indefinite
olive-green transverse lines, and a marginal
Hne of dark lunules between the nervures.
Antennae notched in the male, with cihated
tufts. It is local in dry hilly places in Central
and Southern Europe in May, June and July.
The larva feeds on Lathyrus pratensia.

P. clathrata, Linn. The Latticed Heath
is white or yellowish, the fore wings with four
and the hind wings with three black irregular
transverse bands and thick black nervures, so
that the whole surface has a glistening appear-
ance. The marginal line is black and the
fringes are broadly black on the nervures.
The separate segments of the dark abdomen
are finely edged with lighter. It is common
in meadows throughout the greater part of
Europe, in Summer. The larva is dark green
with three fine dark lines on the back, a broad
white line on the sides, and white-bordered
spiracles. On the belly there are some light
longitudinal lines. It lives on various low
plants. The pupa is shining dark brown, with
black wing-cases and a terminal point. It is
subterranean.

Genus Eubolia, Boisd.

Small moths having the same appearance
as the last genus but distinguished by the
palpi, which are pointed and project horizontally
for the length of the head and by the small
bare groove near the base of the fore wings
on the under side in the males. The antennae
are shortly pectinated in the males, and only
serrated at the tips; they are setiform in the
females. Nervures 3 and 4 are separate, 6
and 7 rise from a point, 8 and 9 of the fore
wings rise by a stalk from 7, 10 touches this
stalk and 11 is the costal nervure. Nervure 5
of the hind wings is wanting.

E. murinaria, W. V. is brown, thickly
sprinkled with darker. Fore wings with two
dark transverse lines, lightest in the central
area, and darkest in the marginal area. There
is a central shade containing a central spot.
The darkest part of the wings is behind the
transverse line in cell 3. The marginal line
has black dots between the nervures. Tlie
fringes are without markings. Hind wings

with a central spot and posterior transverse
line; the marginal line and fringes as on
the fore wings. It is common in many parts
of Central Europe in April and May and again
in July and August.

Genus Scodiona, Boisd.

Stout middle-sized moths with expanded
triangular fore wings with slightly convex hind
margins, somewhat rounded angles, and rounded
hind wings, which are longer than they are
broad. The males have not got the small
groove on the under side of the fore wings.
Front, thorax, and femora thickly covered with
fine wool; palpi short and raised, but not
projecting beyond the head. Proboscis spiral.
Antennae stout in the males, with closely
placed pectinations, projecting downwards
and gradually shortened towards the extremity;
in the females they are obtuse and serrated.
Hind tibias considerably longer than the femora,
in the males nearly twice as long, with two
pairs of spurs. Nervures 3 and 4, and 6 and
7 are separate ; 8 and g of the fore wings rise
by a stalk from 7, and 11 and 12 touch one
another. Nervure 5 of the hind wings is very
slender. The females are smaller than the
males, more sluggish and conceal themselves
more closely, whilst the males can be more
easily disturbed and caught.

S. belgaria, Hiibn. The Grey Scalloped
Bar is pale grey, dusted with darker. Fore
wings with two nearly black transverse lines
converging on the inner margin, the anterior
of which is finely zigzag and the posterior
curved and continued on the hind wings.
There is a distinct dark central spot. It is
common in Central Europe from May to July.
The larva is wrinkled on the sides, with two
small warts on the back of each segment and
a fleshy pointed hook on the last segment. It
is ashy grey with a darker dorsal line and
black lateral streaks, indistinct in front. It
feeds on heath. The pupa is shining brown
with two small humps at the end, and has a
slight cocoon on the ground.

S. conspersaria, W. V. is white, dusted
with redtlish brown, the fore wings with two
(tlie hind wings with one) transverse lines,
formed of large spots, the posterior running
parallel with the unspotted hind margin and

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

215

expanded into spots in cell la of the fore
wings. There is a large central spot and
light and dark brown fringes. It is found in
Southern and South-Central Europe in July.
The larva is white and brown, passing into
violet, with three brown sinuated lateral lines
and a white spiny hump on the last segment.
It feeds on meadow sage.

Genus Cleogene, Boisd.

Middle-sized, slender unicolorous moths, not
darkly dusted, with the fore wings narrow at
the base, expanded externally, pointed, with
slightly convex margins and a rounded hinder
angle. The males are without a groove. The
hind wings are rounded, least at the costa,
and are slightly contracted on the hind margin
between nervures 4 and 6. The body is
smoothly scaled ; the palpi erect and projecting
slightly beyond the head. Antennae slender
with fine pectinations in the males, diminish-
ing towards the tip; slightly serrated in the
females. Legs thin, hind tibiae with two
pairs of spurs. Nervures 3 and 4, 6 and 7 of
the fore wings are separate, 8 and 9 rise in
a stalk from 7, 10 is next to 7, and touches
the stalk of 8 and 9; 11 touches 12 and closely
approaches 10. Nervures 3 and 4, 6 and 7
of the hind wings are separate, the latter very
close to one another; 5 is slender; and 8 lies
on half of the anterior border of the discoidal
cell.

C. lutearia, Fabr. is bright ochre-yellow,
with blackish antennse. The male flies in
meadows in the day-time, whilst the female
remains hidden in the grass. It is found in
the Alps, especially at Valais and Piedmont.

C. niveata. Scop, is white, thickly dusted
with pale brownish especially on the costa
and on the nervures of the fore wings, with
a dark marginal line. It is found in Alpine
meadows in Switzerland and Austria.

Genus Scoria, Steph.

Large slender, unicolorous white moths
with expanded triangular fore wings, and
straight-margined hind wings, with strongly
projecting rounded apices. Thorax smooth
and hairy. Palpi with a pointed terminal seg-
ment, projecting horizontally; proboscis spiral.
Antennas simply setiform in both sexes, and

very shortly ciliated in the males. Legs long
and thin, the hind tibiae witli two pairs of
spurs. Nervures 3 and 4, 6 and 7 of the fore
wings are separate; 8 and g rise in a stalk
from 7; and 10 touches the stalk; 11 and 12
are separate. Nervures 3 and 4 of the hind
wings are separate; 6 and 7 rise from a point;

5 is very slender and 8 is free at the base.
The only species is: — •

S. lineata. Scop. The Black-veined Moth.
This is white, with the subcostal nervure at the
base, a few spots near the apex on the fringes
and the antennae black. It is found through-
out the greater part of Europe except the
North in June and July. The larva is thick-
ened posteriorly and ends in a point. It is
yellowish or grey with a dark brown dorsal
line, a few black spots beside it, and a wrinkled
indistinct lateral line. There are two dark
stripes on the head. It feeds on plantain and
other low plants. The pupa is yellowish,
darker in front and behind, with two crooked
hooks on the cephalic extremity and a simple
anal point. It forms on the food plant a whit-
ish cocoon similar to that of the Zygmiida,

Genus Aspilates, Treit.

Middle-sized moths with triangular, some-
what convex fore wings rather produced and
pointed at the apex, but rounded at the hinder
angle. The hind wings are expanded and
rounded. There is no groove on the under side
of the wings of the males. Body with depressed
scales; thorax smoothly hairy; palpi slender
and projecting horizontally, thin; proboscis
spiral. The antennae of the males have a thick
shaft and closely-set pectinations, gradually
diminishing in length towards the end; in the
females they are serrated. The hind tibiae
have two pairs of spurs. Nervures 3 and 4,

6 and 7 of the fore wings are separate, 8 and
9 rise in a stem from 7, and 10 touches the
stem. Nervures 3 and 4 of the hind wings
are separate; 6 and 7 are separate or rise
from a point (gilvaria). When at rest the
wings lie horizontally upon one another. The
females are stouter and more sluggish than
the males.

A. gilvaria, W. V. The Straw Belle
is straw-coloured, sparsely dusted with brown,
with a brown central dot on all the wings and

2l6

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

a dark straight transverse line running from
the apex beyond the middle of the inner
margin, which is indistinct on the hind wings.
It is found in Central Europe in June. The
larva is greenish, darker on the belly with
dark incisions and a white lateral line with
two red ones below it. It feeds on yarrow
{Achillea) and Sarothamnns, etc. The pupa has
a slight cocoon on the ground.

A. ochrearia, Rossi. The Yellow Belle
is yellowish slightly dusted with grey. There
are two dark transverse lines on the fore wings,
the anterior of which is curved and slightly
serrated, and the posterior somewhat bent
and more oblique, and continued on the hind
wings. There is a dark central spot. It is
found in Southern and Western Europe in
!May and August. The larva is whitish with
a slight reddish tinge, with two reddish grey
lines on the back and one on the sides, as
well as two spines on the terminal segment.
It feeds on yarrow.

A. strigillaria, Hiibn. The Grass Wave
is light grey heavily dusted with brown or
yellowish grey. Fore wings with three, hind
wings with two mere or less distinct parallel
transverse lines curved towards the hind mar-
gins. There is a dark marginal line on all
the wings, which is strongly curved inwards
between nervures 4 and 6 of the hind wings,
and the fringes are banded with darker. It is
common in Central Europe in June and July.
The larva is light grey with a paler dorsal
stripe, bordered with a black zigzag line and
expanded into black spots on each segment.
There is a brown lateral stripe and two white
lateral spots in front, and an obtuse hump on
each segment. It feeds on broom and hiber-
nates. The pupa is slender, reddish brown
with greenish wing-cases, and forms a cocoon
on the ground. The variety grisearia, Stand,
is lighter with dark streaks. It is found in
Saxony, Pomerania, etc., but is scarcer than
the type.

Genus Aplasia, Hiibn.

Small uniformly coloured moths, dusted with
darker, with rounded wings, and slightly jiro-
jecting angles, and a slender body. Palpi
curved, with depressed scales, slightly pro-
jecting beyond the head and with a short

tapering terminal segment. Proboscis spiral.
Antennae thick, setiform, and very slightly
ciliated in the male. Hind tibiae with two
pairs of short spurs. Nervures 3 and 4 are
separate; 6 and 7 of the fore wings rise from
a point, S rises from 7, g from 8; 10 is free,
forms the subcostal nervure, touches the fork
of 7 and 8 and is connected with the anterior
edge of the discoidal cell; 11 has only a short
stalk running from 10 to the costa. Nervures
6 and 7 of the hind wings are stalked, 8 lies
at first on the anterior edge of the discoidal
cell, whilst 5 is as thick as the others. The
only species is: —

A. ononaria, Fuessl. The Rest-harrow
Moth. This is yellowish thickly dusted with
reddish brown, with a reddish purple indistinct
marginal band and generally a faint transverse
band, most distinct near the base of the fore
wings. There is a central spot on all the
wings, more distinct on the under side. It is
found in Central and Southern Europe from
May to July, and has been taken at Folkestone.
The larva is short, fusiform, pale dirty green,
dotted with black and covered with short
grey hair, with a row of black dots on the
back and a yellow waved lateral line. It
feeds on rest-harrow {Ononis). The pupa is
greenish yellow with brownish wing-cases, and
a white cocoon.

Genus Lythria, Hiibn.

Small moths with short triangular hind
wings, with rectangular apices and anal angle,
with the apex produced so that the hind mar-
gin appears almost straight. Palpi drooping
with a tapering projecting terminal segment.
Proboscis stout. Antennae with long thin
ciliated pectinations in the males, which cease
before the tip, setiform in the females. Legs
short, hind tibias one -third as long as the
femora, with two pairs of spurs. Nervure 2
of the fore wings rises from the middle of
tlie inner margin, 3 in front of, 4 from the
lower angle, and 6 from the upper angle of
the discoidal cell; 7 and 11 rise from the tip
of the undivided appendicular cell; 8 from the
middle of 7, 9 and 10 in succession from 8,
and 12 runs free to the subcostal nervure.
Nervure la of tlic hind wings terminates close
to the base, ib on the inner margin in the

PLATE XXVI I.

a'

- A\. . -

'■-■:,:■■ ■•'•*■

1. Xylina I'uriiltra. 2. Calocampa vclusla. 2a. Lana. 3. CucuUia verbasci, 3a. Lan'a.

4. Cucullia umbratica. 5. Plusia illustris, 5a. Lana. 6. Plusia chrysitis. 7. Plusia gamma.

H. -Anarta mjtilli. g. Chariclea delpliinii. 10. Euclidia mi.

British antt European Biitterfltes and Moths.

BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERELIES AXD MOTHS.

ana! angle; 3 and 4 are separate, 6 and 7 have
a short stalk, 2 rises from the middle of the
inner border, and 8 from the anterior border
of the discoidal cell.

L. purpuraria, Linn. The Purple-barred
Yellow is very variable in colour and markings.
Fore wings olive-green, usually dark ochre-
yellow in the female, with two purplish-red
transverse lines, the anterior of which is more
or less marginal, the posterior straight, and
either simple, double, or forked in front. There
is a purple marginal line and purple fringes.
Hind wings dark ochre-yellow, with olive-
green inner margins, a purple central band
and a marginal line and fringes of the same
colour. The body is heavily dusted with black.
It is common in most parts of Europe in July
and August. The larva is rose-coloured above
with a light dorsal stripe and green beneath,
and constricted in the incisions. It feeds on
Ruinex acetosella and other low plants.

Genus Ortholitha, Hubn.

Middle-sized, slender moths with broad
wings, narrower at the base. Fore wings with
sharp, slightly projecting apices, convex hind
margins and slightly rounded hinder angles.
Hind wings with the costa one-third as long
as the inner margin. Body and legs with
depressed scales, palpi raised, and projecting
slightly beyond the flat front, with a horizontal
somewhat pointed terminal joint. Proboscis
spiral. Antennae with very short depressed
pectinations which do not reach to the tip,
setiform in the females. Hind tibiae with two
pairs of spurs. Fore wings with an appendicular
cell, divided by a transverse nervure and with
the outer half projecting beyond the discoidal
cell. Nervure 6 rises from its inner, 11 from
its outer border; 7 and 8 rise together from
the tip, 9 and 10 in succession from 8. Ner-
vures 3 and 4 of the hind wings are widely
separated; 6 and 7 are stalked. The transverse
nervure is angularly interrupted on the inner
side, and the lower angle of the discoidal cell
is longer than the upper.

O. coarctaria, W. V. is violet-grey. The
fore wings with two rather straight transverse
lines broadly edged with brown on both sides,
a dark central area, a somewhat faint sub-
marginal line, and a dark marginal line. The

apex is rather imperfectly divided with darker.
Hind wings with a light central band, edged
on both sides with darker, and a dark marginal
line and fringes. It is found in some parts of
Southern and South-Central Europe, flying in
open grassy places in July.

O. plumbaria, Fabr. The Belle. Fore
wings bluish grey with two or three nearly
straight rusty red transverse lines, bordered
with deep yellow on both sides; the tips are
divided by a similar line. There is a faint sub-
marginal line, a dark central spot and darker
marginal line, which is partially interrupted.
Fringes dark in their basal half. Hind wings
pale grey, darker towards the hind margins,
with an indistinct lighter central band. The
marginal line is complete and the fringes
chequered, darker in their basal half. It is
common in Central and Southern Europe in
May, and again in July and August. The larva
is dirty yellow with a few longitudinal rows of
dark grey dots, three fine dark lateral lines, and
two dark grey longitudinal lines on the belly.
It feeds on heath (Calluiin), clover, and broom,
and hibernates. The pupa is dark brown
with darker nervures on the wing-cases. It is
situated on the food plant, between closely
connected leaves.

O. cervinata, W. V. The Mallow Moth
is pale rust-colour, with fine waved lines, with
the central area and the outer half of the
marginal area darker, and frequently the base
of the fore wings also. Fore wings with three
fine white curved transverse lines edged on
both sides with darker, and a fine white zigzag
submarginal and a. dark marginal line. The
apex is divided by an indistinct line and the
fringes are banded with lighter and darker.
Hind wings paler, with a faint dark central
line, and a distinct submarginal line. It is
found in Central Europe in July and August.
The larva is pale green with numerous hairy
warts and yellowish transverse folds. It feeds
on mallow. The pupa is small, shining dark
brown with two short terminal points. It is
enclosed in a slight cocoon on the food plant.

O. limitata. Scop. The Small Mallow
Moth. PI. XXX. fig. 8. is common in meadows
in Europe in July and August. The larva is
yellowish green and feeds on grass.

O. mceniata, Scop. The Fortified Carpet.

2l8

BRITISH AND EUROPE AX BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

Fore wings shining violet-grey, with a dark
central area, blackish brown in the marginal
half, with a broad angle projecting considerably
at nerviire 3, a few black transverse lines and
two central dots, bounded on both sides by
fine transverse lines, one of which is some-
times yellow. The apices are divided by a dark
line and there is an indistinct submarginal
line. The marginal line is formed of oblique
streaks. The fringes are banded. Hind wings
pale brownish grey with a posterior transverse
band composed of several transverse lines,
projecting outwards considerably on nervure 3.
Marginal area darker than the fore wings
but similarly marked. It is found in Central
and Southern Europe in Summer. The larva
varies from grey to blackish with dark speckles,
longitudinal lines, short hairs on black warts,
and a light lateral line between the black
spiracles and the legs. It feeds on broom.
The pupa is dark j'ellowish brown dotted
with darker, with light incisions in the middle
of the abdomen, a brown tail and two crooked
terminal spines surrounded by small hairs.

O. bipunctaria, W. V. The Chalk Carpet
is very variable, both in colour and markings.
Fore wings reddish ashy grey, strongly waved,
with a brown zigzag central area, curved
towards the hind margin, containing a double
central spot. The central area is bounded on
each side by two light transverse waved bands,
sometimes dark, with an indistinct dark line
through the apex, and a somewhat faint. curved
submarginal line shaded with darker towards
the base. The marginal line is composed of
dark spots, closer together on the nervures.
The fringes are banded and somewhat waved.
The hind wings are paler, rather darker to-
wards the hind margins, with a very indistinct
posterior transverse line. The marginal line
and fringes are as on the fore wings. It is
found in woods and meadows in some parts of
Central and Southern Europe in Summer.
The larva is clay-colour with dark longitudinal
lines and black hairy warts. It feeds on various
low plants.

Genus l\!lesotype, Hiibn.

Small moths with wings of the same shape
as in the last genus, but differing in the follow-
ing characters: — The front is vertical, the palpi

drooping and the antennae are shortly ciliated
in the males. Fore wings with a small un-
divided appendicular cell, from the tip of which
nervures 8 and 11 rise; 9 and 10 rise one
behind the other from 8; 3 and 4 rise almost
in a point from the lower angle of the dis-
coidal cell; 6 and 7 by a very long stalk from
the upper angle. Nervures 3 and 4 of the
hind wings are widely separated, 6 and 7 are
stalked. The transverse nervure is angularly
interrupted on the inner side, and the lower
angle of the discoidal cell is longer than the
upper. The only species is: —

M. virgata, Hufn. The Oblique-striped
Moth. This is pale ashy grey; fore wings with
a dark base, the dark central band finely edged
with white on the sides remote from one an-
other, almost uniformh' broad, and marked with
dark yellowish-brown transverse stripes on the
borders. There is a central spot and a dark
line dividing the apex, a similar marginal line
and darklj^ banded fringes. Hind wdngs some-
what paler, with a light posterior transverse
band and an indistinct submarginal line. The
marginal line and fringes are as on the fore
wings. It is local throughout Europe in April
and May, and again in Jul3^ The larva is
slender, reddish brown with dark incisions
and a broad light yellow lateral line above the
legs. It feeds on Galium. The pupa is dark
brown, thickened in front and tapering to a
point behind.

Genus Minoa, Boisd.

Small delicate moths, without markings,
finely scaled, with the wdngs shaped as in
Lythria. The front is vertical, the palpi very
slender, drooping and not projecting beyond
the front ; proboscis spiral. Antennae setiform,
and very shortly ciliated in the males. Fore
wings with a divided appendicular cell, from
the tip of which rises 7, 8 rises from 7, and
II from the costa; 9 and 10 rise one behind
the other from 8. The rest of the nervures are
as in Lythria. The only species is: —

M. murinata, Scop. The Drab Geometer.
This varies in colour from red to yellowish
grey (var. monochroaria, Herr.-Schaff. and
var. cinerearia, Boisd.), with a silky shine
but no markings. It is common in Central
and Southern Europe in May and June, and

BRiriSH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AKD MOTHS.

219

again in August and September. The larva
is contracted, generally yellowisli green; hairy
with black and white dots, larger on the last
segments, and a black dorsal line. It feeds
on spurge. The pupa has a fine cocoon on
the ground.

Genus Odezia, Boisd.

Slender middle-sized moths, with broad
rounded black wings, setiform antennae, coar-
sely haired palpi, as long again as the head,
and a strong proboscis. The antennas of the
males are thick and shortly ciliated. Hind
tibiae with two pairs of spurs. The appen-
dicular cell of the fore wings is undivided;
nervure 6 rises from the inner, 11 from the
anterior border, of the appendicular cell; 7, 8
and ID rise in a point from its tip, g from
8, and 3 and 4 are separate. Nervures 3 and
4 of the hind wings rise separately; 6 and 7
are stalked, and 8 lies on the anterior edge
of the discoidal cell to near its end. They fly
on mountain pastures in the day-time.

O. atrata, Linn. The Chimney Sweeper.
PI. XXX. fig. 9. is common in meadows in
Central and Northern Europe in June and
July. The larva is slender, velvety green and
without markings. It feeds on Cliarophyllum
sylvestre. The pupa has a slight cocoon.

O. tibiale, Esp. is black with a white
band on the fore wings. It is scarce in the
mountains of South-Central Europe and North-
Eastern Germany in July. The larva feeds
on Actaa spicata.

Genus Lithostege, Hubn.

Slender middle-sized moths, with somewhat
pointed fore wings, narrow at the base, but
much expanded externall}', and rounded at
the hinder angle. The hind wings are narrow
with a very small appendicular membrane at
the base of the inner margin in the males.
Front somewhat globular. Palpi covered with
coarse projecting scales, and slightly projecting
horizontally beyond the front. Antennae seti-
form, very shortly ciliated in the males. Front
femora thick and rather crooked, tibiae with a
strong terminal claw, the posterior pair with
two pairs of spurs. Fore wings with a divided
appendicular cell, projecting far beyond the
discoidal cell, from the tip of which nervures

7 and 8 rise in a point. From the inner border
of the appendicular cell, close to the anterior
angle of the discoidal cell, rises nervure 6, 11
from the anterior border, and g and 10 rise
successively from 8. Hind wings without an
internal nervure in the males, but with a small
appendicular membrane instead. Nervure 2
rises from the discoidal cell behind the middle
of the inner margin, 3 and 4 wide apart, the
former running towards the anal angle; 6 and
7 are shortly stalked and 8 rises just in front
of the end of the discoidal cell. In the females
there is an internal nervure close to the inner
margin, and terminating at its middle third;
nervure 2 runs into the hinder angle and 3
into the hind margin; all the others are as
in the males. They fly in the day-time or at
dusk, and when at rest have the wings sloping.

L. griseata, W. V. is pale grey, thickly
dusted with yellowish-brown, with a dark line
dividing the apex of the fore wings, some-
times continued over the whole surface. It
is found in Central and Southern Europe in
May and July.

L. farinata, Hufn. The Snowy Carpet
is pearly white, with the fore wings finely
dusted with bluish-grey. It is scarce in Central
Europe in June and July.

Genus Anaitis, Dup.

Rather large moths, somewhat resembling
the Pyralidai in appearance, with broad fore
wings, narrow at the base, and strongly pro-
jecting at the apex; and broad expanded hind
wings more rounded at the anal angle than
at the apex. Body long and slender; palpi
coarsely scaled, and projecting beyond the
head. Front somewhat flat, usually with a
small crest overlapping the palpi. Proboscis
long and stout. Antennae setiform, shortly
ciliated in the males. Front tibiae with a strong
terminal claw [plagiata and prafovmata). Hind
tibiae with two pairs of spurs. Males with
a long anal tuft. The arrangement of the
nervures is as in the last genus. They fly in
the day-time in meadows, and have the wings
sloping when at rest.

A. plagiata, Linn. The Treble-bar. Fore
wings bluish grey with a rusty brown trans-
verse line near the base, expanded into spots
on the costa, and two transverse bands

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

composed of three or four similar lines, the
anterior being spotted with dark brown on
the costa and in the middle and the posterior
only in front; the latter has an angular pro-
jection in cell 3 and on nervure 6. Midwa}^
between the bands there is a dark oblique
streak. There is a rusty brown line dividing
the apex, a distinct submarginal line, bordered
on the inner side by a number of dark trans-
verse lines, and a dark marginal line expanded
into spots on the nervures. The fringes have
a single band and are finely white on the
nervures. Hind wings light grey, darker
towards the hind margin with a faint central
spot, but no other markings. The marginal
hne and fringes are as on the fore wings.
Head and thorax bluish grey with a brown
hind margin to the collar; abdomen light grey.
It is common in meadows and woods through-
out Central Europe from June to August. The
larva is coppery-brown with a dark dorsal and
narrow pale j-ellow lateral line. It feeds on
Hypericum perforatum. Pupa light brown, elong-
ated, with a long proboscis sheath. It is placed
under dried leaves on the ground.

A. praeformata, Hubn. resembles plagiata
but is larger. On each side of the central
area of the fore wings, in their costal half,
is a dark brown band, bounded by two dark
lines, both of which or only the posterior being
intersected by a similar line. Hind wings
lighter than in plagiata. It is found in moun-
tainous districts in Central Europe in July.

A. imbutata, Hubn. The Manchester
Treble-bar. Fore wings bluish ashy grey,
dusted with brown, especially at the base, but
sharply defined near the anterior transverse
band. There are two rusty brown transverse
bands, the posterior of which forms two obtuse
angles towards the hind margin ; corresponding
with this is an indistinct submarginal line
which commences below the apex and is
suffused with reddish on its anterior half, as
far as the posterior transverse line. Above
this is a fine bluish grey streak, with a white
end in the outermost tip of the wings, and
there is a small dark brown spot on the costa.
The black marginal line is somewhat thickened
between the nervures. The fringes are finely
intersected with white on the nervures and
banded through the middle. Hind wings

light brownish with a scarcely perceptible paler
transverse line, a dark marginal line and fringes
which are less sharply defined than on the
fore wings. It is found in mountainous districts
in Central and Northern Europe. The larva
is reddish yellow with three violet stripes on
the back and a yellow one on the sides. It
feeds on cranberry.

Genus Chesias, Treit.

Middle-sized silky scaled moths, with rather
long wings and somewhat angular tips. Fore
wings with a slightly curved costa and a broad
projecting rounded hinder angle. Hind wings
without markings and extending far beyond
the hinder angle of the fore wings. Palpi
coarsely scaled, pendulous, projecting bej'ond
the head. Proboscis spiral. Antennse setiform,
slightly ciliated in the males. Front femora
crooked and thickened, the corresponding tibiae
with terminal claws. Abdomen thickened at
the extremity in the males, and shortly scaled.
Neuration as in the last genus, but less strongly
marked. They sit with the wings covering
the body and are easily disturbed.

C. spartiata, Fuessl. The Streak. Fore
wings bluish grey, with the nervures black
dotted with white in the position of the trans-
verse lines. There are three white longitudinal
spots in the central area, the first of which
extends as a white streak, bordered in front
with tawny, to the apex of the wings, whilst
the two others are tawny and are more or
less complete oval figures. The almost straight
submarginal line, which forms the dark shading
of the white streak, is edged with tawny on
the outer side. The thick black marginal line
is finely interrupted with wliite on the nervures.
The fringes are brown on their basal half,
but much lighter at the apex. Hind wings
brownish grey somewhat darker towards the
hind margins, with pale fringes in the male,
indistinct in the middle and banded with
darker, and with a similarly faint dark mar-
ginal line. Body greyish-yellow, thorax whitish
varied with brownish. It is common in the
South and West of Central Europe, fron^
August to October. The larva is slender,
constricted at the incisions, and somewhat
flattened, with angular sides. It is green with
three whitish longitudinal lines and darker

BRiriSFI AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

incisions. It feeds on broom in May and June.
The pupa is shining brownish red with a semi-
circuhir cavity, bordered witli dark brown on
the abdominal segments, and a bifid tail. It
is subterranean.

G. rufata, Fabr. The Broom Tip. Fore
wings bluish silvery grey, broadly rusty brown
beyond the posterior transverse line as far as
the apex. There are three dark transverse
lines, the anterior of which forms one or two
dentations on the nervures towards the hind
margins, and the middle one, which is double,
four or five. The space between these two
lines is pale tawny. There is a brown line
dividing the ape.x, an almost straight submar-
ginal line, a marginal line composed of black
crescent -shaped spots, and fringes darkly
banded through the middle. Hind wings
j-ellowish grey with light fringes and a faint
dark marginal line. The head and thorax are
grey varied with brown, and the abdomen
yellowish brown. It is found in Central and
Southern Europe in April, May and July, but
is local and not common. The larva is green,
darker on the back, with two points on the
last segment. It feeds on broom.

Genus Lobophora, Curt.

Middle-sized moths resembling Cidaria in
the shape of the fore wings and pattern, but
distinguished by the relatively small hind wings
of the males, which are provided with acces-
sory lobes. The body and legs are covered
with smooth scales, the front femora are not
thickened, and the corresponding tibiae are
without a terminal claw. Proboscis stout,
antennae setiform, shortly ciliated in the males.
Fore wings with a divided appendicular cell,
the outer half of which projects over the dis-
coidal cell, from the inner margin of which
rises nervure 6, from the front margin ii, in
front of the tip 7, and from the tip itself 8
and g. Nervure 10 rises from 9, 7 and S from
a point, and 9 and 10 successively from 8.
On the hind wings the neuration is different
in the two sexes, and in the males varies in
different species. The moths sit on the stems
of trees and on fences in the daytime, with
their wings flat.

L. polycommata, W. \'. The Barred
Tooth-striped Moth is pale }-ellowish grey, the

fore wings with a rust}' brown central area,
which is notched on the costa, and is here
lighter in the middle; the nervures are black
in places, especially in cell ib. The two light
transverse lines, enclosing the central area,
are distinct and double, especially towards
the inner margin. The rather straight sub-
marginal line is shaded with darker on the
inner side, in cells 3 and 4; the dark marginal
line is formed of black spots arranged in pairs,
near the nervures, and bounded by whitish
towards the base. The fringes are unicolorous
in the apical half or more, and darker towards
the base. Hind wings somewhat paler with
a faint posterior transverse band, a dark mar-
ginal line and an indistinct central dot on all
the wings. Abdomen not tufted. It is common
in Central Europe in March and April. The
larva is pale green with a pale yellow lateral
line, and feeds on honeysuckle.

L. carpinata, Borkh. The Early Tooth-
striped Moth is dirty white with a few spots
on the costa of the fore wings. The nervures
are blackish in places, and there are three
irregular blackish transverse lines, an inter-
rupted black marginal line and fringes sprinkled
with darker towards the base. Hind wings
whiter, with a faint dark transverse line towards
the hind margin and a dark marginal line.
The accessory lobes of the male are narrow
and not longer than a third of the length of
the inner margin. Palpi not prominent. Ab-
domen not tufted. It is common in Central
and Northern Europe in April and May. The
larva is dark grass-green on the back, lighter
beneath, with dark transverse incisions and a
yellow lateral line above the legs. It feeds on
Lonicera xylosUum. The pupa is brownish-green
in front, yellowish behind.

L. halterata, Hufn. The Seraphim. Fore
wings greyish white, dusted with black, espe-
cially in the basal area, with three indistinct
j-ellowish transverse lines, an indistinct central
dot, a faint submarginal line, a thick dark,
partially interrupted marginal line and fringes
white at the tips. Hind wings white with a
faint dark marginal line. The accessory lobes
of the male are half the length of the inner
margin, and folded over in the middle. Palpi
not prominent. In the variety zonata, Thunb.
which is found in Switzerland, Austria and

BRITJSH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

Sweden, the fore wings are whitish j-ellow.
It is common in Central and Northern Europe,
in April and May. The larva is green with
a sulphur-j-ellow line on the sides and two
points of the same colour on the last segment.
It feeds on poplar, willow and beech.

L. sexalisata, Hiibn. The Small Seraphim
is greyish brown, the fore wings with three
light transverse lines, almost completely filled
in with reddish brown, the posterior of which
is finely dentated towards the hind margin.
The central area between the two transverse
lines is darker in its costal half, with a black
spot on the central band. There is a fine,
regularly dentated submarginal line, a dark
marginal line, interrupted on the nervures and
.darkest in the basal half and fringes spotted
with darker on the ends of the nervures.
The hind wings are pale greyish-brown with
a faint central dot, a similar marginal line,
and fringes as on the fore wings. The acces-
sory lobes of the male are half the length of
the inner margin. Palpi oblique, prominent
below. It is found in Central and Northern
Europe in May and June. The larva is green-
ish white with three whitish dorsal and an
interrupted lateral line, and two j-ellowish-
green points on the last segment. It feeds on
willows and poplars. The pupa is greenish
brown, with a strong brownish cocoon on the
food-plant.

L. viretata, Hiibn. The Yellow-barred
Brindle. Fore wings moss-green, with fine
whitish transverse lines and a broad black
curved and spotted central area, a fine black
transverse line at the base and a double row
of black dots through the middle of the mar-
ginal area. The marginal line is formed of
black spots, near together on the nervures.
The fringes are pale green. Hind wings
shining light grey with a faint central spot
and marginal line. Palpi projecting far
beyond the head. Abdomen tufted on the
back of each segment. It is found in Central
Europe in April and May. The larva is
greenish yellow, slightly varied with red,
with deep red or brownish red partially con-
fluent spots along the back. It feeds on the
flowers and fruit of Ligustritm vttlgare. The
pupa is thickened in front, light brown, with
a greenish shine.

Genus Cheimatobia, Steph.

Slender middle-sized moths with silky
scales, with the wings narrow at the base
and broad and rounded at the extremity. They
are grey or yellowish, and the hind wings are
without markings. Palpi very short and
slender, drooping; proboscis spiral; antennae
with long cilia in the males. Legs long and
slender, the hind pair with two pairs of spurs;
the females have only fringed rudiments of
wings. Fore wings with a very long and
narrow undivided appendicular cell in the
males; nervure 6 rises from the middle of the
inner margin and 8 and lo from its extremity.
Nervure 7 rises in front of 8, 11 just behind
8, and 9 from 8. The submedian nervure of
the hind wings is close to the inner margin
at the anal angle, nervures 3 and 4 are sepa-
rate, and 6 and 7 have a long stalk. They
fly at night late in the Autumn, and sit on
the trunks of trees, old fences, etc., in the
day-time.

C. brumata, Linn. The Winter Moth.
PI. XXX. Male fig. 10. Female loa. This moth
is common in gardens and parks in Central
and Northern Europe from October to De-
cember. The larva is light or dark green with
a few whitish longitudinal lines, black spiracles
and a green head. It lives on all kinds of
trees, but is most destructive to fruit trees,
the buds and flowers of which it spins together.
The pupa is yellowish brown with two termi-
nal points curved outwards. It has an oval
cocoon underground.

C. boreata, Hiibn. The Northern Winter
Moth. Wings narrower in the male, greyish-
white, varied with pale yellowish brown, espe-
cially on the nervures of the fore wings.
There are three double transverse lines on the
fore wings and a dark transverse nervure in
the discoidal cell. The fringes are darkly
dotted with darker at the base. Hind wings
paler, without markings, and with the fringes
as on the fore wings. The female is lighter
than that of brumata, and the rudiments of
wings have a whitish transverse line. It is
common in woods and gardens in Central
Europe in October and November. The larva
is similar to that of the last species but has
a brown head. It feeds on birch, and other
trees.

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

223

Genus Triphosa, Steph.

Large greenish brown moths with a sillvy
lustre and broad wings with delicate nervures.
The fore wings have pointed tips, slightly
convex waved hind margins and obtuse hinder
angles; the hind wings have a straight almost
rectangular inner margin, projecting far beyond
the abdomen, and a convex, strongly zigzag
hind margin. The front is somewhat raised,
the palpi tapering and projecting horizontally
above it. Proboscis spiral; antennae setiform:
abdomen with a thick anal tuft in the males.
Legs thick. The hind tibiae with two pairs
of spurs. Neuration as in Cidaria.

T. dubitata, Linn. The Tissue Moth.
Fore wings bronze-colour, with several dark
waved transverse lines as far as the waved
central band, which is darker at the edges
and on the nervures, and projects outwards
on nervure 6 in an obtuse angle. There are
also a few dark waved lines in the marginal
area as far as the finely curved yellowish
white submarginal line, which is somewhat
expanded towards the hinder angle. There is
a black marginal line. The fringes are long
and finely yellowish white at the base, darkest
through the middle. Hind wings paler, spotted
alternately with lighter and darker on the
nervures, with a few indistinct curved lines,
a distinct submarginal line, a sharply zigzag
marginal line and fringes as on the fore wings.
The variety cinereata, Steph. is a smaller and
paler form of the male sometimes met with
in Britain. The type is common throughout
Europe in May and in July and August. The
larva is green with four yellow dorsal Hues,
the two middle ones most distinct, and a
narrow yellow lateral line above the spiracles,
extending to the anal plate. It feeds between
the leaves of Rhamnus cathavtictis in June and
July. The pupa is reddish brown, short and
thickened.

Genus Eucosmia, Steph.

Rather large moths with the same shape
and pattern as the last genus, except that the
hind wings are not so deeply dentated, and
more sinuated on the margins, with a close
tuft of hair on nervure ib in the males beyond
the middle.

E. certata, Hubn. The Scarce Tissue

resembles T. dubitata, esj^ecially in the female,
but differs in the following details: — Wings
rusty brown with three transverse bands, the
anterior of which is distinctly edged with
lighter towards the hind margin, and the two
others which bound the central area are simi-
larly edged on the sides remote from one
another. The posterior with two projections,
but not more prominent, on nervure 6. Hind
wings somewhat lighter than the fore wings,
with distinct transverse lines and a slightly
deeper zigzag hind margin than in T. dubi-
tata, but with a similar submarginal line and
fringes. The male has a short crooked tuft
on each side of the last segment but one of
the abdomen. It is common in Central and
Southern Europe in April and May, and again
in July. The larva is bluish grey on the back
with three darker dorsal lines, light grey on
the sides with orange spots. It feeds on bar-
berry. The pupa is light reddish brown, short
and thickened at the end.

E. undulata, Linn. The Scallop Shell
is light brown, the fore wings, as far as the
submarginal line, with fine waved alternating
dark brown and white transverse lines. There
is also a narrow central area with a black
central spot, a very indistinct marginal line
and fringes spotted with white. Hind wings
with a dark central spot and from this to the
hind margin with uniform somewhat lighter
transverse lines. The marginal line and other
markings are as on the fore wings. It is
common in Central and Northern Europe in
May and July. The larva is contracted, reddish
brown, sparsely covered with short bristles,
with a flesh-coloured lateral line, enclosing
the spiracles. The double dorsal line is indi-
cated by fine light streaks and dots. It feeds
from July to September between the leaves
of willow and poplar. The pupa is brownish
red with the extremity triangular and furnished
with a forked spine. The first three segments
of the abdomen have an elevated rid^re, which,
like the back, is thickly punctured. It is
enclosed between the leaves of the food-plant.

Genus Scotosia, Steph.

The shape of the wings and their pattern
are as in the last two genera, except that
the tips of the fore wings are more pointed

224

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

and the abdomen of the males, which pro-
jects far beyond the hind wings, has a long
anal tuft. The under side of the hind wings
is without markings in the males.

S. vetulata, W. V. The Brown Scallop
is greyish brown, with numerous indistinct
wavy lines, and a rather broad light-bordered
central area containing a dark dot. Fore
wings with a more or less distinct submarginal
line, a dark marginal line, finely interrupted
on the nervures, and fringes, which are whit-
ish at the base, and in the incisions. Hind
wings indistinctly waved, with a semi-trans-
parent central dot. The marginal line and
fringes are as on the fore wings. It is com-
mon in Central Europe in May and again in
July. The larva is blackish grey with a double
bluish white dorsal and a yellow chain-like
lateral line, with black spots above the legs
and a flesh-coloured belly; the neck is edged
with yellow. It lives on Rkamnus cathayticus.
The pupa is brown, fusiform, with an obtuse
terminal point and two fine curved hooks,
surrounded by fine hairs. It rests on the
ground without a cocoon.

S. rhamnata, \V. V. The Dark Umber
is rusty brown, darkest in the central area
of the fore wings. Fore wings with numerous
dark and light irregular transverse lines, espe-
cially towards the hind margins, a dark central
spot, a rather distinct posterior double band
which projects outwards in cell 6 and is then
angulated towards the base. There is a sinuated
submarginal line, which is slightly thickened
in the inner half of the wings. The black
uninterrupted marginal line is waved. The
fringes are banded with darker through the
middle and spotted on the nervures. The
hind wings are like the fore wings except that
the double band is rather nearer the hind
margin. It is common in Central Europe in
May and July. The larva, which is very
variable, is usually greenish-yellow with a brown
dorsal line, reddish oblique streaks and dark
incisions. It feeds on buckthorn [Rhaiiiinis
catJiarticus) as well as sloe and plum trees.
The pupa is reddish-brown with blackish wing
cases, and has an earthy cocoon.

Genus Lygris, Hiibn.
Slender, middle-sized moths with broad

wings. Fore wings pointed, with very convex
hind margins; hind wings rounded. The male
has a velvety tuft on the under side at the
base of the fore wings on nervure i. In all
the species the palpi project in front of the
head. The antennas are shortly ciliated in the
males. The slender abdomen always projects
beyond the hind wings. They fly in woods
at night.

L. reticulata, W. V. The Netted Carpet.
Fore wings blackish brown with white ner-
vures, and white unshaded transverse lines,
which divide up the wings into areas; in the
central area there are three transverse lines.
There is a line dividing the apex, a sinuated
submarginal line and a straight dark marginal
line finely interrupted on the nervures. The
fringes have a thick dark line on their white
base and darker nervures on the white terminal
half. Hind wings greyish white, brownish
towards the hind margin with two or three
faint transverse lines and a distinct submar-
ginal line, and with a rusty yellow central
spot in the male. In the male the long tuft
on the under side of the fore wings is black.
It is found in Central Europe in July, but is
scarce. The larva is green with pale red
dorsal spots and with two adjacent light lines.
It feeds on Impatieiis noli me tangere, in October.

L. prunata, Linn. The Phoenix. Fore
wings reddish brown, clouded, with a fine dark
transverse line, edged with lighter towards the
outer side near the base, and two light trans-
verse bands, the anterior of which is spotted
with darker, finely edged all round with white
and narrowed towards the inner margin. The
posterior transverse band is curved below the
middle and has two fine points on the inner
side. Towards the hind margin it is less
sharply defined. Near the costa are three
small dark triangular spots, edged with white.
The submarginal line is finely white and zig-
zag, and rises from the tip of the wings; on
its outer side is a reddish -brown crescent-
shaped spot. The marginal line is dark and
finely interrupted on the nervures. The fringes
are finely banded with darker through the
middle. Hind wings brownish grey, lighter
on the costa with three faint, dark zigzag
transverse lines, edged with lighter towards
the hind margin, the outermost occupying the

PLATE XXVIII.

I. Calephia alchyniista. 2. Calocala fraxini, 2a. Lan-a. 3. Catocala sponsa, 3a. Larva.
4. Catocala electa. 5. Catocala paranympha.

Brttish and European Butterflies and Motin

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

225

position of the submarginal line. The marginal
line and fringes are as on the fore wings. The
abdomen has a small black dorsal spot at the
end of each segment, interrupted with lighter.
The head and thorax are reddish brown. It
is common throughout the greater part of
Europe in July and September, especially in
gardens and parks. The larva varies in colour
from green to grey or brown, with a dorsal
row of red spots and an interrupted red lateral
line. The cervical plate is shining black, and
the legs reddish. It feeds between the leaves
of fruit-trees, etc. The pupa is enclosed between
leaves of the food plant woven together.

L. testata, Linn. The Chevron. Fore
wings yellow varied with reddish, with two
dark irregular transverse lines near the dark
base, bordered on the outer side with lighter,
and two similar ones edged in the middle
with white, on the sides remote from one
another, deeply notched on the outer side and
enclosing the broad central area, which is inter-
sected by three simple parallel dark lines.
There is a dark central spot and fine white-
edged crescent-shaped spots on the anterior
half of the hind margin, a scarcely darker
marginal line and white or reddish fringes,
banded through the middle with darker. Hind
wings with a yellowish or reddish white semi-
transparent central spot, darker on the outer
side, with two dull dark transverse lines, the
posterior of which is edged with lighter on
the outer side. The marginal line and fringes
are as on the fore wings. It is common in
Central and Northern Europe from July to
September. The larva is slender, brownish
with a dark dorsal and white lateral line above
the black spiracles. It feeds on willow and
poplar in May and June. The pupa is greyish
brown, with distinctly ribbed wing-cases and
a brown longitudinal line on the back. It
has a slight cocoon between the leaves of the
food plant.

L. populata, Linn. The Northern Spinach
Moth. Fore wings lemon -yellow, suffused
with brownish. Through the middle of the
basal area passes a dark brown band or two
transverse lines. The central area is brown,
and has two dentations on the outer side. It
has a blackish central spot. The submarginal
Une is formed of brown triangular spots in

front and externally, and of con^'ex crescents
further back, all being edged with lighter on
the outer side. The yellow tips of the wings
are divided by a brown line ; the marginal
area is faint and brown towards the hinder
angle. The marginal line is dark and inter-
rupted. The fringes are indistinctly spotted
with darker, and are lightest at the base.
Hind wings pale yellow with two or three
faint, dark, zigzag transverse lines and a trans-
parent central dot. It is not uncommon in
woods in Central and Northern Europe in July.
The larva is pale green with a brownish-red
dorsal line angularly expanded into spots on
each segment. It feeds on bilberry in April
and May. The pupa has a slight cocoon
between leaves or on the ground.

L. associata, Borkh. The Spinach Moth.
Fore wings golden-yellow, with the boundaries
of the basal and central areas brown and a
brown line dividing the apices. The marginal
line is fine, dark and uninterrupted, and the
fringes are spotted on the ends of the ner-
vures. The hind wings are straw-coloured
with a fine submarginal line, darker towards
the hind margins. It is common in Central
Europe in June. The larva is green with a
pale lateral line, and feeds on currant in April
and May.

Genus Cidaria, Treit.

This is a large genus of middle-sized or
small slender moths with fine nervures. The
wings are very broad externally, with convex
margins and the apex of the fore wings is
usually slightly pointed and the hinder angle
strongly rounded. In some species [fliiviata,
ohliterata, luteata and candidata) the hind wings
are slightly angular on nervure 4, with entire
margins and fringes. Palpi with depressed
scales, more or less projecting. Hind tibiae
with two pairs of spurs. Fore wings with a
divided appendicular cell except in ohliterata,
luteata, and hicolorata. Nervures 3 and 4 are
separate, 6 rises from the inner, 11 from the
anterior border, 7 and 8 from a point at the
tip of the appendicular cell, 9 and 10 rise
successively from 8; in ohliterata also from 11;
in luteata and candidata 7, 8 and 11 rise from
a point. The hind wings have slender ner-
vures arranged somewhat differently in different

15

226

BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS.

species. Nervures 3 and 4 are generall}- widely
separated, but may rise from a point, as in
scripturata; 5 is generally midway between 4
and 6, but is sometimes nearer to 4, as in
impluviafa. 6 and 7 are always